H.
Ha′beck.
An instrument used in dressing cloth.Hack.
1. A tool for cutting jags or channels in trees for the purpose of bleeding them. Pines are hacked for turpentine; maples tapped for sap, or sugar-water as Western farmers prefer to call it. The turpentine hack is a tool with a curved or angular edge to cut channels through the bark and alburnum in an oblique direction, so as to lead the resin towards a boxing cut in the tree, or to a cup suspended to catch the drip. 2. A drying-frame for fish. A flake. 3. A pile of bricks arranged in regular order for drying, previous to building up in the clamp or kiln for burning. 4. Wooden bars in the tail-race of a mill. 5. A dung-fork. 6. A large pick used by miners in breaking stone. 7. A carriage for hire (hackney-coach). 8. A feed-rack for cattle. |
| Hack-barrow. |
Hack-bar′row.
A barrow on which bricks are conveyed from the molder's table to the dryingground, where they are sun-dried or hacked, and temporarily covered with a thatching of straw to protect them from rain. Covered sheds are sometimes used.Hack′but.
(Ger. hackbret, a hackboard, or chopping-board.) An old name for the dulcimer. See piano-Forte.Hack′er.
A cutting-tool for making an oblique incision in the pine-tree for leading the gum turpentine towards the box in which it is collected. A hack. The round-shave is used in chipping, and the scraper for removing the gum from the box face.Hack′er-y.
An East Indian two-wheeled cart, drawn by bullocks.Hack′et.
（Joinery.) A hatchet.
Hack-file.
（Locksmithing.) A coarse slitting-file.
Hack-hammer.
A hammer terminating at each end in an obtuse chisel-edge, kept in repair on the grindstone. It is used as the peen of an ordinary hammer, but is narrower, and therefore more local and energetic in its effects. The hack-hammer for reducing unequal protuberances on grindstones is shaped like an adze and has a short handle. When the grindstone has worn unequally, it becomes necessary to dress it, and the high places, being marked, are hacked by oblique and crossing checker lines, which cause it on the next grinding operation to wear more at those points and thus restore equality.Hack′ing.
1. (Masonry.) The division of a portion of a course of stones into two of smaller hight when the larger stones do not hold out. 2. A process employed in dressing the faces of rough grindstones by the use of a hack-hammer, an implement resembling an adze. In some cases the faces of metallic or wooden polishing-wheels are similarly treated, a sharper implement being used. 3. Piling of molded bricks to dry. See hack.
Hack′ing-out knife.
The glazier's knife for cutting out the old putty from the fillister of a sash, in reglazing.Hack-i′ron.
（Mining.) A miner's pick. A hack.
Hack′le; Heck′le; Hatch′el.
A board set with sharp steel spikes for combing or pulling out hemp or flax to dispose the fibers in parallelism, and to separate the tow and hards from the finer fiber. |
| Hackling-machine. |
Hack′le-bar.
One of the gills or spikes over which the lock of flax or hemp is thrown and drawn to lay the fibers parallel and comb out the refuse.Hack′ling-ma-chine′.
A machine for dressing flax. Fig. 2352, A is a side and B an end elevation of a hackling-machine adapted for dressing short or cut flax. The two rollers a a are caused to rotate inwardly toward each other, and are fed with the raw material from a trough c. The peripheries of the cylinders are interspersed with alternate rigid hackles d and brushes e, so that they alternate on each. The exterior rotating cylinders f are also provided with brushes. The broken flax from an upper trough passes between the rollers and is deposited in the trough g. Refuse falls between the bars of a grate, and is removed by the endless carrier h. One of the cylinders a and the brushing cylinders f may have a longitudinal movement. On raising the receivingtrough, the rod i pushes up the weight j, which, by means of the connecting-rod k, causes the holder to traverse the width of one set of brushes. |
| The first (English) hackney-coach. |
Hackney-coach.
（Vehicle.) An English term for a coach plying in the streets for hire. It has two facing seats inside. They were introduced into France in 1650 (fiacre), and about the same time into England. They are mentioned by Pepys, 1660. The name is French (coche-à--haquenee).
Hack-saw.
A frame saw of moderate set, tolerably close teeth, and good temper; used in sawing metal. Such a saw is used to cut the nicks in heads of screws, in cutting off bolts, etc. |
| Hack-saw. |
Hade.
（Mining.) The dip, inclination, or slope of a vein or stratum. The angle it bears to the horizon. The underlay.
Had′ley's Quad′rant.
（Optics.) An instrument for measuring altitudes. Used principally at sea. See quadrant; sextant.
Hagbut.
An old fire-arm with a stock bent down to form a ready means of grasping. An arquebus.Haem′a-dyn-a-mom′e-ter.
An instrument for ascertaining the force of the circulation of the blood. Hoematometer; hoematodynamometer. See Sphygmometer.Haft.
The handle of a tool or knife. Some handles have specific names, as helve, nib, etc. Some hafts are solid, others have a central plate and side pieces called scales; e. g. knife-handles.Ha-Ha.
A fence or division wall so depressed below the ground surface as not to obstruct the view. A sunk-fence. A ditch with a scarp.Hair.
1. A filament growing from the skin of an animal. Curled hair for stuffing sofas, cushions, etc., is carded by hand-cards, which straighten, disentangle, and clean it; this is taken in bunches and spun into a rope, the next top, as the bunch is called, being interplaced with the loose strands of the former. The rope is wound on a wheel, and the coil steeped in water for three or four hours, and dried in a hot oven. The ropes are then untwisted, the hairs torn apart, and are ready to form stuffing. Spun into smaller strands, hair is used for nosebags of horses, bags for containing ground and heated flax-meal in the press, and also for containing prepared lard in the press from which lard-oil flows. Curled-hair cords are also used for clothes-lines, and when fine also form fishing-lines. Long and fine horse-hairs are used for the bows of violins and other instruments of this class. Also for making hair-cloth (which see). The English lawyers affect horse-hair wigs, and horribly funny they look. Goat's hair is sometimes substituted for the true equine capillus, and this may partially account for their pugnacity and the fact that they are in bad odor with peaceable persons.2. (Fire-arms.) The secondary spring device in one form of pistol and rifle lock, which is freed by the hair-trigger, and collides with the tumbler-catch to unlock the tumbler.
Hair-brush.
A fine description of brushes of bristles assorted by color, strength, and quality, and put up in superior manner, hard, soft, or silky, according to purpose and taste. The better class are trepanned, a mode of secretly fastening the bunches without gluing a scale of veneer over the wires.Hair-clip′ping shears.
A scissors for clipping the human hair, or one for clipping horses; the latter have sometimes a guide-bar, which forms a gage for length in cutting.Hair-cloth.
Cloth of goat's hair was used for covering the military engines of the Romans, as we read in Arrian, Thucydides, Ammianus, etc. Curtains of goat's hair were used in the Wilderness tabernacle of the Hebrews. The goat's hair cloth was called shac or sac in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; in the Septuagint it became saccos; in the Vulgate saccus. The Latin sagum and English sack perpetuate the sound and sense. (See sack.) The nose-bags of the Arabian horses are of goat's hair cloth, and from them they eat their barley habitually. Goat's hair cloth also covers their tents. See also camlet. Horse-hair for the manufacture of hair-cloth is principally derived from South America, and is imported in bales weighing about 1,000 pounds. In the process of manufacture, it is first sorted according to color, and then hackled to get the hairs straight and remove dirt. A number of tufts are then placed between the teeth of two cards, and the longer hairs removed by hand, so as to leave only those of uniform length remaining. It is now ready to be woven or curled, according to quality. Hair is curled by forming it into a rope which is afterwards boiled, and then baked so as to set the kink in the hairs. Hair-cloth is made from the longer and better varieties. The hair is first dyed, usually of a black color, and is merely employed as the weft of the cloth, the warp being composed of cotton or linen thread, according to quality and purpose. The process for- [1048] merly required two hands to each loom, but those at present used only require the attendance of one person, and recently power-looms have been employed. After leaving the loom, the cloth is pressed between hot metallic plates to polish it.Hair-cloth loom.
The warp of the web is of black linen yarn; the hair weft is thrown with a long hooked shuttle or a long rod having a catch hook at its end. The length of this boxwood shuttle is about 3 feet, its breadth 1/2 inch, and its thickness 1/6 inch. The reed is of polished steel. The weaver passes the shuttle through the shuttle-way when it is opened by the treadles; a child presents a hair to the catch of the shuttle, and the weaver draws it through the shed and beats it up by two motions of the batten. The hairs are laid in a trough of water to keep them supple. The warp is dressed with paste, and the hair-cloth web is hot-calendered to give it luster. |
| Hair-cloth loom. |
Hair-com′pass.
A pair of dividers, one of the legs of which is provided with a set screw and spring, admitting of very nice adjustment.Hair-cord.
（Fabric.) A cotton goods, the warp of which consists of corded ribs.
Hair-di-vid′er.
A dividing compass having one leg arranged for minute movements by a screw; used for fine adjustments.Hair-line.
1. The fine line or up-stroke of a letter. 2. A kind of type having all fine face-lines. 3. A fishing-line of horse-hair.Hair-pen′cil.
A fine brush for painting. Small tufts of hair inserted into quills. The hairs of the camel, fitch, sable, badger, squirrel, martin, minever, European polecat, raccoon, goat, or other animal, are used for brushes of different qualities. A small tuft of the hairs is collected with the points all in one direction, and the bunch is bound by a strong thread, and passed point first through a wet quill, so that the point projects to the required distance. The quill shrinks tightly upon the bunch in drying. The various sizes require the quills of the crow, pigeon, goose, turkey, or swan. Larger bunches are secured in tin-plate tubes. The ancient Greek painters used hair-pencils and palettes. They are now principally used by artists in watercolors, and to some extent by house and sign painters in lettering, graining, and other fine work. |
| Hair-picker. |
Hair-pick′er.
A machine for cleansing and straightening hair. The one represented is for operating on loose hair. The two rollers have similar rotation by connection with a common motive wheel, and turn in a double recessed, adjustable, concave block. The faces of the rollers and concave are armed with pins. The hair is straightened and dirt removed by being drawn through between the rollers and the concave surfaces.Hair-pin.
1. A pin used in fastening up the hair. A corking-pin. 2. A forked pin commonly used by ladies in securing the braids or bands of hair.Hair-py-ri′tes.
（Mining.) A native sulphuret of nickel which occurs in capillary filaments of a yellow-gray color.
Hair-rope Pick′er.
A machine for unwinding and picking to pieces hair-rope which has been twisted, wetted, and baked to give a permanent curl to the hair. The rope is coiled around the shaft J, the revolution of which untwists it. It then passes between the fluted rolls R S and toothed drum B′, by which it is straightened and cleansed. |
| Hair-rope picker. |
Hair-salt.
（Mining.) A native sulphuret of magnesia occurring as a fine capillary incrustation.
Hair-side.
（Leather.) The grain side.
Hair-space.
（Printing.) The thinnest space used by printers.
Hair-spring.
The recoil-spring of a watch-balance. The balance is pulsating, and is the time measurer. It is driven in one direction by the power of the mainspring imparted through the escapement, and is returned by the power of the hair-spring, the running of the train of wheels being intermitted meanwhile. It is one of the most delicate of steel articles, and is a favorite illustration of the value given to a cheap article by protracted manipulation. Hair-springs are made of fine steel, which comes upon spools like thread. To the naked eye it is a round hair, but under a glass it is seen to be a flat steel ribbon, which the gage shows to be 2/2500 of an inch in thickness, about one half the thickness of an average human hair. A hair-spring weighs 1/15000 of a pound Troy. In a straight line it is a foot long. It is exquisitely tempered, for it is to spring back and forth 18,000 times an hour, perhaps for several generations. A pound of steel in the bar may cost one dollar; in hair-springs it may be worth $4,000. The hair-spring of a watch is usually a flat helix, but chronometer balance-springs are coiled cylindrically. Hooke introduced the balance-spring into the watch. He made it straight. Huyghens soon after gave it the coiled form. This was about 200 years ago. We are indebted to this brilliant pair of philosophers and mechanicians for much that we enjoy in the approximate perfection of our instruments of precision, — mathematical, optical, and horological. See under horological instruments, etc.; chronometer; balance, watch.Hair-stroke.
（Printing.) A fine line at the top or bottom of a letter; a ceriph.
Hair-trig′ger.
（Fire-arms.) The secondary trigger of a gun. Its movement is effected by a very slight force, and unlocks a secondary spring device called a hair, which strikes the tumbler-catch and throws the sear out of the notch in the tumbler.
 |
| Hair-weaving machine. |
Hair-work′ing.
A term which includes the making from human hair of bracelets, brooches, ear-rings, rings, chains, necklaces, shawl-pins, purses, bags, book-markers, pencil-cases, guards, studs, etc. These are braiding or plaiting devices. In the invention figured, designed for weaving hair for wigs, etc., the head C, carrying the spools c c, has vertical reciprocation on the pins B B, and is operated by the treadle H. The ends of the threads on the spools c c e are held by the clamp D. A slip of hair is passed between the upper side threads and the lower central one, the treadle depressed, the end of the hair turned, and the sliding head rises by the force of a spring. These operations are successively repeated.Hake.
A shed for drying draining-tiles.Hal′berd.
1. A weapon formed of a blade on the end of a pole. This was a common weapon among the Romans (flax, falcula), either short-handled like the English bill-hook, or on a long handle like the Tudor halberd. It differed from the cultus in having a curved cutting edge. 2. A piece of iron welded to the forepart of a horseshoe to relieve the toe of a lame horse.Half-bas′tion.
（Fortification.) A demi-bastion. That half of a bastion cut off by the capital, consisting of one base and one front.
Half-bent.
The half-cock of a fire-lock.Half-bind′ing.
（Bookbinding.) A style of binding in which the backs and corners are of leather and the sides of paper or muslin.
Half-breadth plan.
（Shipbuilding.) A plan or top view of one half of a ship divided by a vertical longitudinal section in the line of the keel. It shows the water lines, bow and buttock lines, and diagonal lines of construction.
Half-breadth staff.
（Shipbuilding.) A rod having marked upon it half the length of each beam in the ship.
Half-capo-niere′.
（Fortification.) A communication in the dry ditch of a fortress, constructed with but one parapet and glacis.
Half-chess.
（Bridge-building.) A short chess or platform board of a military bridge.
Half-cock.
（Fire-arms.) The position of the gun-lock when the nose of the sear is in the first or deep notch of the tumbler. From this it cannot be pulled off by the trigger.
Half-cut line.
Flax cut in two lengths for spinning.Half-floor.
（Shipbuilding.) One of the timbers of a frame whose heel is over the keel, and upon whose head rests the heel of the second futtock. It lies for half its length alongside the cross-timber, and the other half alongside the first futtock. Its heel butts against the heel of the corresponding timber of the other half of the frame, at the middle line of the ship, where they are clamped between the keel and keelson, and coaked or bolted thereto.
Half-fur′nace.
（Metallurgy.) An ore-smelting furnace of but about 36 feet hight. The high furnace is 50 to 72 feet in hight.
Half-gang.
（Weaving.) The part of warp of twenty threads, warped round the bank after a lease.
Half-head′er.
（Bricklaying.) A half-brick laid at the angle of a building to finish the course.
Half-high Fur′nace.
See half-furnace.Half-hitch.
（Nautical.) Passing the end of a rope round its standing part and then through the bight. A clove-hitch is two half-hitches. See hitch; knot.
 |
| Half-lattice girder. |
Half-lat′tice Gird′er.
（Bridge-building.) A form of girder sometimes known as a “Warren girder,” and consisting of horizontal upper and lower [1050] bars, and a series of diagonal bars, sloping alternately in opposite directions, and dividing the space between the bars into a series of triangles. See truss.
Half-mer′lon.
（Fortification.) That solid portion of a parapet which is at the right or left extremity of a battery.
Half-min′ute glass.
（Nautical.) A sand-glass which determines the time for the running out of the log-line. See log.
Half-moon.
（Fortification.) A redan in front of the curtain on the outside of the main ditch.
Half-moon knife.
（Leather.) A double-handled knife used by the dresser of skins for parchment. The knife has a crescent shape, and projects in a plane at right angles to the axis of the handles.
Half-pace.
（Building.) a. A raised floor in a bay-window. b. A resting-place at the end of a flight of steps. A foot-pace. A landing.
Half-pike.
（Nautical.) A short pike employed in boarding.
Half-port.
（Nautical.) A port-shutter having a hole for the protrusion of the gun-muzzle.
Half-prin′ci-pal.
（Carpentry.) A rafter which does not extend to the crown of the roof. Their tops are connected by collar-beams, or rest on a purlin.
Half-re-lief′.
The moderate prominence of a sculptured figure from the plain surface to which it is attached. It is also known as mezzo-rilievo, or demi-relief, and is a grade between alto-rilievo or high-relief, and basso-rilievo or low-relief.Half-rip saw.
（Carpentry.) A species of handsaw with a narrower set than a rip-saw and somewhat finer gage of teeth.
Half-round bit.
A demi-cylinder bit.Half-round file.
A file flat on one side and rounding on the other. The curve usually varies from the half to the twelfth of a circle, but the name half-round is indiscriminately applied. Files with the larger curvature are known as full half-rounds; others as flat half-rounds.Half-sheet.
（Printing.) The off-cut portion of a duodecimo.
Half-shoe.
（Farriery.) A shoe on the one side only of a horse's foot as a protection or corrective, when the horse is not fully shod.
Half-stuff.
（Paper-making.) The partially ground rag-pulp, the produce of the washing-engine, which is the first of the two engines by which the reduction is made. See rag-engine.
Half-stuff ma-chine′.
（Paper-making.) A washing-machine in which ground rags are cleaned and cut to a greater degree of fineness than in the rag-engine. It resembles the pulping-machine in everything but being adapted to work on a coarser article.
Half-sunk′en Battery.
（Fortification.) A battery having its interior space or terre-plein sunk some inches below the natural surface, and its parapet composed of the earth thus obtained, and of that taken from a narrow ditch in front. This description of battery admits of being more quickly constructed than any other, as the diggers can work both in front and rear at the same time.
Half-thick file.
A large, coarse file with three flat and one rounded side. It is used as a rubber-file for coarse work.Half-tim′ber.
1. (Shipbuilding.) One of the short futtocks in the cant-body.
2. (Carpentry.) A mode of building houses practiced extensively in the Tudor times. The foundations and principal supports were of stout timber, and the interstices of the fronts were filled with plaster.
Half-tub.
Half a cask cut off at right angles to the axis. Such is a deck tub, for swabs in deckcleaning, and for gun-sponges on shipboard. Such is also the match-tub.Half-turn′ing bolt.
One with a thread occupying one half of its cylindrical surface. See bolt, n.Hal′liard.
See halyard.Hal′lier.
A birding net.Hal′lo-type.
（Photography.) Another name for the Hellenotype (which see).
Ha-lom′e-ter.
An instrument for measuring the forms and angles of salts and crystals.Hal′o-scope.
（Optics.) An optical instrument invented by M. Bravais for exhibiting the phenomena connected with halos, parahelia, etc. It comprises prisms and a mirror, which are rapidly revolved about an axis, and two plates of glass for intercepting the light. The rotating prisms receive the light from a lamp in a darkened chamber, the refracted rays assuming the form of the parahelion circle.
Hal′ser.
A large rope. See hawser. |
| Halter. |
Hal′ter.
（Menage.) A headstall and strap by which an animal is hitched to a stanchion or manger. Cattle and calves were tied in stalls for fattening by the Hebrews. Horses and oxen were also stalled. Solomon had 40,000 horse-stalls. The animals were tied up by halters, no doubt. Headstalls for animals were common then in Babylon, Persepolis, and Egypt. The horses and asses of the Syrians were tied in their camp (892 B. C.) when the four leprous men went in and found the camp deserted. Halters are shown in the sculptures of Nimroud. The army is represented in the act of crossing a river, and the horses are haltered behind the sterns of the boats, swimming in the wake.
Hal′vans.
（Mining.) Impure ores which require to be washed and freed from impurities.
Halve-net.
A fixed bag-net placed within lowwater mark to prevent fish returning with the tide.Halv′ing.
A mode of joining timbers or scantling in which each is equally cut upon one of its faces, and the two new faces are laid together and secured. The timbers lap upon and are let into each other. The joint thus made may be a simple lap-joint, or it may be a dovetail, a scarf, or a notched joint. It may be secured by pins, wedges, or bolts, according to circumstances. Among the varieties specific names are given to a, common halving; b, beveled halving; c, dovetailed halving; d, notched halving.Halv′ing-belt.
（Machinery.) A belt crossed between pulleys, so as to revolve them in opposite directions. A crossed belt. See belt.
Hal′yard.
（Nautical.) A rope, chain, or tackle [1051] for hoisting or lowering yards, spars, sails, or flags. The halyards of the lower yards are called jeers. Haulyard; halliard.
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| Halving. |
 |
| Hames. |
 |
| Hame-Fastener. |
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| Hammers. |
Hame.
（Harness.) One of the pair of curved bars of wood or metal which fit in the crease between the roll and the body of the collar, and to which the traces are connected. The flat wooden hame is still used in heavy gears, sesured by thongs (hame-strings). The trace-chains are attached to the hooks, and the reins pass through the rings above. The trace-hooks of carriage-hames are looped to the staples of the hames.
Hame-fas′ten-er.
（Harness.) A device to fasten the ends of hames together, clasping them around the collar. A substitute for a hame-string. In the example, the device is buckled to one hameloop B, and the hook D passed through the other loop. The hook is the turned over, as in the lower figure, tightening the hames.
Hame-lock.
A hame-Fastener (which see).Hame-ring.
（Harness.) With carriage-hames there is one ring on each hame for the driving-reins; with wagon-hames, an additional ring is provided on each for the breast chain or strap.
Hame-strap.
（Harness.) A strap at the upper end of the hames unites them above the collar, and another strap unites them below the collar. The lower is the one which is unfastened to remove the gears.
Ham-knife.
In some restaurants, a peculiar long, round-ended carving-knife for shaving off very thin slices of ham or beef.Ham′mer.
1. A tool for driving nails, beating metals, and the like. We can hardly admit the statement of Pliny that the hammer was invented by Cinyra, the discoverer of copper-mines in the island of Cyprus. Tools of metal, of which the hammer was among the first, must have been in use for many centuries. Tubal Cain, the descendant in the sixth generation from Cain, was an “artificer in brass and iron” ; copper, probably, rather than brass. Brass and bronze are [1052] not distinguished from each other, by name, either in Greek or Latin. |
| Hammer-wrench. |
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| Hack-hammer. |
 |
| Piano-movement hammer. |
3. (Fire-arms.) Formerly, the hammer of the flint-lock was the steel cover of the priming-pan, and the parts connected therewith which received the blow of the flint which was held in the cock. With the old flint-lock, the parts of the hammer were the body, face, back, seat, the heel or tail, and the toe. The hammer of the percussion-lock is the striking part itself, — the cock. Such changes are not uncommon in mechanics. The piano-jack is another instance. See gun-lock.
4. (Music.) A small padded mallet by which the string of a piano is struck. See also under the following heads : —
| About-sledge. | Holding — up hammer. |
| Atmospheric-hammer. | Knapping-hammer. |
| Ball-peen hammer. | Lathing-hammer. |
| Barking-mallet. | Lift-hammer. |
| Bat. | Machinist's hammer. |
| Beetle. | Mallet. |
| Bench-hammer. | Marcus. |
| Bolt-hammer. | Marteline-hammer. |
| Bott-hammer. | Maul. |
| Bricklayer's hammer. | Meat-hammer. |
| Bucking-iron. | Mill-pick. |
| Bush-hammer. | Millstone-hammer. |
| Celt. | Miner's hammer. |
| Chasing-hammer. | Monkey. |
| Chop-hammer. | Nail-hammer. |
| Claw-hammer. | Oliver. |
| Clock-movement hammer. | Peen. |
| Closing-hammer. | Percussor. |
| Commencing-hammer. | Piano-movement hammer |
| Cooper's hammer. | Pick-hammer. |
| Creasing-hammer. | Pig-iron breaker. |
| Dead-stroke hammer. | Planishing-hammer. |
| Dental-hammer. | Pneumatic-hammer. |
| Drop-hammer. | Polishing-hammer. |
| Enlarging-hammer. | Power-hammer. |
| Fid-hammer. | Ragging-hammer. |
| Finishing-hammer. | Raising-hammer. |
| Flat-hammer. | Ram. |
| Flatter-hammer. | Rammer. |
| Flogging-hammer. | Ramrod. |
| Flue-hammer. | Revolving-hammer. |
| Foot-hammer. | Riveting-hammer. |
| Fore-hammer. | Scabbling-hammer. |
| Forge-hammer. | Set-hammer. |
| Forging-apparatus. | Set — up hammer. |
| Friction-hammer. | Shingling-hammer. |
| Furrowing-hammer. | Shoe-hammer. |
| Gavel. | Sledge-hammer. |
| Gold-beater's hammer. | Spalling-hammer. |
| Gun-lock hammer. | Spreading-hammer. |
| Gunpowder-hammer. | Stamp-head. |
| Hack. | Steam-hammer. |
| Hammer-axe. | Stone-breaker's hammer. |
| Hand-hammer. | Stone-hammer. |
| Hatchet. | Striker. |
| Helve. | Swaging-machine. |
| Tack-hammer. | Veneering-hammer. |
| Tilt-hammer. | Wrench-hammer. |
| Trip-hammer. |
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| Hammer-beam roof. |
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| Hammock. |
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| Artificial hands. |
Ham′mer-axe.
A double tool having a hammer at one side of the handle and an axe at the other.Hammer-beam.
（Carpentry.) A timber tie connecting the two rafters of a pair at a point between the apex and footings. A collar-beam.
Ham′mer-beam roof.
（Carpentry.) A roof, the feet of the principal rafters of which are not connected by a tie-beam, but usually rest in corbels. Half-rafters, carrying a vaulted superstructure, usually partially span the severy.
Ham′mer-cap.
A cover for the cock of a gun.Ham′mer-catcher.
（Music.) A padded shoulder which catches the hammer on its return. See piano-movement.
Ham′mer-cloth.
（Carriage.) The cloth which covers a coach-box; so called from the old practice of carrying a hammer, nails, etc., in the box of the seat; or from hamper.
Ham′mer-harden-ing.
Beating metal with a hammer while cold, to close the pores and condense the texture.Ham′mer-helve.
The shank of a forge or triphammer. On the helve is fastened the hurst or ring, which has projecting trunnions forming the axis.Ham′mer-joint.
The joint of the pan in the flint-lock.Ham′mer-mark.
A forge-mark. A mark of the hammer left from forging.Ham′mer-nail.
The pin securing the cock to the plate of the gun-lock. A lock-nail.Ham′mer-spring.
The spring of the hammer in a gun-lock. Its parts are the play-side, stud-side, the tura, the flower, the stud, the eye; through the latter passes the rod of the spring-pin.Ham′mer-tail spring.
（Horology.) A long and stiff spring in a clock which gives the effective impulse to the striking hammer, when the latter is retracted for a blow and then released.
Ham′mock.
（Nautical.) From hamac; the suspended bed of the Bahama-Islanders when discovered by Columbus. A swinging sea-bed, common in South American countries and elsewhere, and made of manilla, seagrass, and other fiber, often ornamented and of delicate material. “The undisputed invention of Alcibiades” (Admiral Smyth). It is a piece of canvas, 6 by 4 feet, the end gathered by knittles and a grommet, forming the head and foot clews, to which is attached the lanyard by which it is suspended from rings in the deck beams. The illustration is rather a swinging cot. The orders on board ship are, “Down all hammocks!” “Up all hammocks!” “Lash hammocks!” Their respective meanings are, to carry below and sling; to unsling and stow away; to brail up to allow a clear passage between decks.
Ham′mock-net-tings.
（Nautical.) A row of forked, upright, iron stanchions, supporting a netting or wooden trough, in which the seamen stow their hammocks during the day.
Ham′per.
1. A large wicker-work covered basket, used for packing up liquors, etc., for carriage. 2. A fetter.3. (Nautical.) Equipment and gear about the decks of a vessel.
Ha′mu-lus.
（Surgical.) An instrument for extracting the fetus.
Hance.
（Architecture.) The two lower portions of a four-centered arch; the part between the hanch (haunch) and the springing. Hanch.
Hand.
1. (Horology.) The pointer or indexfinger of a watch, clock, or counter: hour, minute, seconds, as the case may be; or known by the dial [1054] to which it belongs, as in the respective dials of the gas-meter or other dial-register.
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| Hand-barrows. |
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| Hand-bell. |
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| Handcuff. |
2. (Menage.) Four inches; horse measure. 3. The small of a gun-stock. 4. A handle or helve.
Hand-an′vil.
（Locksmithing.) A small movable anvil used by locksmiths. It may be supported by the work-bench or held in one hand. A stake.
Hand, Arti-fi′cial.
A prosthetic member to be attached to the stump of the forearm, and having fingers and a thumb with some capacity for grasping. The terminal portion of the artificial arm. See arm, artificial, where the subject is considered at some length. Of mere hands and wrists a few examples may be given. A is a hand in which the steel ligatures of the fingers are applied to a transverse rod which is connected to a toothed sliding bar; the position of the bar is regulated by two sliding pawls which can be operated by the other hand, and thus the fingers can be retained in any position. B is for an amputation of the forearm, and has cords which pass from points of attachment on the arm so as to flex or extend the metacarpus and phalanges by the flexor and extensor movements of the stump. C C are two views of the Selpho arm, in which the spiral spring i draws the fingers f constantly towards the thumb d, and retains any article placed within the hand and between the thumb and the fingers. The artificial hand may be opened by a motion of the opposite shoulder drawing on the shoulder strap m and cord k, or by extending the artificial hand and arm. g is a metallic cross-pipe on which the fingers are constructed. D D'D “” are views of a hand which is detachable at the wrist. The clasps issuing from the artificial stump have sliding motion to clamp any article placed between their claws. These clasps enter slots in the wrist-plate of the hand. The thumb is adjustable in two positions by means of a spring and catch, the latter being freed by a trigger. The spring thumb has a latch for holding it open when desired, and means for releasing the thumb from the latch when required. In E, the detachable hand is so fitted to the forearm as to admit of a natural degree of rotary motion at the wrist, and that the hand may be detached by simply unlatching and withdrawing it from the socket without the trouble and delay usually necessary in disuniting the mechanism employed in moving the fingers. In place of the hand a grasping claw, having a swiveling socket, may be attached to the arm at will.Hand-axe.
A light axe which may be used in one hand in the manner of a hatchet.Hand-bar′row.
A device which has a pair of handles at each end, and is adapted to be carried by two men. A hand-bearer, litter, bier, or stretcher. The difference is in the fitting up. The hand-barrow is intended for a load of packages, goods, or materials, and the illustrations explain its structure.Hand-bell.
A small bell with a handle, used for various purposes. They are sometimes silverplated or gilt, or even of solid silver. The illustration shows an altar-bell for church service.Hand-bill.
A bill-hook. A chopping tool. See bill-hook.Hand-board.
One used in rolling port-fire cases and similar work.Hand-bor′er.
（Well-boring.) A pitching-borer or short borer used at the commencement of a well or shaft.
Hand-brace.
A tool for boring, consisting of a cranked spindle, at one end of which a broad head or breast-plate is attached by a swivel; at the other end a socket, into which a drill can be fixed. See brace.Hand-car.
A car for laborers or track-repairers, and adapted to travel on a railway, being propelled by hand-cranks.Hand-cart.
A two-wheel vehicle, its body balanced on its axle, adapted to carry loads of parcels or goods, and propelled by hand. The varieties are somewhat numerous, but preserve the general features stated.Hand′cuff.
Usually in the plural, handcuffs. A chain and locking-rings; a strap or other manacle for the hands. That in the example may be closed fast by slipping the parts together, but the springbolt can only be disengaged by a key.Hand-cul′ti-vator.
（Agriculture.) One on a small scale, adapted to be drawn or propelled by manual power.
Hand-drill.
A drilling-tool for metal, operated by hand, in contradistinction to a drilling-machine. The cut shows a drill mounted on a bench by means of a clamping vise. A B represent two positions of the drill, one arranged for oblique presentation and the other for vertical. C is a drill in which pressure is applied by the foot, and motion by the hand. D is a common hand-drill, with a cast frame. E F are side and front elevations of Nasmyth's drill. There are many other forms of hand-drills, such as ratchet, bow, dental, Persian drills, etc. See list under drill.Hand feed-pump.
（Nautical.) A deck feedpump.
Hand-file.
A somewhat generic term, including most forms of files. See file.Hand-gear.
（Steam-engine.) The handles of the working gear. The parts by which the driver controls the action of the engine; three sets of levers and rods connected to the slide-valve, eccentricrods, regulator-valves, and feed-pipe cocks, whereby he can put on or shut off steam to the cylinders, water to the boiler, or place the slide-valves in a forward or backward position at his pleasure.
Hand-glass.
1. A bell glass or glazed frame, for the protection of plants. 2. A half-minute glass, used as a measurer of time in running out the log-line. See log. 3. A small mirror with a handle.Hand-grap′nel.
（Nautical.) A small anchor.
Hand-gre-nade.
An explosive projectile of small weight; a shell adapted to be thrown by [1055] hand, and used of course at near quarters. It is principally used in repelling an attack, being thrown over the parapet at the assaulting party. Also boarding-parties at sea. See grenade. |
| Hand-drills. |
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| Hand hole and plate. |
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| Hand-lathe. |
Hand-ham′mer.
The machinist's working hammer used in engine and boiler work, in contradistinction to the two-handed flogging hammer and the sledge.Hand-hole.
（Steam-boiler.) A small hole at or near the bottom of a boiler, for the insertion of the hand in cleaning, etc. It is closed by a handhole plate, and is smaller than a manhole.
Hand-hook.
1. (Forging.) A bent instrument used by smiths in twisting square iron. 2. A hook for handling shells. A shell-hook.
Hand-jack.
A jack worked by hand or by a lever, pinion and rack, screw, etc. See list under jack.Hand-lathe.
1. A small lathe mounted on a bench or table and turned by a hand-crank or by a bow. It is usually portable, and may be secured by a clamp to the bench. It is used by watch and clock makers, dentists, and other workers in small machinery. 2. A bar-lathe; one whose puppets slide on a prismatic bar.Han′dle.
A portion of or added to a tool, by which it is grasped. The hand-hold. The helve of a hammer or axe. The haft of a knife. The hilt of a sword. The stale, staff, or stilt of a plough. The stale of a rake. Qy. from hale, to pull or draw. The stock of a drill, bit, or gun. The bail of a kettle. The rounce of a printing-press, by which the form is run in and out, under and away from the platen. The shaft of a boat-hook, spear, lance, or harpoon. The hand-lever of a steam-engine, by which it is started, reversed, etc. The knob of a door, or lock. The brake or lever of a pump. The crank of a winch or crab. The nib of a scythe. The pommel of a saddle. The trigger of a gun-lock. The helm or tiller of a rudder. The dolphin of a gun. In bronze guns of the old construction handles were usually cast over the center of gravity of the piece, for convenience of handling and slinging. These were formerly made in the shape of a fish, and hence were called dolphins. Handles for case or pocket knives are made of various materials: elephant and walrus ivory; stag, buffalo, and cow horn; tortoise-shell, bone, motherof-pearl; cocoa, snake, rosewood, etc. With case knives or table knives the tang of the blade is secured in the haft by means of cement, transverse rivet, end nut on the through tang, spring catch, or other device. Balance handles are made by introducing lead into the handle to counterbalance the weight of the blade. With pocket knives the sides of ivory, horn, bone, wood, etc., are secured by rivets to the scales, as the side-plates of iron or brass are called. Machines for making handles are of the nature of lathes, planers, etc., according to the material and the shape required. By such means are manufactured in quantity handles for brooms, scythes, shovels, chisels, whips, plows, etc.Hand-lead.
（Nautical.) A small lead for sounding; the term is used in contradistinction to deep-sea lead. The hand-lead weighs from 7 to 11 pounds, and is used with 20 fathoms of line. See sounding.
Hand′ler.
（Tanning.) A pit containing a weak ooze for the early portion of the tanning process. Pits containing a stronger solution, and used towards the conclusion of the process, are called bloomers.
Hand-let′ter.
（Bookbinding.) A finisher's hand-tool whose face is a single letter.
Hand′ling.
（Leather-manufacture.) An occasional removal of hides from the vat, allowing them to drain, and then replacing them. The object is to equalize the action of the lime in the process of unhairing; of the ooze in tanning, etc.
Hand-loom.
A form of loom in which the motions are derived from hand power, either by a crank or by pushing the lathe or batten. In the example, [1056] |
| Hand-loom. |
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Hand-made.
（Paper.) Said of paper made with a wire-cloth and deckel, by slipping out a quantity of pulp, allowing a partial drainage, and then transferring the mat to the felts.
Hand-mag′ni-fier.
A lens, usually of doubly convex form, mounted and provided with a handle. They are of various shapes and sizes; some, the smaller ones especially, being round or oval, and adapted to be folded within a case of similar shape, which constitutes the handles, so as to be carried in the pocket. Larger ones are frequently rectangular, and are used as readers. The lens may be of meniscus or concavo-convex form, to adapt it to the sight of the user, having a large field of view, for convenience in reading print or viewing objects which do not require a large magnifying power.Hand-mill.
The original mode of making meal was by bruising the grain. This plan was earlier than any form of grinding by a mill. In the time of Pliny one variety of bread was made from pounded grain, and was highly esteemed. (See bread.) The references to mills in the Bible all concern the hand-mill, which was universal throughout the Orient, the references to it in old writings, the illustrations of old monuments, and the remains of the machine itself, being very numerous and widely scattered. A (Fig. 2380) represents two mills of Pompeii. A golden handmill was one of the most honorable presents from a Persian king to a subject. The Romans found the British in possession of the quern. The North American Indians adhered to the mortar, and the [1057] hollowed stones yet mark the sites of their villages in those parts where corn was caltivated. The Mexicans use a spindle-shaped rub-stone in a hollow bedstone. |
| Metallic buhr-mill. |
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| Hand-Pegger. |
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| Hand-planter. |
Hand-mold.
The mold in which hand-made type is cast. It has a lip to receive the metal which runs into the mold containing the matrix. The mold is then opened and the type drops out.Hand-or′gan.
An organ arranged to play automatically from a rotatory motion; its parts consisting of the pipes, arranged vertically in the front, the barrel, placed at the top and back, the keys, vertical between the two, the bellows under the barrel, and the grinding and shifting gear at the side. The barrel extends the length of the hand-organ, and is about four or five inches in diameter. This has little brass staples of a length corresponding to that of the note, and which, when the barrel revolves, open the pipe valves. They project about an eighth of an inch above the cylinder, and for each tune are allowed one sixteenth of an inch along the length of the barrel to every key, the latter being placed at a distance apart corresponding to the number of tunes. One revolution invariably plays the whole tune, and longer tunes have to be cut down to this, except for regular operatic organs, where an automatic shifting apparatus is used. Otherwise the barrel is shifted by gear at the side under control of the grinder, which makes a difference of one sixteenth one way or the other along the barrel. The pipes are made from hard wood, as boxwood, or from reeds. The blast for them is furnished by the bellows, which is worked by gear from the crank, like the barrel. The keys resemble, those ordinarily used in musical instruments. The most important part of the manufacture consists in arranging the position of the points or staples of the barrel. An ordinary piece of sheet music is before the workman, and the barrel of a hand-organ is mounted below it so as to revolve with a large wheel at his left hand. This wheel is divided up into parts which correspond to the bars in music. Above the barrel are a set of keys, with little teeth that indent the paper wound around the barrel. He sits down before the instrument, revolves the wheel one bar, and strikes with a hammer the proper keys, then revolves again, and so on. The indentations mark the places for the brass points and staples, which another man inserts.Hand-peg′ger.
A portable pegging-machine, operated by hand and fed around the shoe, the operator holding the machine in a vertical position and turning a crank which sets all its working parts in motion. The illustration shows a machine which is held upon the sole of the boot or shoe by one hand of the operator, who turns the crank with the other. The awl is first driven through the sole, and as it rises the machine feeds itself along the distance between the pegs, which brings the peg end of the strip over the hole just punched; the peg is then cut off and driven down by the plunger which holds it, and the end trimmed off by the machine.Hand-plant′er.
A cornplanter carried in the hands, or by one hand, and thrust into the ground like a stick. The thrust and lift usually work the seed-slide, but in some two-handed planters, as in the example, the thrusting together of the portions opens the plates I and allows the seed to drop into the ground. Pulling the handles apart works the slide F, and draws seed from the box ready for the next hill. See corn-planter.Hand-pump.
1. (Steam-engine.) A pump placed alongside the fire-box of a locomotive and [1058] worked by a hand-lever, to feed the boiler when the engine has to stand with steam up. The Giffard injector obviates the necessity for a hand-pump, as it is always operative when steam is up. Hand-pumps are also arranged for other engines. Small auxiliary boiler-feeding engines are used for the Western rivers. 2. An ordinary small pump for domestic and other uses; as distinguished from a power pump. See list under pump.
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| Hand-punch. |
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| Hand-saw. |
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| Hand sewing-machine. |
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| Hand-shears. |
Hand-punch.
A punch for perforating tickets, leather, or paper, for the insertion of eyelets or for other purposes. It has a cutting tube and an anvil, or a punch and hollow die. The conductor's punch is a familiar instance.Hand-rail.
1. The horizontal rail of a balcony, a baluster, on a stairs, or along the sides of a locomotive engine, to protect the engineer in going forward and back on the engine. 2. Also on the companion and quarter-deck ladders, on the break of the poop, quarter-deck, or forecastle, permanent gangway ladders, etc.Hand-rail plane.
A round-soled plane for dressing the upper surface of a baluster rail. A capping plane.Hand-saw.
A saw riveted at one end to the handle, and adapted to be driven by one hand. There are several grades and some variations.| Breadth in Inches. | |||||
| names. | Length in Inches. | At Handle. | At End. | Thickness in Inch's. | Teeth to the Inch. |
| Without Backs. | |||||
| Rip saw | 28-30 | 7-9 | 3-4 | 0.05 | 3 1/2 |
| Half-rip saw | 26-28 | 6-8 | 3-3 1/2 | 0.042 | 4 |
| Hand-saw | 22-24 | 5-7 1/2 | 2 1/2-3 | 0.042 | 5 |
| Broken-space saw | 22-24 | 5-7 1/2 | 2 1/2-3 | 0.042 | 6 |
| Panel-saw | 20-24 | 4 1/2-7 1/2 | 2-2 1/2 | 0.042 | 7 |
| Fine panel-saw | 20-24 | 4-6 | 2-2 1/2 | 0.035 | 8 |
| Chest-saw | 10-20 | 2 1/2-3 1/2 | 1 1/4-2 | 0.032 | 6-12 |
| With Backs. | |||||
| Tenon-saw | 16-20 | 3 1/4-4 1/4 | 0.032 | 10 | |
| Sash-saw | 14-16 | 2 1/2-3 1/2 | 0.028 | 11 | |
| Carcass-saw | 10-14 | 2-3 | 0.025 | 12 | |
| Dovetail-saw | 6-10 | 1 1/2-2 | 0.022 | 14-18 | |
Hand-screw.
A jack-screw used for raising heavy weights. See screw-jack.Hand Sew′ing-ma-chine′.
A form of sewingmachine in which the parts are pivoted jaws, operated in the manner of scissors. The machine illustrated employs two threads to form a lock-stitch. The looping-hook Ea makes a reciprocating instead of a continuous revolution around the disk bobbin F. The bobbin and looping-hook are contained in one part, and the eye-pointed needle N is attached to the other portion. There are other forms.Hand-shears.
（Metal-working.) a. A machine for cutting metallic plates, having a reciprocating knife, cutting shearwise, and moved by a hand-lever. The illustration shows side and end elevations. b. Snips. Shears used by hand in cutting sheetmetal.
Hand-shut′tle.
（Weaving.) The common shuttle as distinguished from the fly-shuttle.
Hand′spike.
A loose bar forming a lever for lifting or shifting an object. In the United States ordnance department, handspikes are commonly made of three sizes, viz.: trail handspikes for field service, maneuvering handspikes for siege and garrison purposes, and handspikes for mechanical maneuvers. The two former are 66, and the latter 84 inches in length. Shod handspikes — that is, handspikes having an iron plate under their lower end — and roller handspikes are also employed for certain purposes. A hearer. Handspikes are used in working windlasses; those for capstans are known as bars.Hand′spike-ring.
（Artillery.) The thimble on the trail transom of the gun, for the handspike by which it is maneuvered.
Hand Spin′ning-ma-chine′.
A form of spinning-machine in which a carding is fed by hand to the spindle, which is revolved by a cord from a large wheel, driven by the hand in the intervals of piecing on new lengths of carding. The usual form of rustic spinning-machine is familiar, but the example is intended to allow a person to sit and spin, the spindle J being carried away from the person by pressure on the treadle instead of the person walking backward from the spindle to draw out the carding.Hand-stamp.
One for canceling, dating, or addressing papers, envelopes, documents, etc. The example has a colored ribbon, which is drawn over [1059] the face of type in the stamp-head G, which is set to the day, month, and year. Two cavities are made in the stamp-head, each containing a reel. One reel contains the inked ribbon, which is led under the head over the type, and is rolled up on the other reel. This head is secured to its stem by two screws, one catching in a nick in one side of the plate, and the other in a segmental slot on the opposite side. The head is depressed by a blow on the head E of the spring plunger. |
| Hand spinning-machines. |
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| Hand-stamp. |
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| Hand-truck. |
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| Hand-vises. |
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| Hand-wheels. |
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| Hangers for shafting. |
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| Eave-trough hanger |
Hand-swipe.
A water-raising device. The well-sweep or well-pole of the West; the shaduf of Egypt and Syria. See Shaduf.Hand-truck.
A small truck used in mills, shops, and warehouses.Hand-vise.
A small vise for holding an article while it is being filed, shaped, bored, heated, or otherwise. A common form is a vise with a tang, in some cases driven into a handle. The jaws are operated by a thumb-screw. It is also known as a tail-vise. The figure on the right is a hand-vise or clamp whose jaws are swiveled to the arms and are opened or closed by the traversing nut and connecting links; the cheeks of the jaws may be presented outward or inward. When of peculiar forms, these implements have names indicative of their shape; as, dog-nose, pignose hand-vise, cross-chap vise.Hand-wheel.
The term is applied to wheels which are turned by hand to actuate machinery, to set it in motion or to stop it. As the wheel on the brake-shaft of a railroad car; on the tail center of a lathe; on the stem of a throttlevalve, etc. The applications are very numerous.Hand-wheel lathe.
A smallbench lathe in which the spindle in the head-stock is turned by hand.Hang.
（Shipbuilding.) The curvature, concave on the downward edge, of a plank or strake when bent to the frames of a ship. A curve in the reverse direction is called sny.
Hang′er.
1. A means for supporting shafting of machinery. The illustrations show several kinds. a is a ball and socket hanger adapted to be attached to a joist or beam of the ceiling of a machineshop. b is a hanger attached to a post. c is a countershaft [1060] hanger; has a ball and socket joint, and a belt-shifter arm. 2. A pedestal or frame dependent from the car or truck body, and in which the axlebox moves up and down as the springs contract and expand. (Fig. 2393.) 3. A means of suspending an object, as of spouting at the eave of a house (Fig. 2394), a cage, a basket, or what not. An overhanging bracket. 4. A seaman's cutlass; a short curved sword.5. (Weaving.) The lower part of the heddle, or the lower heddle of the harness of a fancy loom.
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| Axle-box hanger. |
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| Hanging-tool. |
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| Sail-hank. |
Hang′ing-bridge.
1. (Steam.) A hollow, vertical partition depending from the bottom of a boiler and serving to deflect the flame. The hollow forms a part of the water-space of the boiler. The usual water-bridge rises from the furnace floor at the rear of the grate space. 2. a. A suspension bridge. b. A truss-frame bridge.
Hang′ing-but′tress.
（Masonry.) A buttress supported on a corbel.
Hang′ing-com′pass.
（Nautical.) A suspended overhead compass in a cabin, viewed from below; known as a tell-tale.
Hang′ing-knee.
（Shipbuilding.) One fayed vertically to the side, under the deck-beam knees, or lodging knees, which are horizontal. A hanging standard knee is one directly beneath the beam, and fayed to it and to the side.
Hang′ing-ma-chine′.
（Bleaching.) A machine on which cloth is hung to dry. It usually has tenter hooks for stretching the cloth by its edges. See hook-frame.
Hang′ing-post.
（Carpentry.) That to which a door or gate is hinged. The other is the shutting post. The hanging stile of a door is that one whose vertical edge has the hinges.
Hang′ings.
Wall coverings, such as arras, tapestry, or paper.Hang′ing-side.
（Mining.) The overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein.
Hang′ing-stile.
（Joinery.) That stile of a door to which the hinges are attached.
Hang′ing-tie.
（Architecture.) A tie which is supported by strap and collar, dependent from the rafters above.
Hang′ing-tool.
（Iron-turning.) A crooked tool, which partially embraces the rest so as not to be easily displaced. The cutter is formed with hollow faces to facilitate grinding. It is used for smoothing the surfaces of iron ordnance, rollers, and similar objects.
Hang′ing-valve.
A hinged and gravitating valve in a rotary pump or engine, which falls down and forms an abutment, but is lifted by the passing piston so as to close an opening in the annular chamber while the piston is passing. A clack-valve. A flap-valve. See list under valve.Hank.
1. (Nautical.) One of the hoops or rings of ash or iron to which the weather-leech of a foreand-aft sail is bent, and by which it slides on the mast or stay, in hoisting by the halyards or lowering by the downhaul. Sometimes the head of a spanker or try-sail is bent to hanks which slip on the gaff.
2. (Yarn.) a. Two or more skeins of yarn, silk, wool, or cotton, tied together. A hank of cotton yarn is 840 yards in length, and consists of 7 lays of 120 yards each. It is wound on a reel 4 1/2 feet in circumference, 80 revolutions of which make a lay. The hanks of cotton yarn are rated by the number which it takes to make a pound. Throstle-spinning is seldom employed for yarns above Nos. 40 to 50, but with mule-spinning very high numbers have been reached. Previous to the introduction of the mule, few spinners could make yarn over No. 200. The natives of India, however, in their patient way and humid climate, made Nos. 300 to 400. Houldsworth, of Manchester, England, has made No. 700, which was woven in France. He is stated to have reached No. 10,000, a fineness beyond all useful range, but interesting as illustrating the perfection and capacity of his machinery. b. A measure of 3,000 yards of linen yarn.
| Table. | |
| 300 yards = | 1 lea. |
| 10 leas, 3,000 yards = | 1 hank. |
| 20 hanks, 60,000 yards = | 1 bundle. |
Han′som.
（Vehicle.) A kind of cab, named after the inventor, in which the driver's perch is behind the cover of the occupant's seat, the reins passing above the hooded top.
Har′bor.
1. (Hydraulic Engineering.) A shelter for ships, where they may moor or ride at anchor.
2. (Glass-making.) A chest, 6 or 7 feet long, in which the ingredients for a charge are mixed and held.
Hard.
1. (Hydraulic Engineering.) A hard bottom of gravel laid across a swamp or at a muddy boat-landing. 2. The coarse part of flax. Hurds.
Hard′en-ing.
1. (Metal-working.) The process of giving an additional hardness to metallic articles after leaving the hands of the workman shaper. Hammering and rolling will confer hardness, and in the reduction and shaping of articles by these means it becomes necessary to alternate annealing with the condensing processes. The hardening of steel is accomplished by heating it to a certain temperature and then suddenly quenching it in water or oil. When the article is not required to be at its ultimate hardness it is tempered by letting down the temper. This is done by heating the article, observing the change of color. See tempering. Copper alloys for gongs are hardened by another process, in some respects the reverse of that adopted for steel. See annealing. Iron is surface hardened by heating to a bright red, sprinkling with prussiate of potash, allowing to cool to a dull red, and cooling with water. Two recipes: —
| Prussiate of potash | 3 | 1 |
| Sal-ammoniac | 1 | 2 |
| Bone-dust | 2 |
2. (Hat-making.) The process of pressing together the light layer of filaments collected in the basket, so as to form it into a sheet of felt with sufficient cohesion to bear handling. The hands and then a skin are employed to produce this effect, the pressure, rubbing, and jerking causing the filaments to interlace and become felted, the body gaining consistence and hardness at the expense of its bulk and area. 3. A process of heating in the course of porcelain making. See hardening-kiln.
Hard′en-ing-fur′nace.
（Hat-making.) A furnace with an upper plate of iron, upon which hatbodies, folded in wet cloths, are laid to be hardened by heat, moisture, and the pressure of traversing plates above.
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| Hardening-machine. |
Hard′en-ing-kiln.
（Porcelain.) A kiln in which printed biscuit is placed in order to drive off the oil of the color previous to glazing. See press-printing.
Hard′en-ing-skin.
（Hat-making.) A piece of half-tanned leather laid above a bat of felting hair while the latter is compressed by the hands of the workman.
Hard-fin′ish.
（Plastering.) Fine stuff applied with a trowel to the depth of about one eighth of an inch.
Hard Por′ce-lain.
A ware composed of a natural clay containing silex (kaolin), and a compound of silica and lime, i. e. a quartzose felspar (petuntzc). The glaze is also earthy, not metallic.Hard Rub′ber.
India-rubber mixed with a large proportion of sulphur, and subjected to an extreme heat. Other mineral substances, as white-lead, are also generally added. See caoutchouc; ebonite. |
| Hard-rubber bath. |
Hard Sol′der.
The solder used for uniting the more infusible metals. Spelter solder and silver solder are the two principal varieties. The former, for copper and iron, is sometimes made in the proportion of 16 parts copper to 12 zinc; more frequently equal proportions of the two metals are employed. These are cast in a grated mold, forming squares of about two pounds' weight, which are then heated nearly to redness and granulated by beating on an anvil or in a mortar. The components of silver solder vary from 4 parts silver and 1 copper for the hardest, to 2 silver and 1 brass wire. Three fourths of a part of arsenic is sometimes added to render it more fusible and impart whiteness. See alloy; brazing.Hard′ware.
A term including articles of metal for sale, such as house trimmings and furnishings, and mechanic's tools. Sometimes distinguished as builders' hardware, domestic hardware, and tools. |
| Calk-forming anvil. |
Har′dy.
（Forging.) A chisel or fuller having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil called a hardy-hole. The hardy-hole is sometimes occupied by a smaller anvil, fullering-tool, or calking-swage, as in the illustration, in which in a steel-faced plate is sunk a vertical groove, and the faces on each side of the groove are inclined, so as to give the proper taper to the inner sides of the calk when the horseshoe is placed within the groove.
Hare.
The fibrous portion of flax and hemp, as distinguished from the shives or scales of bark, etc., which fall from the hare in braking.Harl.
The filament of flax. Hare.Har-mon′i-ca.
（Music.) 1. a. A musical instrument formed of a number of glasses which are tuned by filling them more or less with water, and are played by touching them with the dampened finger. The less the quantity of water the lower is the tone of the scale. Called musical glasses.) The instrument is said to have been invented by a German, and was improved by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. A stringed form is ascribed to Stein, 1788. b. Dr. Franklin's “Harmonica” consisted of a nest of hemispherical glasses, of different sizes, tuned, and arranged on a revolving spindle impelled by a treadle, the tips of the fingers being applied to the edges of the glasses to produce the tones. Each glass has an open neck or socket in the middle. The thickness of the glass is about 1/10 inch near the brim, but thicker nearer the aperture, which in the largest glasses is 1 inch deep, with an aperture 1 1/2 inch wide. These dimensions lessen as the glasses diminish in size, the neck of the smallest being 1/2 inch thick. The largest glass is 9 inches in diameter, and the smallest 3 inches. Between these are 23 different glasses, differing from each other 1/4 inch in diameter. Each glass is marked with a diamond the note for which it is intended, and is tuned by diminishing the thickness of those that are too sharp. This is done by grinding them round the neck towards the brim, the breadth of 2 or 3 inches, as may be required, frequently testing them by a well-tuned instrument. The largest glass in the in- [1062] strument is C, a little below the ordinary compass of the human voice, and the highest is two octaves above. The glasses of the full notes are painted the seven prismatic colors, and the semitones white. The glasses are fixed on a spindle of hard iron, 1 inch in diameter at the larger end and tapering to 1/4 inch at the smallest, and each glass has a bushing of cork where it is attached to the spindle. The glasses set within each other, a space intervening between the necks of the several glasses. The spindle is mounted horizontally in a box, its ends work in brass gudgeons, and it is impelled by a treadle and band. An inch of the brim of each glass is exposed to be touched by the finger as the spindle and glasses revolve. The instrument is played upon by a person sitting before the instrument, turning the treadle with the foot, and wetting the fingers now and then with a sponge and clean water. The fingers should be first soaked in water, and should be perfectly free from grease. A little fine chalk may be added to the water, and will assist in producing the tremulous action of the glasses which causes the tone. Both hands may be used. 2. A small instrument of music held in the hand and blown by the breath. At the edge are a series of holes which conduct the breath to free reeds, like those of an accordeon. A mouth-organ.
Har-mon′i-phon.
（Music.) A small instrument with a key-board, in which the sounds are produced by small metallic tongues, acted upon by air blown through a flexible tube.
Har-mo′ni-um.
（Music.) A musical instrument whose tones are produced by the vibration of metallic reeds operated by keys. The bellows are worked by pedals, and the keys are arranged in one or two b inks. These instruments are made with a variety of stops, and with swell and tremolo attachments. The instrument is used as an organ of small size in parlors, and in churches in the performance of sacred music. The melodeon and parlor-organ are of this class. The harmonium is substantially the same as the seraphine introduced by Green, and has been blessed with a variety of names derived from the Greek and other sources. Among them are oeolophon, oeolomusicon, physharmonica, melodeon, symphonium, and poikiorguc. The free tongues of the harmonium, though used from time immemorial by the Chinese, were introduced into Europe by M. Grenie in 1810.
Harmo-nom′e-ter.
An instrument for ascertaining the harmonic relation of sounds. It often consists of a single string with movable bridges.Har′ness.
1. (Menage.) The means whereby a draft animal is attached to a vehicle. The invention is ascribed to Erichthonius of Athens, who was made a constellation after his death, under the name of Bootes, about 1487 B. C. Warchariots are believed to be much older than this. The sculptures of the Egyptian conqueror, Osymandyas, who carried his arms as far as Bactria, 2100 B. C., disprove the Greek claim. The use of harness commenced as soon as the horse was tamed to draft. The wagons that Joseph gave to his brethren to fetch his father, 1706 B. C., were probably ox-carts or wagons. The root of the Hebrew word signifies to roll around. The harness shown in the sculptures of Egypt and Persepolis was of a very simple description. The horses were always hitched abreast to a tongue or pole, which was connected to a yoke. This passed over saddles which rested on the withers of the horses. The accompanying cut shows their relation and position. They were kept in position by straps around the neck and around the girth, and sometimes had a single trace on that side of the horse against the pole. Solomon had 40,000 stalls for his chariots, 1014 B. C., and plenty of leather harness, no doubt. He bought his horses in Egypt. While the Egyptian yoked his horses to the pole of his chariot, and gave a third horse a single trace on the side towards the chariot, still more primitive customs were adopted in other lands and at a later date.
 |
| Egyptian car-saddles (from Wilkinson). |
2. (Loom.) The apparatus in a loom by which the sets of warp-threads are shifted alternately to form the shed. Each set of the warp-threads lies in the loops of knotted cords stretched in vertically reciprocating frames called heddles, or healds. These are moved by cords or straps connected to rods or levers, to which the appropriate recurrent motion is imparted. See loom. The harness of a loom is termed the mounting; and the whole apparatus concerned in the motions of the warp-threads is the shedding.
 |
| Harness-motion. |
Har′ness-bell.
A small bell, usually of globular form and carrying a bullet, attached to some part of the harness to produce a jingling sound. A sleigh-bell.Har′ness-board.
（Wearing.) The compassboard of a loom, having holes through which pass the neck twines.
Har′ness-cask.
（Nautical.) A large cask or tub with a rim cover, containing a supply of salt meat for immediate use.
Har′ness-clamp.
（Saddlery.) A kind of vise with a pair of jaws closed by a spring, wedge, or screw, and used to hold leather while being stitched.
Har′ness-hook
1. A hook or bracket on which harness is hung. 2. A check-rein hook on the gig-saddle.Har′ness, leath′er.
A grade and quality of leather from which harness is made. It is blacked on the grain side.Har′ness-pad.
A lining or soft wad beneath a saddle to keep the harder portions from galling the back of the animal.Har′ness-room.
One attached to a stable, warmed by a stove, and used for putting away harness. |
| Harness-saddle. |
Harness-sad′dle.
The part of the harness which rests across the back, and to which the girthing portions are attached. Upon it are the terrets B B and check-line hook C, and from it proceeds the back-strap, which reaches to the crupper.Har′ness-snap.
A hook for attaching the lines (reins) to the bit-rings; the breast-strap to the hame-rings, etc. A snap-hook.Harp.
1. (Music.) An instrument with a threesided frame, between two of which strings of varying lengths are stretched. Jubal, the son of Lamech the first (say about 2400 B. C.), was “the father of all such as handle the harp and the organ.” His brother Jabal had great stock of cattle, and his half-brother Tubal Cain was “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” Quite a distinguished and industrious family. Agriculture, the mechanics, and the fine arts pursued by the sons of one man, a descendant in the fifth generation of Cain. The harps of Egypt were numerous and various, having from 4 to 14 strings as long ago as the reign of Amosis, about 1570 B. C., 900 years before Terpander. The strings were of catgut, and the form of the frame varied according to its purpose. To be carried or played standing, sitting, or squatting. One harp discovered in Egypt in 1823 had several remaining strings which responded to a touch, and awoke from a rest of 3,000 years. a is an Egyptian harp from a painting at Thebes. b from a painting at Dendera. c one of the Bruce harpers, two of whom are shown in the original. One of the harps has 21 strings, the other 12. These most florid and striking of all the representations of the Egyptian harp are on the tombs of the [1064]
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| Egyptian harps. |
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| Irish harp. |
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| Arabian Kanun. |
3. (Husbandry.) A Scotch grain-sieve for removing weed-seeds from grain.
Harp′ing-i′ron.
A barbed javelin. The word is derived from its capacity for clawing or grasping. A harpoon.Harp′ings.
（Shipbuilding.) a. The wales of the bow, of extra strength. b. A ribband trimmed to the shape of and bolted to the shape of the cant bodies, to hold them together till planked. c. Cat-harpings; frapping of the shrouds to the masts below the tops.
Har-poon′.
A barbed javelin used to pierce and fasten to whales. It has a broad, flat, triangular, barbed, sharp head, and a shank about two feet long, furnishing a socket for the shaft. A line, about 70 fathoms long, is attached to the harpoon, and runs out rapidly as the struck fish dives below the surface. The harpoon consists of the point-head and shank. |
| Whaling-implements. |
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| Gun-harpoon. |
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| Harpoon-fork. |
Har-poon′--fork.
（Agriculture.) A form of hayfork to be operated by tackle in lifting hay from a load to mow it away, or conversely in loading a wagon from a mow. The rod being drawn up, the point of the fork is thrust into the hay, which movement depresses the rod and extends the tines, and enables the bent end of the spring to catch the top of the rod; the tines are thus held until the load is raised, when, by drawing on the cord, the spring is pressed back by the bell-crank, and the load discharged. See hay-fork.
Har-poon′--rock′et.
A bomb-lance for killing whales. That shown has an explosive shell at its head, and is propelled by a rocket-charge after being fired from a gun. The hinged barbs are secured to the breech-piece in the tube, and the line connected by a looped shank.Harp′si-chord.
（Music.) An obsolete stringed instrument resembling a harp laid prostrate, the strings being played by quills operated by keys like those of a piano-forte. [1066]
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| Harpoon-rocket. |
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| Jack. |
And also by Gabriel Platte, who, in the succeeding century, describes a dibbling machine as formed of iron pins, —Still virginaling
Upon his palmWinter's Tale.
Made to play up and downThe clavichord, d, is said to have consisted of a range of brass wires placed above the keys, which latter had wires on the rear ends, acting as hammers upon the strings when the keys were struck. A muffling-piece on the string limited the portion involved in the vibration and acted as a damper. One mode of striking the wires in this instrument was by a leathern button on the top of a piece of strong wire fixed in the farther end of the finger key. This little device was the simplest possible form of a stringed instrument played by means of keys. The striking part was called a jack. It was a favorite instrument more than a century before the invention of the harpsichord, and must be considered the original of the piano-forte. The pins formed wrest-pins for the strings, which vibrated only while the key was held down, and the place at which the pin struck the string determined the length concerned in the vibration. A damper fixed behind the string acted upon it when the pin quitted the string, the key, in fact, forming one of two bridges, between which the strings vibrated. The instrument was an important one for several hundred years; the favorite of Bach and of Mozart. The hammer-harpsichord is referred to in the “Giornale d'italia,” 1711, and was the First pianoforte, though the name was not given till about fifty years afterwards. It was the invention of Cristofori of Florence; the improvement consisting mainly in pivoted hammers, which were struck by jacks on the keys, and retired immediately from the strings. See piano-Forte. The pedals were invented by Loeschman. The double-harpsichord had two sets of keys and strings in a set. One key of one set struck two keys in unison; while one key of the other set struck a string tuned an octave higher. A farther change removed one bank of keys, and the three strings were tuned in unison.
like virginal jacks.
Har′row.
（Husbandry.) The harrow is a large rake, being a frame with teeth drawn over the ground to level it, stir the soil, destroy weeds, or cover seed. It is a frame, usually of wood, and has downwardly projecting teeth which penetrate the soil. The shapes of the frame are various. The teeth are usually of square bar-iron, sharpened to a point, maintaining the square form. They are set in the harrow-frame so as to move in a direction parallel to their diagonals. As stated under the appropriate heading, the cultivator is an improved harrow; handles being added to increase its manageability; and colters or shares substituted for straight teeth, thus increasing its efficiency. Harrows are made with the various modifications mentioned, and others might be cited, but still they are called harrows by their makers, setting classification at defiance. These hybrids are useful and efficient tools, many of them, but it is not easy to give them a “local habitation” or “a name” in a classified digest of machines. Two notices of the harrow are found in the Bible. In Job is the inquiry, “Will he [the unicorn] harrow the valleys after thee?” The word is said by some Hebraists to be a mis- [1067] nomer; a seed-covering tool is referred to, drawn by animal power, and may have been a plow. Their thrashing drag would have made a tolerable harrow. It was a frame of boards, studded with spikes. See thrashing. The other reference to the harrow occurs in the account of the cruelty practiced by David upon the men of Rabbah, 1033 B. C.: “He cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes.” （1 Chron. XX. 3.) The parallel passage in 2 Samuel XII. 31 states that “he put them under saws and harrows,” etc. Adam Clarke disputes the rendering, and declares that the original means he made slaves of them, putting them to work with saws, harrows, and axes. Quien sabe.
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| Harrows. |
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| Rotary-harrow. |
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| Spiked-cylinder harrow and Seeder. |
Har′vest-er.
（Agriculture.) A machine for cutting grain or grass. See mower; reaper. See also under the following heads: —
| Bean-harvester. | Guard-finger. |
| Binder. | Heading-machine. |
| Cane-harvester. | Hemp-harvester. |
| Clover-seed harvester. | Lawn-mower. |
| Corn-harvester. | Rake. |
| Dropper. | Reel. |
| Finger. | Sward-cutter. |
| Flax-puller. |
Har′vest-er-cut′ter grind-er.
A machine adapted to the grinding of the section knives of harvesters, which are riveted to the knife-bar. |
| Harvester-cutter grinder. |
Har′vest-ing-ma-chine′.
See mower; reaper. See harvester for list. |
| Hasps. |
Hasp.
1. A fastening. A clamp or bar fast at one end to an eye-bolt or staple, the other end passing over a staple, where it is secured by a pin, key, button, fore-lock, or padlock. 2. A scarifier for grass lands. 3. A spindle for thread or silk.Hasp-lock.
One in which the hasp, which is attached to the trunk-lid, itself carries the locking-device. In the example, the bolt is shot longitudinally so as to protrude from the hasp and enter the staple. The locking-circle has an internal cog-gear V operated by a cog-segment C, and has a locking-tooth W and a pivoted engaging-lever L. |
| Hasp-lock. |
Has′sock-fil′ler.
A device consisting of a curb and a charging cylinder, whereby the stuffing is packed into the cover. A tube is slipped inside the ottoman or hassock, and both are placed in the ring and upon the bottom piece. As the filling is introduced and pressed down, the tube is gradually withdrawn. |
| Hassock-filler. |
Has′ten-er.
A kitchen stand before the fire to keep the radiated heat around the joint which is being roasted.Hat.
1. A head-covering with a crown, sides, and continuous brim. Made of cloth, felt, straw, silk, splints, grass, etc. Felt hats are as old as Homer. The Greeks made them in various forms; skull-caps, conical, truncated. narrow or broad brimmed (petasus). The Phrygian bonnet was an elevated cap without a brim, the apex turned over in front. This form is [1070] very old, and indicates an inhabitant of Asia Minor. It is known now as the cap of liberty. In Rome, the ceremony of manumission of a slave, the head was shaved and a cap presented as an emblem of freedom. An ancient figure of Liberty, of the time of Antoninus Pius, A. D. 145, holds the cap in the right hand. We even find them with brim and no crown. Tied before or behind, — we thought this was quite modern. A broad-brimmed hat is shown in the sculptures of Karnak. Herodotus refers to the soft hats of the Persians. They wore round-top caps without peaks, somewhat resembling the modern fez. Hats encircled with plumes were the head-dress of the Lycian contingent in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus said that the skulls of the bareheaded Egyptians were so baked that they would hardly decay, and were, in this respect, very different from the Persians, who protected their heads and kept them so soft that they soon rotted. He observed it, he says, on an old field of battle in Egypt; the former were as hard as a brick, and the latter decayed. The broad-brim hat (causia) was worn by the Macedonian kings. It is said by Smith (Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities) to have been made of felt. It is shown on a medal of Alexander I. of Macedon. It was adopted by the Romans, especially Caracalla. In the accompanying cut are shown some of the forms which the ancient felt hat assumed. The pileus (Latin) was the common felt cap, the fess of the modern Greeks, the fez of the Turks. The petasus (Greek) was a hat; it had a brim; its name, in fact, comes from a word whose root meaning is extension, dilation. a is from a sepulchral bas-relief in Boeotia. b is a fisherman's cap, from a statue in the Townley collection, British Museum. c is a coin of Bruttium, South Italy; the figures are Castor and Pollux. With us, castor means a hat, from the beaver (castor, from a Sanscrit word meaning musk), which supplies the best material. d is a head of Daedalus, from a bas-relief in the Villa Borghese collection. This form is still worn by the shepherd boys in Asia Minor. e is a head of Ulysses, from an ancient lamp. It represents him as tied to the mast while he listens to the songs of the sirens. f is the modern Greek peasant's cap, introduced for comparison. g is from a parian marble bust of Paris, wearing the Phrygian cap, and now in the Glyptothek, Munich. h is from a coin of the Emperor Verus, now in the British Museum, and representing Armenia capta. The captive wears a plug hat. i represents Dacia in mourning, with a puddingcrown hat on. It is the obverse of one of Trajan's coins. j is from a coin of Antoninus Pius, and represents the goddess of liberty. k is from a statue of the sleeping Endymion in the Townley collection of the British Museum. l is from a bas-relief in the Vatican, and exhibits the head of a shepherd. m shows the shepherd Zethus with his hat slung behind his back. Borghese collection. n, horseman with a petasus. Parthenon. o p, silver coins of Aetolia in the British Museum. q, from a vase of Sir W. Hamilton's. r is from an ancient marble bust. s t are from coins of ancient Italy, and representing heads of Mercury. |
| Ancient hats. |
| a, body or crown. | The banding-point, or break of the band, is at the junction of the brim and crown. |
| b c, brim. | |
| b, upper brim. | |
| c, under brim. | f, side crown. |
| d, rim. | g, square. h, tip. |
 |
| Hat. |
| Cloth-hat. | Leather-hat. |
| Cork-hat. | Paper-hat. |
| Embossed-hat. | Silk-hat. |
| Felt-hat. | Spring-brim hat. |
| Fur-hat. | Straw-hat. |
2. (Tanning.) The stratum of bark on the top of a pile of hides and interposed bark, filling a tanpit.
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| Hat-blocking machine. |
3. (Metallurgy.) A depression in the tunnel-head of a smelting-furnace to detain the gases. [1073]
Hat-block.
A form upon which the hat is finished. It is usually made of five pieces, four outside segments and a square central or key-block. In finishing the exterior, a spinner is used as a stand, being simply a flat oval table, the face of which corresponds to the curve of the brim. It is removed when the under brim is to be worked.Hat-block′ing ma-chine′.
A machine for blocking hats, stretching out the crown by means of expansible framework, and stretching out the brim by clamps, which take hold of the brim, and are then raised from an inclined to a horizontal position. The expansible framework is raised and lowered by a screw stem, so as to adjust it to varying depths of hats. The ring serves several purposes, giving pressure to the clamps by means of springs, and forming a point of attachment for the inclined projections for giving the edge of the brim an extra stretch to overcome the shrinkage. The rim o at the bottom breaks the band, and is changeable for varying sizes of hats. Fig. 2421, the cone; it is brought into operation upon the hatbody by swinging over, bringing the stretchers n n between the part g g and the banding-ring o, upon the hand of the hat. Fig. 2422 shows the rubber over the crown stretchers to prevent undue corrugating of the body. In Fig. 2423 the cone to form the body is placed upon the block E, which has two circumferential series of slanting ribs above it. When the carriage |
| Hat-blocking machine. |
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| Boyden's hat-blocking machine. |
Hat-bod′y.
The entire body in an unfinished state, as the cone from a forming-machine, or the shell or careass upon which plush is attached to make a silk hat; or the beaver hat before napping; or a cloth hat before stiffening. |
| Hat-printing machine. |
Hat-bod′y Print′er.
A machine for printing a pattern on the exterior of a hat-body, to produce an ornamental effect or imitate a fabric. In the example, the block having the pounced hat-body thereon is screwed upon the end of a shaft, which is rotated in conjunction with a printing-roller, which may have more or less rapid feed given to it.Hat-bod′y Siz′ing-ma-chine′.
Sizing is a term synonymous with hat-shrinking and hat-planking. For hand process see hatter's battery. An operation for shrinking or reducing the hatbody to the proper size and form for making the finished hat. The apparatus consists of an elastic bed in a trough containing hot water, and a semicircular rocker, by which a kneading operation is performed on the body. |
| Hat-body sizing-machine. |
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| Hat-body sizing-machine. |
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| Hat-brim trimmer. |
Hat-brim Trim′mer.
A pattern which determines the point at which the brim is to be trimmed. The operation is commonly performed by a rounding-jack, which is a curved knife carrying a gage which bears against the band point while the hat is upon the block, and, being moved around the body, cuts the brim of an equal width all round.Hat-brush.
A soft, drawn brush, of horse or goat's hair.Hat-brush′ing ma-chine′.
A machine in which brushes are used to equalize and polish the nap, pile, or exterior fibrous matter forming the surfaces of hats. They sometimes rotate in contact with the body, or it is rotated while they are held in contact with it. After the forming operation, the brushingmachine removes the dust or liberated fiber.Hatch.
1. A stop-plank falling in vertical grooves in a frame, and supporting a head of water in a weir. A sluice-gate. A flood-gate. 2. A grated weir for a fish-trap. 3. A breast-high or half door. 4. A shutter to cover a hatchway, or scuttle, in a ship's deck or warehouse floor. 5. A hatchway or opening in a deck or floor. 6. An opening into a mine.Hatch-bar.
（Nautical.) The bars by which the hatches are fastened down.
Hatch′el.
（Fiber.) An instrument for cleansing flax or hemp from the hards. It consists of a number of teeth set in a board, upon which the hank of fiber is thrown and dragged through, so as to comb it straight and remove the coarser portions. A hackle.
Hatch′et.
（Carpentry.) A one-handed chopping-tool. Hatchets of the stone age have been found with eyes for the reception of the helve. No such perforation is found in any bronze axe or hatchet of the immense period during which the cutting tools were formed of this metal. Bronze was always cast, and it seems wonderful that no one thought of casting it with an eye. Natural holes in stones were utilized for eyes; two flint hatchets in the museum of Copenhagen are examples. The early history of our race is written in the tools of stone, bone, and bronze. A few leaves from the chapters to be found in all our museums are transferred to these pages. a is a copper celt from Waterford, Ireland, resembling in shape the earlier stone tools, such as axes, adzes, chisels, hoes, for the chase, war, carpentry, and agriculture. b is a winged celt from Ireland, c a socketed celt from the same country. d e f show the modes in which the celts a b c were stocked.
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| Celts and hatchets. |
Hatch′ing.
（Engraving.) A style of drawing or engraving in which the shading is performed by lines crossing at angles less than 90°.
 |
| Hatchway. |
Hatch′way.
1. (Shipbuilding.) One of the large square openings in the deck of a ship whereby freight is hoisted in or out, and access is had to the hold. The coverings are hatches. These are fastened down by battens. There are four pieces in the frame of a hatchway. The fore-and-aft pieces are called coamings, and those athwart ship are headledges. The head-ledges rest on the beams, and the coamings or carlings extending between the beams. The hatchways are fore, main, after, as the case may be, according to the size and character of the vessel. 2. An opening in the floor of a warehouse for the passage of goods. The illustration shows a part of three floors, the windlass D above, the hatch of the next floor closed, a floor yet lower has the hinged hatch E lifted and laid back against the wall.
Hat-con-form′a-tor.
A machine of French origin, by which the oval shape of the head is ascertained. It consists of a series of sliding arms, radially arranged in a frame, and carrying at their upper ends sharp points. When applied to the head as is a hat, the arms are thrust outward by contact with the head, and assume a position corresponding to the exact conformation thereof. While thus held an impression is taken upon a slip of paper pressed upon the points. This paper is trimmed to the form delineated by the points, and becomes a pattern by which an adjustable block is set for use in reshaping the form of a finished hat.Hat-die.
A block for holding a hat while pressing. Synonymous with hat-mold (which see).Hat-em-boss′ing.
A means for beautifying the appearance of a hat, by producing a pattern upon its exterior by raising and depressing different parts of its surface. Generally done on a pattern-block upon which it is pressed. Dies are sometimes employed. A pressing tool, running in a lathe, is also used to impress a pattern. |
| Hat-felting machine. |
Hat-felt′ing.
A mode of forming hats by placing a disk of felting material between surfaces which by a rubbing and drawing action felt the fibers and cause the hat to gradually assume the required shape. In the example, the circular piece of felting material is placed between the disk c and block b, its outer portion being embraced between the conical rollers r r′. The parts being set in motion, the block is gradually slipped along its axis, causing the felt to assume the shape of the sides of the block. When the latter has been moved a distance equal to its length, the hat is formed, the remainder of it that is between the manipulators r r′ constituting the brim.Hat-fin′ish-ing.
The operations which complete a hat for market, — such as brushing to lay the nap, and ironing to smooth and impart a gloss to it; or pouncing to even the surface; or brushing to remove the dust; or dyeing and trimming. |
| Hat-farming machine. |
Hat-form′ing ma-chine′.
Slivers of wool are taken from the doffer of a carding-engine and wound [1076] in different directions upon a cone, which revolves and traverses or vibrates to and fro, by which motions the filaments of wool are crossed at different angles, and perfect felting is accomplished. This class of machines is now superseded by that shown in Fig. 2431, which is a machine for loosening — up fiber and depositing it on a former, so as to form the hat-body. Various machines of this kind have been invented, embracing the same general principles, but differing in detail. That illustrated was patented by H. A. Wells, April 25, 1846. In this the fur, in regulated quantity, is supplied to the machine between a pair of feeding-belts m m′, and caught from the lips of the belts by a rotating brush or picker c, which separates the fibers and delivers them into the tunnel d, air being drawn through the aperture a by means of the draft caused by a fan-blower b, rotating with great velocity. The cloud of fur is drawn through the tunnel d, and deposited upon the revolving perforated cone e, from which the air is exhausted by the fan b. A vibratable deflector f hinged to the tunnel d governs the discharge of fur from the tunnel, so that an increased thickness may be given to the lower part of the hat-body. When the charge or given quantity of fur to form a body has been deposited on the former, it is covered with a conical cloth or felt cap over which a metallic covering is placed and the whole removed from the machine, and immersed for a short time in a hot-water bath, to contract and compact the material. See also blowing-machine, page 307. The succeeding processes are those ordinarily employed in hat-making. See hat ; felting. |
| Hat-fulling machine. |
Hat-full′ing ma-chine′.
The function of a fulling-mill in hat-making is to thicken or consolidate the body. It commonly consists of two or more sets of beaters or hammers, successively raised and dropped upon the mass of hats contained in the trough, where they are agitated or turned by mechanical means so as to constantly present new surfaces to the fulling-stocks. In the example the movement of the swinging side of the fulling-box causes the mass of hats to pass around regularly to insure equal action on all their parts. In Fig. 2433 the bat is laid over the basin D and the forming-block G brought over it. Steam is admitted through perforations in the mold, and also in the former, if desired. The mold and its rim rotate continuously. The former has an adjustable reciprocating rotary motion, and also an up-and-down vertical one; the shingles or curved lapping surfaces serve to crowd down and aid in fulling the bat. By an automatic motion of a weight outward upon the beam-lever, a blow of gradually increasing force is given to the falling cone G as the work proceeds. A is the steamchamber, B the steam-pipe. |
| Hat-fulling machine. |
Hat-hard′--en-ing Machine′.
Hardening or basoning; a preliminary felting operation which converts the fibers into a fabric dense and tenacious enough to enable it to be handled and put through the felting process. In cones from the forming-machine, it is usually done by an auxiliary cone moved over that on which the body was formed. Other bodies are steamed and rolled up in cloths (basoning-cloths). Flat bats are hardened between a table and a flat platen having short, quick reciprocating motion. See Emnmon's patent, April 19, 1853. |
| Hat-ironing machine. |
Hat-i′ron-ing ma-chine′.
A machine for performing the ironing formerly done by hand, by which the final operation of finishing a hat is accomplished. The block supporting the body rotates at a high speed, while hollow irons, heated by interior gasjets, steam, or hot air flowing through, or by heated slugs introduced within them, are held against the whole surface by pressure of a weight or spring. The tip-iron usually has a lip on one side, which bears over the square. [1077] The under brim is either finished by hand or by inverting the block on the machine, so that an iron may bear upon it. In some instances the block is so supported on its spindle as to allow an iron to bear on the under brim at the same time that the crown is being treated. In the example, the blocked hat revolves on a turn-table; the irons are pendent from an upper bridge-frame, and their pressure is regulated by levers and counterweights; the irons are heated by gas-burners.Hat-mak′ers Bat′ter-y.
（Hat-making.) A large boiler with a surrounding set of benches for a number of workmen. The water has a small quantity of sulphuric acid to enable the fur to felt more readily.
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| Hat-makers' battery. |
Hat-meas′ure.
A device by which the size of the oval head opening is ascertained. Usually a circular graduated ribbon, the ends of which slide in each other. See also hat-Conformator.Hat-mold.
The die in which a hat or bonnet is formed or shaped by pressing. In the example, the bat to form the hat is shown as being driven into the heated mold by means of the pressure of a liquid introduced above an elastic diaphragm above the bat. See hat-pressing machine.Hat-nap′ping ma-chine′.
A felted body is dipped into boiling water and its nap drawn out or carded up by a small hand-card. The process of scalding in napping is described in English patent 7397 for 1837. Known also as ruffing. |
| Hat-mold. |
Hat-per′fo-rating ma-chine′.
A machine for cutting a multiplicity of fine holes in the hat-body to provide for ventilation.Hat-plank′ing.
A finishing felting operation. See felting. The hat-body being basoned or hardened is passed through a cistern containing a heated acidulated water with dregs of beer, or other planking liquor, and between two series of pressing rollers, by which the fibers are knitted together or consolidated into felt, when they are ready for the blocking. In hat-planking machines the bodies are repeatedly passed through a boiling acidulated bath and under pressure, being frequently crazed. See also hat-body sizing-machine. Crozing or crosing is refolding a hat-body so that in passing many times through a felting-machine it may present new surfaces to be acted upon.Hat-poun′cing ma-chine′.
A machine for evening or equalizing the surface of a felted hat. It consists of a roller covered with sand or emery paper, and rapidly revolved in contact with the surface, by which the projecting fibers are ground off until the surface fibers are of equal length. |
| Hat-pouncing machine. |
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| Simonet's hat-pressing machine. |
Hat-press′ing ma-chine′.
A machine for bringing a bat or cone of hatmaking material to the form of a hat. In Fig. 2438, the bat is placed on a heated mold w over which fits a dome, whose lower edge is an elastic membrane, which assumes the shape of the hat; water is forced into the dome, and compresses the film o on the bat, and forces the latter on its mold. The smaller view shows the steam-heated mold w and dome b in section, while the larger view is a side elevation. f f′ are the force-pumps by which water is forced into the dome b through the bent pipe g and trunnion-tube c, which is on an adjustable bracket i; the mode of connection allowing a vertical motion to the dome in closing and opening, and a horizontal motion when securing the foot of the dome in the ring d by means of a bayonet-joint attachment. |
| Hat-pressing machine. |
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| Hat-press. |
Hat-pro-tect′or.
A cover approximating the shape of the hat, and applied to it to protect it in inclement weather.Hat-rack.
A piece of hall furniture having pegs for holding hats.Hat-shap′ing ma-chine′.
A machine for bringing the hat-body from the form of a cone to the hat shape desired. The same as hat-pressing machine (which see).Hat-stiff′en-ing ma-chine′.
A machine with two compartments, one containing thin and the other thick size. Above its partition a pair of squeezingrolls are arranged. The hats are dipped in the thin size, passed through the rolls, and then the brims (which require to be the stiffest) are dipped in the thick size, and again pressed. |
| Hat-pressing machine. |
Hat-stretch′ing ma-chine′.
A machine having a series of radially arranged arms, hinged to a head-block b, so as to be expanded. They stretch out the hat-cone, which is placed over them, and prepare it for blocking. In the example, Fig. 2442, the block is raised into contact with the stretched top of the hat, and then pushed up by means of a lever, so as to draw it up. The rubber bands fit on the body, and holds it when the stretcher-levers B are separated at their upper ends. The hat-cone f is shown as clamped to the conical system of levers by the band T. In Fig. 2443, the pieces b d′ d′ are adapted to receive a cone supporting both the crown and brim portions; rising with the cone, they carry it against two other sets of ribs or rollers m3 m3 radially arranged, by which contact the body is crimped or stretched so as to have the requisite fullness to be [1079] brought into the hat form over a block. Jets of steam are introduced through the spindle to soften the fur and render it elastic. The ribs are adjustable, to suit varying sizes of hats. |
| Hat-stretching machine. |
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| Hat-stretching machine. |
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| Hat stretching and blocking machine. |
Hat-tip press.
One in which gold printing is performed on fabric for hat-tips. The type are of brass, and kept hot. The gold-leaf is laid on the type. The leather or fabric has an adhesive material applied to it, so that the gold will remain on the impressed part and the remainder may be brushed off. |
| Hat-tip stretcher. |
Hat-tip Stretch′er.
A machine adapted for stretching the tip of the cone, so that it may be blocked fiat. The top is held by the clamp, so that when the treadle is depressed and the stretchers l rise, they reach the hat and then expand, passing between the pendent arms q and crimping the tips.Hat-ven′tilator.
A means for promoting a circulation of air through a hat while in wear. The simpler form is an aperture at the top of the crown, frequently provided with a means for closing it up. An orifice extending wholly or partially around the head opening, and formed by a perforated block interposed between the sweat and the body, acts in conjunction with the tip opening. The simplest and most common form is a covered crimped wire sewed between the sweat and body. The side crown is frequently filled with fine perforations, and in one [1080] instance a stiff body pierced with large holes is covered with an open woven fabric, the pattern of which conceals the perforations.Hat-weav′ing loom.
The warp strands for the hat are attached to carriers placed opposite each other in a circular series of partitions. The top of the crown is first woven, the warps being horizontal and moved to cross the path of the moving filling. When the top is completed the warp-carriers are removed to the upper series of partitions, and a circular or oval plate at the bottom of a follower gages the size of the crown; then, to weave the brim, the warp-carriers are removed to the lower series of partitions, the crown being fitted to a hat-shaped block. During the weaving, additional warps and warp-carriers are thrown into action automatically. The edge of the brim is finished by hand, after the hat is removed from the machine. |
| Hat-weaving loom. |
Haul.
（Rope-making.) A bundle of three or four hundred parallel yarns ready for tarring. Being dipped in a tar-kettle, the haul is dragged through a grip, gape, or sliding nipper which expresses superfluous tar.
Haul — up gear.
（Saw-mill.) A machine for dragging up logs from a fore-bay, pond, or log-yard, to be placed upon the log-carriage.
Haunch.
（Architecture.) The shoulder of an arch between the crown and the springings. The flank, haund, or hance.
Haut′boy.
（Music.) A wooden musical instrument played with a reed, and resembling a clarinet. Called also oboe.
Haute-pace.
(Or half-pace.) A raised floor in a bay-window.Hav′er-sack.
1. A strong linen bag for containing the rations of a soldier on the march or detached duty. The haversack of the Roman soldier was an osier basket with a long neck. Sometimes, as on the Column of Trajan, a wallet carried on the spear. Its contents were salt meat, cheese, onions, and olives, and it held sufficient for three days. 2. A gunner's case for carrying a charge from the chest to the gun. See gunner's haversack.Hawk.
（Plastering.) A piece of hoard ten inches square, and held by a handle at the bottom; it is used to hold a small quantity of plaster, and is grasped by the plasterer's left hand, while his right wields the trowel.
Hawk-bill.
A pliers with curved nose, to hold pieces in blow-pipe soldering.Hawk-bill-tooth saw.
A saw having a curving, hooked saw-tooth, somewhat resembling the upper mandible of the hawk.Hawk′er.
（Nautical.) A vessel built like a pink, but rigged like a hoy; that is, having a narrow stern and sloop-rigged.
Hawks-bill.
（Horology.) A catch-piece attached to a vibrating arm, which acts as a detent in the rack of the striking part of a clock, and assists in effecting the proper number of strokes.
Hawse.
（Nautical.) a. That part of a ship's bow in which are the hawse-holes for the cable. b. The situation of a ship moored with anchors from each of the bows.
Hawse-bag.
（Nautical.) A canvas bag stuffed with oakum, to stop a hawse-hole in heavy seas.
Hawse-block.
（Nautical.) A block for stopping the hawse-hole when the cable is unbent and the ship at sea. Also called hawseplug, buckler, etc.
Hawse-hole.
（Shipbuilding.) A hole in the bow through which a cable or hawser passes. In iron ships it is a cast-iron tube having rounded projecting lips, inside and outside. When the cable is unbent, the hole is stopped by a hawse-block, or hawse-plug. The hawse-holes in large ships are four in number, the foremost pair being for the bower-cables, and the aftermost pair for the sheet-cables.
Hawse-piece.
（Shipbuilding.) a. One of the cant-frames standing next to the knight-heads, and fitting close together, so as to form a solid mass of timber for the passage of the hawse-holes. b. A wale on a ship's bow, which is pierced by the hawse-hole.
Hawse-pipe.
（Nautical.) The tube lining a hawse-hole in a ship's bow.
Hawse-plug.
（Nautical.) A hawse-block (which see).
Haw′ser.
（Nautical.) A small cable, used in warping and mooring. A clear hawse is when two cables are down and diverge from each other. A foul hawse is when they are twisted by the swinging of the ship at her moorings. When simply crossed, it is called cross-hawse; another cross makes an elbow; another makes a roundturn. Disengaging it is called clearing hawse. Slackening it is called freshening hawse. Speaking generally, a hawser is not over ten inches in circumference. Above this it is a cable. The laying, however, is not to be disregarded.
Haw′ser-clamp.
（Nautical.) A gripper for a [1081] hawser, to keep it from veering out. In the example, the lever is recessed so as to form a flange which acts as a cam upon a pin for the purpose of raising the guide with the movable jaw. The guide has a rib running in a slot in the upright bracket to which it is bolted. See cable-stopper.
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| Hawser-clamp. |
Haw′ser—laid.
（Rope.) Rope made of three strands, of three yarns each, laid up into a rope. The twist of the strands is the reverse of the individual yarns. Shroud hawser-laid has four strands. Three hawser-laid ropes are laid up into a cable, the twist being again reversed.
Hay—band ma-chine′.
（Husbandry.) Hay or straw bands are useful in binding an occasional bunch or sheaf of straw or hay, or for throwing over a new stack to hold the cap on until it has time to settle. They are made by drawing and twisting, as in the more elegant and precise operations of spinning cotton and wool. A common device for this purpose is a reel or lantern cylinder a, held under the left arm, while the right hand turns the crank and the axis, on whose end is a hook to which a wisp of hay is attached. The operator walks away from the bunch of hay, or an assistant pays out the hay in the quantity required.
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| Hay-Twisters. |
Hay—cap.
（Husbandry.) A piece of canvas to lay on the top of a haycock to shed rain.
Hay—cut′ter.
（Husbandry.) A box in which hay is cut into chaff. There are many forms: wheels with radial knives, which cut into each other's intervals, or against a cylinder of rawhide; guillotine knives with a shear cut; rotary shearing knives, which glance athwart the throat at which the compacted mass of hay emerges, and so on. See straw-cutter.
Hay—el′e-vator.
（Husbandry.) A means for lifting a forkful of hay, and conveying it to a place approximately over the spot in the hay-mow where it is wanted.
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| Hay-elevator. |
Hay—fork.
（Husbandry.) 1. A hand fork, with two or three tines, for stirring or pitching hay. 2. A fork elevated by a rope and horse, in unloading hay from a wagon to a mow, or vice versa. See fork.
Hay—hook.
（Husbandry.) An implement for pulling hay out of a mow or stack, instead of throwing it off the top, or cutting it off with a hay-knife. Such hooks are common in the Eastern States, but not in the West. Such a hook is described and pictured, page 893, Tome 5, “Encyclopedie de l'agriculteur,” Paris, 1861.
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| Hay knives. |
Hay—knife.
（Husbandry.) The hay-knife has a straight blade, one edge, and a bent shank, so that the hand does not come in contact with the upright face of the stack. The same effect is obtained by placing the handle at right angles to the plane of the blade. The hay-spade has a sharp blade, a handle, and a tread. One form has a re-entering angle with sharpened edges. It is said to be peculiarly efficient. [1082]
Hay—load′er.
（Husbandry.) A device attached to a wagon to collect or raise the hay from the swath, windrow, or cock, and deposit it on the wagon. There are several forms:— a. A rake trailing behind the wagon or alongside of it, and a traveling band with teeth carrying up the hay and dropping it into the wagon rack or bed. (See Fig. 2458.) b. A drag-rake gathering the hay, and a crane on the wagon lifting it therefrom.
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| Hay-loader. |
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| Hay-rack. |
Hay—mak′ing Fur′nace.
Mr. Mechi writes to the London times that he shall hereafter arrange to make his hay by furnace-heat. The apparatus consists of a coke-furnace, and a fan by which the heat is driven through a small chamber filled with grass. In fifteen minutes the grass is converted into hay, sweeter and greener than can be made by sun-drying. The apparatus works in all weathers, and dries grain, corn, and roots as well. |
| Horse hay-rake. |
Hay—press.
（Husbandry.) A press for baling loose hay for greater compactness in storage and transportation. The old form is the lever or screw; latterly much ingenuity has been exercised in this direction, some machines being especially intended for baling hay, others for cotton. They are similar, and are considered together. See baling-press, in which place are cited the various kinds.
Hay—rack.
（Husbandry.) A frame mounted on the running-gears of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, sheaves, etc.
Hay—rake.
（Agriculture.) a. A handtool for raking hay into windrow ready for pitching. See rake. b. An implement drawn by a horse for purpose similar to above. There are several typical forms:— 1. A series of curved teeth depending from a bar behind an axle supported on wheels. The points of the teeth trail along the ground and gather the hay, which collects in the bend of the teeth. To discharge the collected load, the teethbar is rotated on its axis, lifting the points of the teeth, while the clearer bars protruding behind the axle sweep the hay from the teeth. This motion of the teeth is by means of a lever which is conveniently placed for the driver. 2. Another type is that shown in Fig. 2454, in which the rake-head rests on the ground, the front ends being tipped down sufficiently to catch the hay as it lies in the swath. When a load has collected on the rake, the handle H is a little raised, causing the front ends of the teeth to catch in the ground and the rake to upset, the dependent catcher G slipping from the teeth, to allow the rake-head to rotate. The operator walks behind.
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| Flop-over hay-rake. |
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| Horse hay-rake. |
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| Hay-loading rake. |
Hay Rak′er and Cock′er.
（Husbandry.) An implement for raking hay in the swath and cocking it. In the example, the hay is gathered by a rake, carried up by an endless elevator, and received in a conical receiver which is inverted when filled, leaving the haycock upon the ground.
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| Hay raker and cocker. |
Hay—rak′er and Load′er.
（Husbandry.) An implement for raking hay in the swath and delivering it on to a wagon. It is usually attached to the hind axle of the wagon, and is dragged in the rear, a rake gathering up the hay in the swath as the wagon goes over the ground; a traveling apron with teeth lifts the gathered hay, carries it up, and discharges it on to the wagon. When the wagon is loaded the implement is detached.
Hay—spread′er.
（Husbandry.) A machine for scattering cut hay to expose it to sun and air. A tedder. (See Fig. 2460.)
Hay′stack—boil′er.
（Steam.) A tall form of steam-boiler introduced by Smeaton, and shaped like a kettle or a haystack, with flaring sides and rounded top.
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| Hay raker and loader. |
Hay—stack′er.
（Husbandry.) A portable derrick for the suspension of tackle in the use of the horse hay-fork in stacking. In the illustration, the mast is braced by a stay rod with lateral supports; the rope is attached to a pivoted sweep and the speed is multiplied by a pulley arrangement which also swings the crane arm toward the stack in unloading and back again as the fork descends.
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| Hay-Stacker. |
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| Hay-tedder. |
Hay—ted′der.
（Husbandry.) A machine to scatter hay to the sun and air. The hay-tedder was invented about 1800 by Salmon of Woburn, England, and is more useful in the humid climate of that country than in the United States. It consists of a pair of wheels supporting a reel consisting of an open cylindrical frame, formed by arms proceeding from it, and carrying bars set with curved tines, pointing outward. This reel may be lifted [1084] out of operative position when going to and from work in the field, and when at work is rotated by pinion connection to a spur-wheel in the hub of one wheel.
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| Hay-Unloader. |
Hay—un-load′er.
（Husbandry.) A device for bringing the power of a horse to bear in unloading a load of hay in stacking or mowing. The example shows a triple claw which may be made to grasp a bunch of hay, but the horse hay-fork is the usual implement. See fork.
Head.
The upper end or portion of an object or of a mast, sail, page, column, etc. The other end is the foot. The larger end of a thing, as of a nail, bolt, screw, cane, etc. The other end is the point or tip. The effective portion or blade of a tool or weapon, as of a spear, axe, hammer, etc. The other end is the helve, stock, handle, according to circumstances. See handle.1. (Machinery, Forging, etc.) a. The striking portion of a hammer, as distinguished from the helve. b. The poll of a hammer, as distinguished from the claw or the peen, as the case may be. c. The upper or steel portion of an anvil. The surface is the face. d. That stock of a lathe containing the livespindle. A poppet. The other stock is the tailstock, and contains the dead-spindle, – as it does not rotate. See lathe.
2. (Bookbinding, etc.) a. The top of a standing book; sometimes gilded to allow the dust to be blown off. The lower end is the foot. b. The upper end of a page or column. c. A sunk-head is a blank portion at the beginning of a book or chapter. d. The cross-beam of a printing-press.
3. (Shipwrighting and Nautical.) a. The forepart, beak or stem end of a vessel, the after end being the stern. b. A figure-head, or ornamental device on the prow. According to its character, it is known as a billethead, bust — head, family-head, fiddlehead, scroll — head, etc. c. The upper part of a timber in a frame. The other end is the heel. d. The part of a mast between the hounds and the top. e. The forward end of a bowsprit. f. The top or drum of a capstan. g. The flattish part of a dead-eye at the side of the channel or groove. h. The upper edge of a sail. The lower end is the foot. i. The fore-foot of the keel.
4. (Carpentry.) a. The top of a door, window, or bay; as a circular head. b. The top-beam or ridge-beam of a bridge or trestle. c. The square block which slips on the stem of a gage, and carries the scribe.
5. (Founding.) The sprue, sullage-piece, or riser on a casting, which is knocked off.
6. (Mining.) a. The end of gallery or drift. The heading is a passage excavated in the line of an intended tunnel. b. The top part of a fuse, containing the priming.
7. (Spinning.) The system of rollers in a drawing-frame (which see).
8. (Hydraulics.) a. The vertical hight or available fall of water from a dam, race, reservoir, standpipe, or forebay; or the difference between the hights of water inside and outside a dock-gate or lock-gate. The vertical pressure usually expressed in pounds. b. The up-stream end of a canal-lock.
9. (Architecture.) The capital (caput, head) of a column. 10. The cover of an alembic or still.
11. (Fortification.) The salient or advanced portion of a work. A work covering the end of a bridge.
12. (Coopering.) That which closes the end of a cask. 13. The obverse of a coin or medal. The opposite side is the reverse, or tail. 14. The cap of a windmill.
Head—band.
（Bookbinding.) A strip of plaited silk over a mill-board core, or a projecting fillet of fabric which serves as a finish to the top and bottom of the sheets inside the back. It is only used in binding of superior character, as may be seen by comparing a fine calf binding with one in ordinary cloth.
Head—bay.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) That part of a canal-lock between the upper pond and the head-gates of the lock. See canal-lock.
Head—block.
1. (Saw-mill.) a. The block on which the head — or forward end — of a log rests in the ordinary saw-mill; the other end is the tail-block, and they are parts of the carriage on which the log is moved to the saw and gigged back.
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| Head-block for saw-mills. |
2. (Vehicle.) A piece of wood attached below to the upper ring of the fifth wheel and above to the front spring, also having the front end of the perch mortised through its middle.
Head′er.
1. (Bricklaying.) A brick laid with its end or head in the face of the wall. It acts as a bond. Bricks laid lengthwise are stretchers. See bond.
2. (Husbandry.) A form of reaper. See heading-machine.
Head—fast.
（Nautical.) A rope by which the head of a vessel is made fast to a quay or vessel alongside.
Head—gate.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) a. One of the upper pair of gates of a canal-lock. See canal-lock. b. A crow-gate, flood-gate, water-gate, by which water is admitted to a race, run, sluice, etc.
Head—gear.
（Harness.) The bridle of a horse. The head-stall and bit.
Head′ing.
1. (Mining.) a. The end of a drift or gallery, as “the heading is in solid rock and is driven by blasting and quarrying.” b. A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine; or in the line of an intended tunnel, especially one of relatively small size, which forms a gullet in which the workmen labor, and which is afterwards enlarged by extension sideways and downward to constitute a tunnel. c. A horizontal passage between the shifts or turns of the working parties. The illustration shows the headings driven into one of the submarine rocks which render the navigation of the East River, N. Y., so dangerous. a is the shaft; b, coffer-dam; c, shore line. The headings are all tunnels, and it is the intention to blow up the roof, all the rock to fall back into the cavity.
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| Headings of submarine excavations (East River, N. Y.） |
2. (Coopering.) The pieces which compose a caskhead. The central piece is called the middle, and the side pieces the cants.
3. (Sewing.) The extension of a line of ruffling above the line of stitch.
4. (Fireworks.) The device of a signal-rocket; such as a star-heading, a bounce-heading.
5. (Masonry.) A course of headers; the ends of the stones presented outward.
6. (Books.) a. An inscription at the head of an article, written or printed. b. A running-title at the top of a page.
Head′ing—chis′el.
A chisel for cutting down the head of a mortise. A mortise-chisel.Head′ing—cir′cler.
（Coopering.) A machine for cutting down and dressing the pieces to form the head of a cask. The heading stuff is clamped between two disks, trimmed circular by a saw, and dressed by revolving cutters.
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| Heading-Circler. |
Head′ing—course.
（Bricklaying.) A horizontal course of bricks or masonry in which the pieces are laid with their heads in front; that is, across the thickness of the wall.
Head′ing—joint.
1. (Joinery.) A square or butting joint of two pieces, as of sections of handrailing, floor boards, etc. The junction is secured by dowel, tongue, and groove, or otherwise.
2. (Masonry.) The joint between two voussoirs in the same course.
Head′ing—knife.
1. (Saddlery.) A round-headed knife used to cut out holes in leather, too large for the application of punches, and smaller than are conveniently made by the round-knife, which is the ordinary cutting-tool of the saddler. 2. The currier's knife with one straight and one cross handle, and a turned-over edge. It is used in scraping hides and reducing them to an even thickness. (Fr. couteau à revers.)
3. (Coopering.) A knife for cutting the chamfer of the head of a cask.
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| Heading-machine. |
Head′ing—ma-chine′.
1. (Agriculture.) A machine for cutting off the heads of grain in the field, instead of harvesting the whole straw. The machine was tried awhile in Illinois, but its use is believed to have been abandoned except in California. The machine is now always associated with a traveling thrasher, the ripe heads of grain being cut off, thrashed, and bagged. These machines vary in their cutting apparatus; some have the reciprocat- [1086] ing knife usual with reapers, a reel sweeping the heads into a well, from which they are raised by a conveyor to the thrashing-cylinder, and thence pass to the sieves and fan. Another favorite form is a comb with long teeth of a lance shape; the comb presents its teeth towards the grain, the stalks pass between the teeth, and, reaching the narrow portion, the head is detained and torn off, or is cut off by a revolving brush, a rotating reel, or a traveling belt with scrapers. The header is the oldest form of reaping-machine, and is mentioned by Pliny and Palladius. See reaper. Clover-seed is also harvested in this way, the machine simply tearing off or cutting off the heads. See clover-header.
2. (Metal-working.) A machine in which bolt blanks are headed by swaging between dies, or upsetting. 3. A machine for forming the heads of pins.
4. (Coopering.) A machine for making heads of casks. The middle piece and cants are jointed and doweled together and placed between two circular disks I I, so arranged upon lathe mandrels that the stock from which the head is to be cut is placed between the heads and clamped by screwing up the loose mandrel; when the heads are revolved, the heading passes between two adjustable arms, having the tools that cut the head to the desired diameter, and bevel the edge at the same time. These arms can be changed to cut heads of greater or less diameter by turning a graduating screw, or they can be expanded to work thicker stuff by oscillating a lever E that works a shaft, to which, on the opposite sides, are short levers pivoted to the arms.
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| Heading-machine. |
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| Heading-tools. |
Head′ing—tool.
（Forging.) A tool used in swaging heads on stems of bolts. The rod is run through the hole of the required form and size, and the projecting portion is upset or hammered down, forming a knob. This is brought to shape by a swage. A swage with an angle of 60° is used for making hexagonal bolt-heads. (See Fig. 2467.) Heading-tools for nail, rivet, and brad forgers are made like nippers to open and release the nail, etc., after the head is swaged down.
Head—knee.
（Shipbuilding.) A piece of compass-timber fayed edgeways to the stem and cutwater. A cheek-knee.
Head—ledge.
（Shipbuilding.) One of those portions of the raised rim around the edge of a hatchway which run athwart ship. The parts running fore and aft are coamings.
Head—light.
（Railway.) The light carried at the front end of a locomotive, to illuminate the way and act as a signal. It has usually an oillamp, whose flame is in the focus of a parabolic reflector. In the example, the lamp is of the Argand variety, air being admitted to the center and around the tubular wick, while the heated air is received from the chimney by a flue above.
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| Locomotive head-light. |
Head—line.
1. (Printing.) The top line of a page in which the running-title and folio are given.
2. (Nautical.) The rope at the head of a sail.
Head—mold′--ing.
（Architecture.) A molding over a door or window.
Head—plate.
1. (Artillery.) The plate which covers the breast of the cheeks of a gun-carriage.
2. (Saddlery.) The plate strengthening the point or cantle of a saddle-tree.
Head—post.
A stanchion by the manger, in a stable.Head—rail.
（Carpentry.) The upper rail, or horizontal piece of a door-frame.
Head—rest.
A cushion or support against which to place the head in sitting in a carseat or chair, or when having a portrait taken. The illustration shows a portable head-rest which may be attached to the back of a car-seat when required. The jaws of the clamp embrace the top of the seat back, and it is held in place by a strap which is passed around the back. The pad is adjustable on the bar, which is hinged to the clamp. |
| Head-rest. |
Head—rope.
（Nautical.) That part of a bolt-rope sewed to the head of a sail.
Heads.
（Roofing.) Tiles which are laid at the eaves of a house.
Head—sail.
（Nautical.) Foresail. For purposes of maneuvering ships, the sails are distinguished into head and after sails; head-sails comprehending all sails whose centers lie before the general center of effort of all the sails, and after-sails, all whose centers lie abaft that point.
Head—stall.
（Menage.) a. The bridle minus the bit and rein. b. The halter minus the hitching-strap.
Head—stick.
1. (Printing.) A piece of furniture forming the margin at the heads of pages.
2. (Nautical.) A short, round stick, with a hole at each end, through which the head-rope of some sails is thrust. [1087]
Head—stock.
1. (Lathe.) That portion of a lathe which contains the mandrel or live spindle on which the work is chucked or to which it is dogged, in contradistinction to the tail-stock which contains the dead spindle. The live-head as distinguished from the dead-head. 2. The head which supports the cutters in a planing-machine.
Head—tim′ber.
（Shipwrighting.) A crooked timber in the frame of a ship's head, to support the gratings. A bracket.
Head—valve.
（Steam-engine.) The delivering valve. The upper air-pump valve.
Head′way.
1. The clear hight of a passageway, tunnel, gallery, doorway, arch, etc. 2. A gallery at right angles to the main passageway to the shaft of a coal-mine. A heading.Healds.
（Loom.) The harness for shedding the warp-threads in a loom. The heddle. The threads are doubled in pairs, and arranged in sets so as to shift the warp-threads as may be required for plain, twill, or figured weaving.
Heal′ing.
（Roofing.) The covering a roof with lead, tin, slates, etc.
Heap.
1. (Printing.) The pile of wet paper to be fed to, or of printed paper delivered from, a press.
2. (Mining.) The refuse or sterile gangue thrown into a pile. 3. The pile of wood stacked for burning into charcoal.
Hear′ing—trumpet.
An acoustic instrument to collect a larger volume of sound and conduct it to the ear. See ear-trumpet.Hearse.
A carriage for the conveyance of dead bodies. In the hearses of the ancient Egyptians we may see traces of the fabled “passage across the lake” which separated the land of life from the land of death, and from which the Greeks derived their Styx and Charon. The legendary custom was to hold an assize at the point where the corpse was embarked, to determine whether the deceased had by his virtues or atonement merited the land of rest. When the determination was favorable, the bier was placed on the boat, which bore his remains to the city of silence. In after times, — as it would seem, — when no lake intervened, the bier or body of the hearse was made to represent a miniature boat, with liliputian rowers, and was mounted on four wheels, or on runners. Instances of both occur in the sepulchral paintings, and the car is shown drawn by oxen or men, and sometimes by both. The Greeks preserved a portion of the legend, turned the practical into the mystical, as usual, in time forgot all about the moral, and degraded the grand assize into a morose old waterman, a great stickler for pennies, and not afraid of ghosts. |
| Egyptian hearse. |
Heart.
1. The interior, as of wood. The solid portion divested of sap-wood or alburnum. 2. The central solid portion or core of a twisted column.3. (Nautical.) a. A dead-eye of triangular shape, having but one eye, whose lower edge has scores for the lanyard which hauls taut the backstay occupying the outside groove.
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| Hearts. |
Heart—bond.
（Masonry.) A bond in which no header-stone stretches across the wall, but two headers meet in the middle, and their joint is covered by another stone laid header fashion.
Heart—cam.
A form of cam which serves for the conversion of uniform rotary motion into uniform rectilinear reciprocating motion. The principle of its construction is, that for each successive equal part of one half revolution of the cam, the rod must have been moved by its periphery through a corresponding equal part of the entire stroke. If a e represent the stroke required, then divide the same into any number of equal parts, a — b, c — d, d — e, and describe from the center of rotation circles passing through these points of division; divide half the circumference of these into as many corresponding equal parts, and draw radial lines through the points of division e f g h i, then a1 a2 a3 a4 will represent the successive positions of the point of the rod as the cam revolves, and of course for the return stroke these divisions will recur in the reverse order. To lessen the friction, the rod is provided with a roller, to suit which two equidistant curves are made, forming a groove in which the roller runs. |
| Heart-cam. |
Hearth.
1. (Metallurgy.) The floor in a reverberatory furnace on which ore, metal, etc., is exposed to the action of the flame from the furnace. The hearth has a domed ceiling, and is divided from the furnace by a bridge, over which the flame passes. See reverberatory-furnace. 2. The floor of a fireplace.
Hearth—brush.
（Domestic.) A small hair broom for brushing up ashes and tidying around the hearth of an open grate.
Hearth—ends.
（Metallurgy.) Particles of unreduced lead ore, expelled by decrepitation and the blast from the lead smelting furnace. This becomes [1088] mixed with lime and fuel used in smelting, and is collected from time to time, is washed to remove earthy particles, and then smelted.
Hearth—plate.
（Metallurgy.) A cast-iron plate forming the sole of the hearth of a forge or refinery furnace.
Heart—wheel.
This is one form of cam-wheel, which acts by a regular impulse and recession to reciprocate the object against which it impinges. (See heart-cam.) B shows a vertical bar or rod which is raised by the heart-wheel as the point of the heart ascends, and conversely, returning by gravity; keeping constantly in contact with the face of the cam.Heat.
（Forging.) a. The mass or piece of iron undergoing forging. Where it is made from the end of a rod or bar, the latter is called the porter, and forms the handle. When the mass is heavy, a long iron rod is welded to it in continuation of its axis. The mass is then swung from a traversing crane and is guided by the porter-bar. b. A single exposure to the fire, as “to make a weld,” or “to shape a horseshoe at a single heat.” c. Latent heat “is the heat which is absorbed by bodies in passing from one state to another, but it does not manifest itself by producing an increase of temperature, and is on this account called latent heat . . . . . A pound of water at 212° mixed with a pound of water at 32° gives two pounds of water at 122°, the mean of the two components; if, however, a pound of ice at 32° be mixed with a pound of water at 212°, we have two pounds of water at 51° only, . . . . the difference being equal to that required to raise two pounds of water through a range of 71° . . .. representing the heat required to liquefy one pound of ice.” — Balfour Stewart's Treatise on Heat. It was discovered by Black, and was taught by him in 1762. d. Specific heat is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a body of a given weight 1°; the unit of measure being the quantity required to raise the same weight of water to the same temperature. Degrees of heat are noted by the thermometer or the pyrometer (which see). In practice the degree is frequently noted as red heat, cherry-red, white heat, welding heat, and so on. See fusing-point.
Heat—en′gine.
A thermo-dynamic engine in which motive power is produced by the development of heat. Such are steam and hot-air engines, and others which are effective by the explosion of gas, etc. See air-engine; steam-engine.Heat′er.
1. A stove or furnace for warming a building, dry-house, or some portion of a machine, as a calendering apparatus in a paper-mill, etc. See list under stoves and heating-appliances. 2. A block of iron, made red-hot in a fire, and then placed in an urn or smoothing-iron. 3. A pan in which the juice of sugar-cane, or the water gathered from the maple, receives a preliminary heating before reaching the evaporatingpan.Heat′ing—appa-ra′tus.
See specific list under stoves and heating appliances. The various contrivances employed for warming buildings may be classed under:— Methods of Warming independently of Ventilation. 1. By close stoves, the heating surface being either of iron, earthenware, or soapstone. 2. By hot-air flues, passing under the floors, or around inside the walls. 3. By a system of endless pipes heated by a current of hot water from a boiler, the circulation being caused by the cooling, and consequently greater weight, of the water in the lower or returning pipe. 4. By steam pipe and radiators. 5. By gas. Methods of Warming combined with Ventilation. 6. By open fires placed in the several apartments. 7. By causing air, which has been previously heated, to pass through registers into the several rooms. In the time of Seneca a large stove, or several smaller ones, was constructed in a cellar beneath the living-apartments, and the flue conducted into dining-room and bedchambers. It is probable that the plan resembled some of our green-house arrangements. It was originally used by the Romans in their baths, the calidarium being heated by the flues of the fire by which the warm baths were prepared. (See hypocaust.) These caliducts were, no doubt, of various kinds, the architects and engineers of the Imperial City being very skillful and thorough; but it was no doubt true of Italy at that day, as it is at the present, that the provision of means for artificially heating apartments was lamentably deficient. Chimneys were almost unknown. The references to these are very scant and few. See chimney. The Italian architect, Palladio, who wrote at A. D. 1560, thus writes of the heating arrangements of the ancient Romans:— “The Romans were sensible that a continual flame and a great heat from live coals were hurtful to the eyes; they therefore went very wisely about finding out a remedy. They found how dangerous it was to carry fire about the house from one room to another. Stoves are an abominable invention: they cause a continual stench, swell the head, and make men drowsy, dull, and lazy. Most people that use them grow tender and weak: some cannot stir out of these rooms all the winter. The ancients used to light their fire in a small furnace under the earth. Thence they conveyed a great many tubes of different sizes into all the different stories and rooms of the house, which tubes or pipes were invisible, but laid in the thickness of the walls and ceilings, just like water-pipes. Each of these opened at that part of the furnace which joined to the wall of the house, and through these ascended the heat, which was let in whenever they had a mind it should, whether in dining-rooms, bedchambers, or closets, much in the manner as we see the heat or steam of water contained in an alembic to ascend and warm the parts most distant from the fireplace. The heat in that manner used to spread so equally that it warmed the whole house alike. It is not so with chimneys or hearths; for if you stand near, you are scorched; if at any distance, you are frozen; but here a very mild warm air spreads all around, according as the fire that warms the pipes laid along the wall opposite to the hearth is more or less burning. Those pipes which dispensed the heat did not open into the furnace itself, in order that neither smoke nor flame should get into them, but only a warm steam should enter, which they let out again; thereby creating a continual moderate heat. The fire needed not to be large, provided it was continual, to supply those confined and enclosed pipes with a sufficient power of warming. They dressed their meat at the mouth of the furnace; and all along the walls were disposed kettles, or other vessels, filled with hot water to keep the meat warm.” From this it would appear that the conduits were [1089] actually hot-air pipes, and not flues; the heated current in the pipes proceeding from a chamber around the furnace, but not contaminated by the gaseous and sooty results of the combustion of fuel. In the partially exhumed city of Pompeii there are some traces of the conducting of heat by pipes from the bath-room to the triclinium and other private apartments. Heating by braziers was, however, the ordinary practice when artificial heat was needed, and there are many days in the year when the climate of even Southern Italy is anything but salubrious. The Chinese call a stove which is heated by a furnace a kang; in the ti-kang the flue runs under the floor or pavement of the room; the kao-kang is used for heating their sleeping and sitting places. In the tong-kang the heating flue is carried along the floor, with openings from it at which the heated air and smoke ascend into the spaces of a hollow wall, thus nearly approaching the principle of the chimney. A tong-kang was erected in 1761 by Sir William Chambers for heating the orangery at Kew Palace, near London. In imitation of the Chinese method, he introduced heated air through an air-pipe or flue in contact with the heating flues. The method of obtaining warmth in Persia is by means of a large jar, called a kourcy, sunk in the earthen floor, generally in the middle of the room. This is filled with wood, dung, or other combustible; and when it is sufficiently charred, the mouth of the vessel is shut in with a square wooden frame, shaped like a low table, and the whole is then covered with a thick wadded quilt, under which the family, ranged around, place their knees to allow the hot vapor to insinuate itself into the folds of their clothing; or, when they desire more warmth, they recline with the quilt drawn up to their chins. The immovable position necessary for receiving the full benefit of the glowing embers is inconvenient; and the effluvia from the fuel is nauseous and deleterious. The kourcy also serves for an oven, and the pot is boiled on its embers. This rude and unwholesome method is adopted in the noblest mansions of the cities, as well as in the dwellings of the poorer classes; only, in the former, a more agreeable fuel is burnt, and the ladies sit from morning till night under rich draperies spread over the wooden cover. The palace of the Khalif of Cordova, A. D. 1000, was heated by hypocausts in the vaults below, the warm and perfumed air being conducted by earthen pipes or caliducts in the walls, and discharged into the apartments. Heating by a circulation of hot water, proceeding from a boiler and returning thereto in a comparatively cool condition, was invented by Bonnemain in 1777. (See Incurator.) In 1816 a conservatory at Brompton, England, was thus warmed. See calorifere; hot-water heating-apparatus. James Watt, in 1784, heated his study by a steam box or heater made of sheet-iron, the plates 2 1/2 by 3 1/2 feet and 1 inch apart. This box had an air-escape cock, a steam-induction pipe, and a water-escape. It was supplied by the boiler of the establishment. The experiment was repeated by a system of copper pipes, under Hoyle's patent, 1791. The steam ascended to the top of the building and passed downward. Lee of Manchester erected a heating apparatus of cast-iron pipes, which also served as supports for the floor. This was constructed by Boulton and Watt in 1799. Fig. 2473 shows one form of steam-heating apparatus, in which exhaust steam from the engine is conducted to a heater back of the second fire bridge, and thence by a stand-pipe to the sets of pipes on the different stories of the building. Gas has been used for warming, sometimes in connection with plates exposed to the jets, and sometimes has been adapted to the ordinary fireplaces where the perforated coil is disposed in a manner resembling grate-bars. Goddard's gas-heater, English, is of the latter description, and asbestus is spread over the bars so as to afford a mass of material capable of preserving incandescence, and affording radiation without consumption. Warming apartments by hot air, as has been stated, was practiced by the Romans. The modern mode is by a furnace in the basement story; air from the outside is admitted to a chamber around the furnace and conducted by pipes to the auditorium of the church or to the hall and apartments as the case may be. |
| Steam-heater. |
Heat′ing—pan.
1. A flat pan with stirrers, in which linseed meal is warmed before being bagged and pressed. 2. The first pan into which sugar-water of the maple, or the juice of the sugar-cane, is warmed before dipping or running into the evaporator.Heat′ing—stove.
The stove of Russia, Poland, and Northern Germany consists of a combustionchamber and a number of reverting flues in which the heated current gradually parts with its caloric. The fire-chamber is surrounded by a good non-conductor of heat, and the heated products of combustion are retained within the stove as long as possible, in order to communicate the greater part of their heat to the stove, and thence to the air of the room. This is effected by an arrangement similar to that shown at A (Fig. 2474), in which the lower space represents the fire-chamber, at the back of which is an upward passage b for the flame and smoke, which are successively diverted on their upward course by the partitions d e f g c, passing through their openings until discharged through the opening h, which is controlled by a damper. These stoves are mounted on pillars, are made narrower toward the top, and are not placed in contact with the wall, so as to expose their whole heated surface. In other cases they are built within partition walls, so as to heat two apartments at the same time. The fronts of these stoves are frequently quite ornamental, being built up into several stories of white porcelain in tasteful designs, and having polished brass doors. Beaumont's English stove (B) acts by a downward current. Two iron plates c are laid upon the foundation d, and between them is a sliding plate which covers the ash-pit. They are surmounted by a drum lined with firebrick and having a flue x. The drum is covered with a circular plate of cast-iron, having an opening for the admission of fuel and covered by a lid, pivoted to serve as a register. On lighting the fire this is slightly opened, and though the smoke at first tends to rise that way, the heat soon determines a downward current which deflects it through the flue x into the chimney f. The Cockle stove C (Ger. Kachel, a tile; Kachelofen, a tile-stove), as made by Strutt, of Derby, England, has a cylindrical iron fire-chamber a with flat or dome-shaped head, around which is built, leaving a certain interval, a structure b b of brick. The fuel is fed at c, sliding down the inclined plate s to the grate g. d is the ash-pit and drafthole. The heated air between the stove and its casing is admitted into the room through one or more apertures e. This is also known as the “Belpre” stove, as the cotton-factories of the inventor in that town were warmed by it in 1792. D is a stove erected by Sylvester for the Derby infirmary, on this principle. c c are the openings leading from the exterior of the building and supplying fresh air. The cockle a is cubical in form, and has a groined arch dome. It is made of iron plates riveted together. The smoke passes off by a narrow passage at the base of the cockle through the flue f. The brickwork surrounding the cockle is built with alternate openings between the bricks. Through these apertures are inserted pipes of sheet-iron, or porcelain, so as to extend within an inch of the cockle, by which means the air to be heated may be thrown near, or in immediate contact, with the surface of the cockle, if desirable. The horizontal partition d d cuts off the communication between the lower and the upper portion of the air-chamber, the arched openings in the lower half c c being the openings of the main air-flue leading from the exterior atmosphere. The fire-room and ash-pit are shown at b b, and the fuel is introduced by the opening at i. |
| Heating-stoves. |
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| Gas heating-stove. |
Heat′ing-surface.
（Steam-engineering.) The fire-surface or amount of surface exposed on one side to fire and the other to water. The allowance is from 11 to 18 square feet per horse-power.
Heat′ing-tube.
（Steam.) A water-tube in a steam-boiler surrounded by flame and connecting at each end with a water-space.
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| Bonnemain's heat-regulator. |
Heat-reg′u-lator.
A device invented by Bonnemain, to keep up an equable heat in his incubator (which see). An iron rod a is tapped at its lower end into a brass nut c, inclosed in a leaden box d, terminated above by a brass collet e. The greater expansibility of the lead causes it, when the heat rises to the desired point, to elevate the collet e, which presses against the shorter arm of the bent lever f g, to the longer arm of which is connected a rod h, and serves to open or close a register that admits air to the fire. The instrument is provided with a dial graduated to indicate if there is an excess or deficiency of heat. See thermostat.Heave.
（Nautical.) a. To careen a vessel and expose the hull below the water-line, for the purpose of cleaning or repair. Known as heaving-down or heeling. b. To haul on a rope or cable. c. To cast the lead in sounding. The term is frequently compounded; as, — To heave in stays; to bring a ship's head to the wind. To heave down, to careen. To heave astern; to draw the vessel aft. To heave and set; to ride hard. To heave short; to bring the ship above the anchor.
Heav′er.
（Nautical.) A handspike.
Heck.
1. (Weaving.) A device through which the yarns pass from the warping-mill to the reel on which they are wound in order for transference to the warp-beam of the loom. The heck-box slides vertically on a bar as the reel rotates, and thus disposes the warp spirally on the reel. The heck consists of a series of steel pins with eyes, through each of which one thread passes. The heck is in two parts, one a little raised from the other. The eyes of the parts being alternate, by raising one of them a little, the bands of the warp are separated; when the other part of the heck is raised, the position is reversed, the former upper band becoming the lower. This produces the lease, which is tied up, to form a guide for setting in the loom. 2. The fly of a spining-wheel. 3. A fish-trap.
Heck-box.
（Weaving.) A box suspended between the travers on which the bobbins of warp yarn are mounted, and the warping-frame on which the yarns are wound. Its duty is to divide the warp threads into two alternate sets or leas, one set for each heald or heddle. Also called a jack. See warping-mill.
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| Heckle. |
Heck′le.
A board with sharp steel wires over which flax or hemp is combed, to clean, split, and arrange the fibers in parallel order. See hackle. The object of heckling is threefold: first, to disentangle and straighten the fibers; secondly, to split the wider ribbons, to lessen them and equalize their size; and, thirdly, to remove the shorter stuff from the longer, the tow from the line. Heckles are of various grades of fineness, but the finer have shorter and more slender teeth; the grades are known as the ruffer, common 8, fine 8, 10, 12, 18; in allusion to the number of pins in a row. The pins are driven through a tin-covered board, which is clamped to the bench in a backwardly slanting position, as shown in the illustration. The bunch of flax, known as a strick, is thrown upon the heckle and drawn towards the operator, a sloping board at the back preventing its penetrating too far. One end being dressed, the strick is reversed in the hands of the operator, and the other end is heckled. [1092] From 100 pounds of well-cleaned flax, 45 to 50 pounds of heckled line are obtained by hand labor of twelve hours.Heck′ling-ma-chine′.
A machine for heckling, that is, separating the fibers of flax. The illustration (B, Fig. 2477) shows one of the earliest forms, designed to imitate the process of hand-heckling. It consists of a rotating square a with truncated corners, at which the heckles b are fixed. A strick, about four ounces of flax, previously slightly straightened and dressed, is fixed in the holder c on the arm d, which is oscillated while the heckle-carrier is being rotated. The separated fibers which collect on the heckles are removed by hand, and the strick, when thoroughly heckled on this, is again heckled on a similar machine with finer teeth. e e are backboards limiting the depth of penetration. A machine in which the strick of flax was made to vibrate over fixed teeth, so as to heckle the two sides at once, has also been employed. Machines in which the strick was held over an endless band provided with heckle teeth, or drawn between two such bands, have been used to a considerable extent. The machine now in general use consists of an exterior drum, at the periphery of which are placed removable holders; this has a slow rotary motion, while rapid revolution is imparted to a toothed drum within; the flax hanging down from the holders is, when sufficiently heckled on one side by these teeth, removed, turned, and heckled on the other side. |
| Heddles. |
Hed′dle.
（Weaving.) One of the sets of parallel knotted cords forming loops for the warpthreads; and by whose vertical reciprocation the warp-threads are shifted so as to make the shed for the passage of the shuttle. The heddles, with their appliances for moving, constitute the harness. See harness. Heddles are a necessary integral feature of all looms, having sets of strings for separating the warpthreads into two or three groups, between which the weft is passed. This is called mounting the loom, and consists in dividing the warp among the leaves of healds or heddles. In plain weaving but two heddles are required, which raise and depress alternate threads; but in twills the heddles are equal in number to the number of threads contained in the interval between two intersections of the warp and weft. In blanket twill every third thread is crossed. In finer fabrics the threads intersect each other at intervals of 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 threads. In full satin twill there is an interval of 15 threads. With the Jacquard the devices rise to the highest order of merit. See Jacquard. In the illustration, the twilling-cam K depresses such one of the set of levers J as is beneath it for the time being. The cam K is attached to a circumferentially grooved hub L, which slides on the shaft y and is controlled in its motions by a switch, so that the motions of the heddles g g follow in proper sequence. The heddles are suspended by cords which pass over a roller D and down to the levers.
Hed′dle-eye.
（Weaving.) The loop in a heddle through which the warp-thread is passed. A glass ring in the eye is known as the mail of the heddle.
Hed′dle-hook.
（Weaving.) A hook used in heddling the warp-threads.
Hed′dling.
（Weaving.) Drawing the warpthreads through the healds or heddles; a weaver's harness.
Hedge-bill.
（Husbandry.) A cutting-tool used in making stakes for repairing and for trimming hedges. See bill-hook.
Hedge-clip′per.
（Husbandry.) A favorite device for dividing land into fields, especially where lumber and stone are scarce. For obvious reasons, the thorn has always been a favorite for this purpose; Micah (vii. 4) says, “Sharper than a thorn hedge.” It is yet the ordinary fence in Palestine. The relevancy of the subject here arises from the fact that tools and machines are made for planting, training, and trimming hedges. Thorns for hedges were used by the Greeks 1000 B. C. Homer represents Ulysses as finding Laertes digging, and preparing to plant a row of quick-sets. “The art of clipping trees,” says Pliny, “was invented by C. Martius, a friend of the late Emperor Augustus, within the last eighty years” (A. D. 79). He had not seen the beautiful gardens of Egypt. In some of the principal apple counties of England, the hedges are made of apple and pear trees trimmed to the proper proportions. In Brecknockshire, hazel is much used; blackthorn and hawthorn are also common; the latter is more used than any other hedge shrub. The osage-orange (Maclura), honey-locust, and some varieties of thorn, are used in the United States for hedges. Hawthorn is the favorite in England, but does not stand our climate. Ornamental hedges are made in this country of privet, althea, spruce, arbor vitae, rose, and occasionally a pear or other trees and shrubs. In England, the laurel, lauristinus, arbutus, Portugal laurel, bay, and other beautiful evergreens are used, but they do not so well suit this climate. Hedges are planted in single or double rows, the latter from eight to twelve inches apart. The plants about the same, except that in single row they are at a distance of six inches. The maclura or osageorange is the favorite, and has a great tendency to run up. It must be clipped savagely to make it spread below, allowing it an extra three inches of hight at each of the three clippings during its first year's growth. In succeeding years it may be allowed to advance about a foot a year, and at the end [1093] of five years it should be five feet broad at bottom and five feet high, slanted on each side to a central ridge. A first-rate fence is horse-high, pig-tight, and bull-strong. Planted in a single row, six inches apart, a mile of hedge will take 10,560 plants. A double row — the plants eight inches apart in the rows — will take 15,840 plants. A fence eight rails high, staked and double-ridered, will, for the same distance, take 7,680 rails. Board fence, live boards high and the posts six feet apart, will take 1,173 posts and 13,200 feet of lumber, the boards being six inches wide and one inch thick. To this latter calculation add the value of the nails; and in each mode of fencing consider the first cost of putting in order and the subsequent wear and tear, and the cost of renewal of the rail and board fences, and of clipping the hedges.
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| Hedge-clipping machine. |
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| Hedgehog. |
Hedge′hog.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) A machine attached to the stern of a steamboat or barge, and dragged along the bottom of a river or watercourse to remove the mud or accumulation on the land side of a sluice, by raising and disturbing the mud and silt so that the current will carry it off. It consists of a frame with a revolving reel armed with shovels, which dig into the mud and spade it up as it is dragged along. The frame is of 4 × 6 oak scantling, braced, and diagonally bolted. The spades are 4 inches wide, 7 inches long, and 7 inches apart. In some cases it is hauled by capstan and tackle, or moved by the current.
Hedge-plan′ter.
（Husbandry.) A frame for
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| Hedge-planter. |
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| Hedge-shears. |
Hedge-shears.
（Husbandry.) A large scissors for trimming the rampant growth of hedges. In the example, the blades are for the shearing action, and a more powerful cutter E E is provided for stray stalks.Hedg′ing-tools.
（Husbandry.) The implements for hedging are thus enumerated by English authority. The items may be useful. |
| Hedging-tools. |
Heel.
A term as opposed to loe.1. (Shoemaking.) A block built up of pieces of leather, and serving to elevate from the ground the rear portions of the boot or shoe. [1094] Heels are usually made of several thicknesses of leather, called lifts or taps, which are fastened together and to the insole and quarter by pegs or nails. Other materials are used for heels, such as, —
| Wood. | Cast-iron. |
| Vulcanite. | Metal. Plated |
（Nautical.) a. The after end of a ship's keel. b. The lower end of a spar or timber, as the heel of a mast, of a boom, of the bowsprit, of the sternpost, of the rudder, of a shore, of a spar when used as a jib or shear-pole, etc. c. The lower end of a timber in a frame; the other end is the head.
（Carpentry.) The lower end or foot of a rafter where it rests on the wall or plate.
（Fire-arms.) The upper end of the butt-end of a musket when in firing position. The tail of a gun-lock hammer. 3. A lean or inclination.
（Nautical.) a. The inclination laterally of a vessel as she careens under a press of sail. Allowance for the heel is made in laying guns, a pendulum being used for the purpose. In careening the “Royal George,” 120 guns, at Spithead, 1782, to get at a water-pipe which discharged below the water-line, the vessel was sunk at her moorings.
They made the vessel heelb. Said of a ship when deep in the water aft. By the heel, in contradistinction to by the head.
And laid her on her side.
Heel-blank.
（Shoemaking.) A set of lifts fastened together in readiness for attachment to a boot. A blank heel. |
| Heel-breasting machine. |
Heel-breast′-- ing ma-chine′.
A machine for cutting down the straight front face of a boot or shoe heel, as in the example, which has two adjustable jaws as a means of holding the heel, and a cutter and gage-plate combined with the said jaws, and a lever with pawl and rack operating on one of the jaws.Heel-bur′nish-ing ma-chine′.
See Heelpolishing machine; burnishing-machine. |
| Heel-calk. |
Heel-calk.
（Shoemaking.) A roughing for a heel, to prevent the slipping of the wearer on ice or slippery pavement. In the example, it consists of a strip of metal fastened to a heel by making two holes on either side of the heel. It is armed with points, and easily removable on account of its elasticity.
Heel-chain.
（Nautical.) A chain for holding out the jib-boom.
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| Boot-heel cutter. |
Heel-cut′ter.
（Shoemaking.) One for cutting out the lifts which form the heel. In the example, the cutters are various in size, and are hinged to the frame, so that they can be let down over each other. The heel-lifts are cut to graduated size, and merely require beveling after attachment. The leather is placed on the cutters and forced down by blows of a wooden mallet.
Heel-face Dress′er.
（Shoemaking.) One for rasping and dressing off the lower face of the heel. The boot is held by a clamp, the guides of which enter the rand, and so hold it parallel to the rotary disk-wheel which trues the face, and a burnishingwheel which polishes the side.
Heel-i′ron.
（Shoemaking.) A plate on the lower surface of a boot or shoe heel, to increase the durability. Sometimes put on to make a clattering, as in some fancy dances, perhaps the cracovienne.
 |
| Heel-polisher. |
Heel-ma-chine′.
（Shoemaking.) The series of machines for this purpose are for cutting out lifts, or making them up of pieces and compressing them to shape; building up blank-heels by fastening together in proper order as to size the several lifts of which a heel is composed; trimming or burnishing the heels to give the required curve; breasting, that is, cutting down the front; cutting the seat for the heel; laying on and securing the rands; fastening the heels [1095] to the boots; dressing the heel-faces; polishing the heels; giving the stitch-marks on the upper surface along the edge. These operations are usually done by separate machines, and with great rapidity.
Heel-plate.
The plate on the butt-end of a gunstock.Heel-pol′ish-ing ma-chine′.
（Shoemaking.) One for smoothing the surface of a heel after it is shaped and trimmed. There are several modes. 1. In the Ellis and Glidden machine, trimming and burnishing devices, actuated by a lever, move around the surface of the heel, guided by a plate having the form of the finished heel. 2. The boot is jacked and is revolved against a rotating burnisher, as in Fig. 2487.
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| Reciprocating burnisher-machine. |
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| Slationary burnisher-machine. |
Heel-post.
1. (Shipbuilding.) The post which supports the outer end of a propeller shaft. 2. That stile of a gate to which the hinges are attached. 3. The post to which a gate or door is hung. 4. The quoin-post of a lock-gate.
Heel-ring.
（Hesbandry.) The ring which is tightened by wedges and confines the seythe-blade to the snath.
Heel-rope.
（Nautical.) A rope for hauling on the heel of the bowsprit to run it out.
Heel-seat Cut′ter.
（Shoemaking.) One employed to cut out the concavity in the heel to fit upon the convexity caused by the filing piece of the shank. The invention combines with a reciprocating gouge-like shank means for relative adjustment between the knife and heel-holder, adapting the same machine to cut heel-seats to fit upon different shanks.
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| Heel-shave. |
Heel-shave.
（Shoemaking.) A hand-tool like a spoke-shace, to shape the heel after the lifts of approximate shape have been fastened together. The attaching screws of the curved blade pass through slots in the bridge-piece and allow adjustment of the blade. The guard-piece is removable, to admit sharpening of the blade.
Heel-tap.
（Shoemaking.) One of the pieces or thicknesses of leather of which a heel is built. A lift.
 |
| Heel-tool. |
Heel-tool.
（Metal-turning.) A form of metalturning tool in which the heel of the tool is supported on the rest. The helve has one piece which rests on the shoulder, and a handle whereby the cutting edge is adjusted as to presentation to the work.
 |
| Heel-trimming machine. |
Heel-trim′mer.
（Shoemaking.) a. A machine in which the edges of the lifts are pared down so as to bring the heel to symmetrical shape. In the example, the collar limits the depth of cut made by the bur. The adjustable table board adapts the bur cutter to the varying depths of the bootheels, and the stud or roller steadies and supports the heel while being trimmed. The shape of the rotary cutter G determines the contour of the heel, which is oscillated on the roller K to bring each part of its surface to the cutter. See also heel-polishing machines, which differ but slightly in construction, the principal variance being in the surface of the roller. b. A hand-tool for shaping the curve of the heel. [1096]
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| Heel-trimmer. |
Heer.
（Weaving.) The length of two cuts or leas of linen or woolen threads.Hel′i-cal spring.
A spring whose coils have a gradually decreasing diameter, as the mainspring of a watch. It may lie in one plane like a fake of rope, one layer of rope as coiled up; or it may be like the architectural helix or the helix of a shell, and assume a conical form. A spiral spring is a coil whose rounds have the same diameter. A helical spring whose coils are in the same plane is used by alternately expanding and contracting in that plane, as with the pendulum spring and mainspring of an ordinary watch. When the spring is more or less conical, it may be used either in the way just stated or by compression in the line of its axis. |
| Helicograph. |
Hel′i-co-graph.
An instrument for describing helices. The small wheel rotates on the screw-shaft and revolves around the fixed point, moving towards or from the said center, according to the direction of its revolution; the pencil describing a helix, the distances between the intersections of an ordinate with the spiral are equal to the pitch of the screw.Hel′i-con.
（Music.) A form of wind-instrument of metal, resembling a French-horn, but having keys and valves. They are made en suite, that is, of various sizes and compass. See horn, c.
He′li-o-chrome.
（Photography.) The name given by Niepce de St. Victor to the products of his process for photographing in the natural colors. A consummation devoutly to be wished, often announced with a flourish of trumpets and a new name, but not yet seen. Some indications yet afford a hope.
He′li-o-chromo-type.
（Photography.) A sunpicture in the natural colors: long desired, partially obtained, but always fugitive — so far.
He′li-o-graph.
（Photography.) 1. A sun-picture. Heliography is the name given to the art of taking sun-pictures by Nicephore Niepce, who was the first to take a permanent picture. He used the bitumen of Judea on tin and pewter plates. He commenced in 1814, thus preceding Daguerre, who worked upon silver plates with the vapors of iodine and mercury. In 1829 they became associated, and thereafter they worked together. See photography. 2. An instrument constructed by De la Ruc for obtaining photographs of the sun. It is mounted equatorially. The image of the sun, 0.466 inches in diameter at the focus, is enlarged to nearly 4 inches by means of a secondary object-glass, and this image is received on a photographic plate. The sun's light is so intense that not only has the aperture to be cut down to 2 inches, but an instantaneous apparatus of peculiar construction has to be employed. When the picture is about to be taken, an opening, 1/30 of an inch wide, flashes across the axis of the secondary object-glass, and the rays from the different parts of the disk pass through it in succession and are depicted on the collodion plate. — Brande.
He′li-o-graphic En-grav′ing.
（Photography.) The process of Niepce de St. Victor was to coat a plate with bitumen; expose it with an engraving over it, the bitumen being, by the joint action of light and oxygen, rendered insoluble by the usual solvent. The solvent then removes the parts protected by the lines of the engraving, and the bare metal is etched by an acid. Fox Talbot coated the plate with gelatine and bichromate of potash, and exposed it under a positive. The gelatine became insoluble where the light acted; where the film had been protected by the lines of the engraving it was washed away by water, and the lines were bit in by bichloride of platinum, or perchloride of iron, the other parts of the plate being protected by the film. Salmon and Garnier produced another process, in which a brass plate was subjected to the action of iodine vapor and then exposed under a negative. Being then rubbed with wadding charged with globules of mercury, the latter is found to adhere only to the parts corresponding to the blacks of the negative. An ink-roller being passed over it, the amalgamated parts refuse the ink and form lights on a black ground. The variations in the process, and also those incident to the different proceedings thereafter, to fit it to be used as a copper-plate by etching, or in the manner of a lithographic stone, cannot be here detailed. See Sutton's Dict., “Photography.”
Heli-om′e-ter.
1. (Optics.) A double objectglass micrometer (see micrometer), called a heliometer from its being originally used for measuring the angle subtended by the sun. The telescope, in whose field it is placed, is usually of large size and mounted equatorially; that is, having two axes of motion at right angles to each other; one parallel to the axis of the earth and the other to the equator. The instrument was suggested by Roemer about 1678, and brought into use by Bouguer about 1748. G. Chambers credits its application or improvement to De Charmeres, a French naval officer of the last century. The object-glass is divided diametrically, and the parts are capable of motion in their own planes, and through considerable intervals by means of screws, and thus their optical centers can be separated. Each half-glass forming a separate image of any object, the two images will be at an angular distance, dependent on the amount of separation of the centers of the two half-glasses. Dolland called it “a divided object-glass micrometer.”
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| Heliometer. |
He′li-o-scope.
（Optics.) The name given by Scheiner (1625) to an instrument of his own invention for observing the sun without hurting the eye. Such instruments have a semi-opaque medium; shut off the greater portion of the rays; or have reflectors which transmit but a small portion of the rays. Huyghens, in making a comparison of the intensities of the solar light and that of Sirius, employed upon the former a tube having a very small aperture at one end, into which was inserted a minute globular lens, which allowed only 1/27664 part of the solar disk to be seen. He found this portion afforded a light equal to that of Sirius, and concluded that Sirius was 27,664 times more distant than the sun.
He′li-o-stat.
（Optics.) An instrument invented by Gravesand, 1719, by which a sunbeam may be steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period. Improved by Malus, Foucault, and Dubosq. The object of the instrument is to make a sunbeam apparently stationary for purposes of experiment, obviating the inconvenience arising from the continual change of direction of the solar rays. It consists of a plane metallic mirror, having a vertical and horizontal movement, and of a clock, the index of which moves in a plane parallel to that of the equinoctial. The extremity of the index is connected by a rod attached behind the mirror in the line of its axis. See heliotrope; solar-camera.
He′li-o-trope.
（Optics.) a. A geodetical instrument used to reflect a ray of light to a distant station. The heliotrope used in the British triangulation has a silvered disk, and has been seen at one hundred miles distance, from Cumberland to Ireland.
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| Heliotrope. |
He′li-o-type.
（Photography.) Speaking generally: any process for obtaining pictures by the actinic power of the sun's rays on a prepared surface, from which to print in fatty inks. Specifically, the Edwards process developed step by step in the following way. The action of hot water on gelatine is to dissolve it; the action of cold water is not to dissolve it, but to fill up the pores and swell it up, just as in the case of a sponge. As, after exposure to light in presence of a bichromate, hot water will no longer dissolve gelatine; so, after exposure, cold water will no longer expand it, — can no longer penetrate the pores. The light has had the effect of closing the pores, and thus rendering the gelatine water-proof. If a plate be covered with bichromated gelatine, and exposed to light under a negative, certain pores will be completely closed; the medium-tones will have the pores partly closed; and in the unlighted parts the condition of the gelatine will be unchanged. If this plate be steeped in cold water, some portions of it — those where light has not acted — will absorb water, and others will refuse to do so, having been water-proofed by light. On rubbing grease over the plate, the result will be that where the pores are full of water — that is, where the light has not acted — the grease will not touch the gelatine; but where the light has acted, the pores are closed, there is no water, and grease attaches itself readily; where the light has partly closed the pores, the small quantity of water absorbed does not prevent a small quantity of grease attaching itself. Lithographic ink is simply grease to which coloring matter has been added; and a lithographic roller charged with such ink, and rolled over such a plate, speedily reveals the light-produced image. This method was discovered by Poitevin, and patented by him, as early as 1855. The process was not immediately successful, owing to the spongy and delicate nature of gelatine, the difficulty of obtaining intensity in the inking of the depressed portions, and the lack of sharpness. Du Motay and Marechal used a very thin film in working by the Poitevin method, but failed to make the gelatine withstand the pressure. They also substituted alkaline trichromates for acid bichromates, and proposed the addition of reducing agents. Herr Albert of Munich next produced some results by a similar method. His plan of working is somewhat as follows: instead of a lithographic stone, a glass plate is employed, of considerable thickness. On this is placed a layer of gelatine and bichromate, which, when dry, is hardened through the glass from the back, by exposure to light. On the top of this is placed a second thin coating of gelatine and bichromate; and this is exposed to light under a negative, and then hardened by chemical means. In this manner a compound printing film is obtained, having the necessary thickness to stand a certain amount of wear and tear, whilst, from its construction, the difficulty of the swelling of the gelatine is to a great extent got over; the plate is then inked and printed in the usual way. This is known as Albertype (which see.) Edwards added to the known data, producing a film which is movable. By the adition of alum, more especially chrome alum, to the gelatine, a film can be produced consisting of a tough, tawny, insoluble substance, like leather or parchment, capable of standing an apparently unlimited amount of rough usage. Edwards discovered that gelatine might be converted into this substance, but that it still retained its property of being acted on by light in presence of a bichromate, and of receiving and [1098] refusing greasy ink. The practice is to produce by light on a sheet of bichromatized gelatine, by means of a photographic negative, the same result that is produced in lithography by drawing on a stone with a greasy ink; that is to say, where the light has acted, just as where greasy ink has been used, water is repelled; where light has not acted water is absorbed and grease repelled, and where light has partly acted, as in the half-tones of a negative, water is partly absorbed and grease partly repelled. Ordinary gelatine is dissolved in warm water, and a sufficient quantity of bichromate of potash is added to render it sensitive to light, and of alum to make it very hard and durable. This is poured on a level plate, previously rubbed over with wax, and is dried in the dark by means of heat. As soon as dry, or when required for use, the sheet of gelatine is stripped from the plate, and printed under a photographic negative; the side of the gelatine which has been next the glass, and which is consequently free from dust, etc., being that on which the image is obtained. When the picture appears sufficiently plain, the sheet of gelatine is taken from under the negative, and made to adhere to a metallic plate. The method of adhesion used is that of atmospheric pressure. The sheet of gelatine and the metallic plate are put together under water; as much of the water as possible is got rid of from between the two surfaces, the gelatine absorbs the remainder so that a vacuum is created, and the picture is thus attached to the plate by the weight of the atmosphere. The superfluous chemicals are soaked out with water, and the plate, with the printing-surface of gelatine attached, is placed on an ordinary platen printing-press, and inked up with ordinary lithographic ink. As in lithography, it is necessary after every impression to damp the plate with water. A mask of paper is used to secure white margins for the prints, and the impression is then pulled and is ready for issue. Two or more inks are sometimes used in the production of one picture, as it is found that where the light has acted deeply a stiff ink is required, but where it has acted not so deeply — that is, in the half-tones — a thinner ink may be used. So that a stiff ink is first used for the shadows, and a thinner ink afterwards for the half-tones. In this manner several inks may be used in printing one impression. The effect of India or other colored tint is obtained by using, instead of ordinary water for dampening the plate, water with some color in it. The paper absorbs a certain amount of water out of the plate, and with it the desirable amount of color. The ordinary rollers are not found to be satisfactory, and a mixture of gelatine, glycerine, and castor-oil is used. Edwards's process is worked in the United States by James R. Osgood & Co., publishers, of Boston, who own the patents.
He′LIX.
1. A curve generated by winding a line around in a coil of gradually increasing radius, and maintaining the same plane; or by winding the line on a cone on which it ascends in winding. The flat watch-spring, or the fakes of rope in a tier, are instances of the flat helix. The conical helix is shown at w x (Fig. 1143), and is common as a spring in bed-bottoms and upholstery.2. (Architecture.) The volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital. The words helix, coil, and spiral should not be used as if they were mere synonyms. Preferably, coil is the generic word, and signifies a winding; a helix is a flat or conical coil, as just described; a spiral is a coil which advances in the direction of the length of its axis, like a wire which is wound around a cylinder maintaining contact therewith throughout the length of the wire so wound, and progressing in the length of its axis; the spiral is seen in the chronometer-balance (Fig. 532) and in the car-springs m to v (Fig. 1143).
Hel-len′o-type.
（Photography.) A picture in which two finished photographs are used. One is taken very light, the paper made translucent by varnish, tinted on the back, and laid the stronger print, so that there is a combination of effects.
Helm.
（Nautical.) The rudder and its operative parts; such as tiller or wheel. “The ships . . . . are . . . . turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the governor listeth.” — James III. 4. When the helm is a-starboard the tiller is over to the right side, the helmsman looking forward. A-port; it is to the left side. Up; it is to the weather side. Down; it is to the lee side.
Helm-port.
The opening in the counter through which the head of the rudder passes.Hel′met; helm.
a. Defensive armor for the head. Casque, head-piece, morion, are other names for the same thing. It was anciently formed of skins, leather, brass, iron, and still survives in the metallic and leather helmets of European armies. Dr. Abbott's collection in New York has the helmet of Sheshonk or Shishak, with his cartouche upon it. Herodotus states that “the Carians were the inventors of three things, the use of which was borrowed from them by the Greeks; they were the first to fasten crests on helmets, to put devices on shields, and handles on shields.” Herodotus describes (Book VII.) the following head-dresses of the nations forming the motley army of Xerxes: — “The Assyrians had helmets of bronze or iron.” Layard found some of the latter metal at Nineveh. The Scythians had “tall, stiff caps, rising to a point.” They were probably of felt. The Ethiopians “wore upon their heads the scalps of horses, with the ears and mane attached; the ears were made to stand upright, and the mane served as a crest.” The Paphlagonians had leather helmets. “The Thracians wore skins of foxes upon their heads.” “The Chalybes had brazen helmets, and above these they wore the cars and horns of an ox fashioned in brass. They had crests on their helms.” “The Milyaeans had skull-caps of leather.” The Moschians and Colchians, wooden helmets. The Mares had plaited leather helmets. The Persians, soft caps. The Lycians, hats with plumes. Some of the Assyrian contingent wore fillets round the head, — perhaps turbans. b. A diver's helmet is made of thin sheet-copper, furnished with eye-holes, the glass of which is protected by brass wire. It comes well down over the breast and back, and is fastened by rivets to a water-proof canvas jacket, so tightly that no water can penetrate. To the helmet are attached the elastic tubes by which vital air is supplied to the diver and the exhausted air removed. The supply-pipe communicates above with the barrel of an air-pump, and the fresh air from above is made to impinge upon the inside surface of the glasses so as to evaporate the moisture condensed from the breath of the diver. See armor, submarine diver's, page 714.Helve.
1. The handle or shaft of a chopping-tool, such as an axe, adze, or hatchet. See handle. [1099] 2. A tilt-hammer, used for shingling the balls as they come from the puddling-furnace.Helve-ham′mer.
A ponderous blacksmith's hammer, tripped by the helve and oscillating on bearings. A trip-hammer.Hema-drom′e-ter.
（Surgical.) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood in the arteries.
Hema-dyna-mom′e-ter.
（Surgical.) An instrument for measuring the force of the current of blood in the arteries, by ascertaining the high to which it will raise a column of mercury.
Hemi-spheres of Mag′de-burg.
Devised by Otto Guericke, 1654, to illustrate the pressure of the atmosphere. See Magdeburg-hemispheres. |
| Hemmer. |
Hem′mer.
An attachment to a sewing-machine for turning over the edge of a piece of fabric or a garment, in order that the flap may be stitched down. As the fabric is fed along, the edge is turned over in a curved path, and is then flattened by the presser-foot ready for stitching by the needle. |
| Hemorrhoidal-syringe. |
Hemor-rhoid′alsyr′inge.
（Surgical.) A form of injection-syringe for the treatment of piles. In the example, the nipple on the bulb enters the rectum, and a stream of cold water is passed through the bulb, and circulates within the closed portion within the rectum.
Hemp.
Hemp is not mentioned in our translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, and but sparingly in the Greek classics. Hesiod and Homer make no mention of hemp. It is first mentioned by Herodotus: — “Hemp grows in Scythia; it is very like flax; only it is a much coarser and taller plant; some grows wild about the country, some is produced by cultivation. The Thracians make garments of it, which closely resemble linen.” — Herodotus, IV.74. He elsewhere states that they buy it of the Northern people. Hesychius says the Thracian women made sheets of hemp. The people of that country yet wear tunics of hemp, and some are employed in towing the boats on the Danube between Pesth and Vienna. Hempen ropes were used on board the “Syracusia,” built for Hiero, as recorded by Moschion. There are many other notices of hemp by later authors. It was imported in the hank or bale from the country of the Rhodaunus, which empties into the Vistula. The Greeks and Romans used tow for calking the seams of their vessels, but did not cultivate it before the Christian era. Hemp was known to the Roman naturalists, but does not seem to have been used as a fiber plant. It was known to the Anglo-Saxons, and the mode of preparing and beating it is given by Strutt. Hempen cloth became common in Middle and Southern Europe in the thirteenth century. For specific list of appliances in the treatment and manufacture of hemp and other fiber, see cotton, flax, wool, hemp, etc., appliances. |
| Hemp-brake. |
Hemp-brake.
A machine in which rotted and subsequently dried hemp-stalks are beaten to remove the bark and cellular pith from the fiber. Among the forms of the machine may be noticed the simple sword or slats driven between two slats set edge up; the hemp is laid crossways of the slats, and is violently bent by the blow, cracking off the scale of bark and powdering the pith. In Fig. 2499 the slats of the reciprocating portion and of the bed are arranged in gangs, to break the stalks which are laid crossways between them. The brake is in a gate which moves in guides by means of a pitman from a wheel above. Other forms of brakes have rotatory motion. A series of fluted roller whose projections interlock like cogs. Slatted interlocking cylinders. Planetary systems of fluted rollers, operating on beds of fluted rollers. In the example, the hemp is passed between braking rollers and thence is carried forward by and between endless slatted carriers, where it is broken by the action of oscillating beaters above and below, whose teeth strike it in concert between the bars of the carriers. |
| Hemp-brake. |
Hemp-har′vest-er.
（Agriculture.) A reapingmachine for hemp. Hemp-harvesters resemble those for corn in their adaptation to operate upon tall topheavy stalks, but as the stalk of the hemp is the valuable portion, the machine is made to cut low. One form of the machine is a puller which grasps the stalks near the ground and uproots them. Among the varieties of machines may be cited a low platform on wheels, with a cutter-bar in front, a reel to gather them to the knife and direct them over into a cradle where they are collected in a bunch. In another form, the stalks are caught by an arm till a shock is collected. In another, the stalks fall on an obliquely traversing apron which conducts them laterally and discharges them upon the ground out of the way of the horses the next time round. A stalk-puller consists of a pair of revolving disks on axes set at an obtuse angle with each other, so as to grip the stalks which are conducted between them at the lowest part of their revolution, and then open as they rotate and allow the stalks to fall into a cradle or on to the ground.
 |
| Hen's-nest. |
Hen's-nest.
A box which furnishes a place for a fowl to lay her eggs. Contrivances have been suggested more curious than useful, and some so complicated that only well-trained hens could be expected to occupy them, and not then if in a hurry. The example has a pivoted or suspended door, counterpoised and arranged in such a manner that but one hen can enter and sit upon the nest at once. The object is to prevent hens laying eggs in the nests of setting hens, and also to prevent one hen from driving another off the nest.Her-ba′ri-um.
A collection of dried plants. Aristotle is considered the founder of the philosophy of botany, 347 B. C. The “Historia Plantarum” of Theophrastus was written about 320 B. C. Authors on botany were numerous at the close of the fifteenth century. The Botanic Gardens of Padua, Leyden, and Leipsic were established respectively in 1545, 1577, 1580; the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, in 1624; Oxford, 1632. The system of Linnaeus was made known in 1750; and Jussieu's system, founded on Tournefort's, and called the “natural system,” in 1758. The latter is now accepted by such authorities as Lindley and London. The Linnaean was founded upon sexual differences, the classes being determined by the number of stamens, the orders by the number of pistils. The natural system of Jussieu is founded upon modes of growth and fructification. At the death of Linnaeus, the number of species described was 11,800. The number of species now recorded is probably nearly 100,000. See Loudon's “Encyclopaedia of plants,” 1829. Amateur collectors may be interested in hearing the statement of a German naturalist, that the catalogue of useful plants has risen to about 12,000, but that others will no doubt be discovered, as the researches yet made have been completed only in portions of the earth. Of these plants there are 1,350 varieties of edible fruits, berries, and seeds; 108 cereals; 37 onions; 460 vegetables and salads; 40 species of palms; 32 varieties of arrowroot; and 31 different kinds of sugars. Various drinks are obtained from 200 plants, and aromatics from 266. There are 50 substitutes for coffee, and 129 for tea. Tannin is present in 140 plants, caoutchouc in 96, gutta-percha in 7, rosin and balsamic gums in 387, wax in 10, and grease and essential oils in 330; 650 contain dyes, 48 soap, 260 weaving-fibers; 365 fibers used in paper-making; 48 give roofing-materials, and 100 are employed for hurdles and copses. In building 740 plants are used, and there are 615 poisonous plants. Some of these groups are evidently underestimated.Her′is-son.
（Fortification.) a. A beam armed with iron spikes and used as a barrier to block up a passage. b. A barrier of the nature of a turnstile.
Her-maph′ro-dite.
（Nautical.) A form of vessel having the forward mast and bowsprit of a brig and the after mast of a schooner, each with its proper proportions, station, rig, and sails.
Her′ni-al Sup-port′er.
See truss.Her′ring-bone.
1. (Masonry.) Rows of stone or paving-blocks sloping in different directions in alternate rows. See masonry.
2. (Building.) Strutting-pieces between thin joists, diagonally from the top of one to the bottom of another, to prevent lateral deflection.
3. (Sewing.) A cross-stitch in which the threads are laid diagonally in rows.
Her-schel′i — an Tel′e-scope.
A form of reflecting telescope having no second mirror, but a speculum placed in an inclined position so as to bring the focal image near the edge of the tube, where it is viewed directly by the eye-piece, without materially interfering with the light entering the telescope from the object observed. The magnifying power is equal to the focal length of the object-mirror divided by that of the eye-glass. See telescope.Herse.
1. (Fortification.) (From French herse, a harrow.) a. A gate with cross-bars and spiked, and serving to obstruct a passage-way, on occasion. A portcullis. b. A frame with spikes, acting as a cheval-de-frise, to impede an advance. A hersillon. c. An openwork gate which obstructs passage along a ditch or watercourse, or a sally-port traversable by boats. 2. A rectangular frame made of four bars, and having pegs on which are wound the straining strings attached to the edges of a skin which is stretched in the frame, to remove its wrinkles and hold it while being scraped. Skins for parchment are thus stretched for fleshing, scraping, and grinding. See parchment.
Her′sil-lon.
（Fortification.) A beam, frame, or plank set with spikes to stop a breach or way. A herse; a cheval-de-frise.
Hesp.
（Weaving.) The length of two hanks of linen threads.
Hete-rod′ro-mous Lev′ers.
The windlass, capstan, winch, crank, crane, etc.Hewn-stone.
Stone blocks in which the faces are hammer-dressed to shape.Hex′a-chord.
A musical instrument with six strings. |
| Hey's saw. |
Hey's saw.
A saw invented by the celebrated surgeon whose name it bears. It has one curved and one straight serrated edge. Used in making exsections, operating on the cranium, and removing carious bones from deep-seated places.Hide.
A flayed skin of an animal. For specific index see leather. [1101] The ancient Scythians made quiver-covers of the skins of the right arms of their enemies. The nails were left hanging to them. “Now the skin of a man is thick and glossy, and in whiteness surpasses almost all other hides. Some even flay the entire body of the enemy, and, stretching it upon a frame, carry it about with them wherever they ride.” — Herodotus, IV. 64. Cambyses killed and flayed a venal judge, afterwards cutting his skin into strips for a chair-seat, as a reminder for the son, the subsequent occupant of the chair and office. See chair. The skin of the Silenus Marsyas, flayed by Apollo, as the Phrygian story goes, was hanging in the market-place of Celaenae in the time of Herodotus. It was still shown there in Xenophon's time. The sides of hides are the flesh side; and the grain or hair side. Depilation is known as unhairing. Piling is unhairing hanging in a damp heat. Fleshing is paring to a smooth surface by removal of fat and integuments. Swelling is pulling it out by stuffing, etc. Dressing embraces a number of operations in preparing the tanned hide for the use of the shoemaker, saddler, etc. See list under leather. |
| Hide-handling vat. |
Hide-hand′ler.
A machine or vat in which hides are moved in the liquor to expose them to the liquid in circulation, and sometimes alternately to the air and the liquor.Hide-rope.
Rope made of strands of cow-hide plaited. It is used for wheel-ropes, traces, purchaseropes, etc. See rawhide. |
| Hide-scraper. |
Hide-scrap′er.
（Leather.) One to perform by machinery the business of scraping the flesh-side of hides. In the example, below the reciprocating scraping-knife is a drum, upon which the hide to be scraped is secured. The drum may be vertically adjusted to the knife by means of eccentrics, and is partially rotated after each movement of the knife to bring a fresh portion of the hide into the proper position to be scraped.
 |
| Hide-shaving machine. |
Hide-shav′ing ma-chine′.
（Leather.) A machine having a cutting, shaving, or scraping-tool which reciprocates above an inclined table on which the hide is stretched. In the example, the tool has also a rotary motion imparted to it by means of a band.
 |
| Hide-stretcher. |
Hide-stretch′er.
（Leather.) A frame on which a hide is stretched to bring it to shape and remove wrinkles. In Fig. 2506, the hide is laid over a beam, and the edges of its depending sides are depressed by clamps and toggles, which are operated by rack-bars and pinions, the adjustment of the latter being maintained by pawls.
 |
| Hide-stretching frame. |
 |
| Hide-worker. |
Hide-work′er.
A machine for performing that part of the currying operation which consists in evening the thickness by means of knives, which, in the hand-operation, are applied to the hide while lying upon a slanting post called a beam. See currying. In the machine (Fig. 2508) the table moves in a frame and is covered successively with cork or vul- [1102] canized rubber, felt, and cow-hide; it passes under a roller armed with two sets of spiral blades which commence at the middle of the roller and extend to its ends.High-fur′nace.
（Metallurgy.) A smelting-farnace of full hight, in contradistinction to a certain smaller furnace known as the half-high furnace.
High-press′ure a-larm′.
The object of this device, as the name indicates, is to give notice and prevent an explosion of a steam-generator. It consists mainly of two classes: 1. Fusible plugs in the side of the boiler, which give way when a certain heat is attained, and allow the steam to escape. 2. Valves which open when the pressure becomes excessive, and allow exit to steam, which blows an alarmwhistle. The first depend upon temperature, the second upon pressure. Pressure and temperature bear a certain ratio to each other. 1. Ashcroft's patents of March 19, 1850, and February 18, 1851, refer to methods for the protection and insulation of the plug which is destined to give way at a certain temperature and relieve the boiler. The patent of C. Evans, May 8, 1834, describes the use and operation of the fusible plug, which is composed usually of lead and tin, with the addition, in some cases, of bismuth. The ingredients are so proportioned as to melt at the heat at which it is desired that notice shall be given. It is used as a low-water detector, as well as to indicate high pressure, and for protection of the boiler may be placed at that portion which is most likely to be unduly heated when the water is low. See fusible alloys, p. 62. 2. The alarms acting by pressure are of the nature of the safety-valve; the noise of the escaping steam or its impingement upon a whistle causing an audible alarm. See low-water alarm; safety-valve.High-press′ure En′gine.
（Steam.) A steamengine, condensing or non-condensing, in which the safety-valve is loaded with a weight equivalent to a boiler-pressure of, say, fifty pounds to the square inch. In England, above twenty-five pounds to the square inch is sometimes considered as high pressure. This is bat an indefinite definition, bat customs vary. Low-pressure engines are usually condensing, high-pressure engines on locomotives, saw-mills of moderate size, and Western steamboats, are non-condensing; but the question of condensing is not necessarily one of pressure. Things took their names early, and it is not easy to bring modern forms under an old nomenclature. All the engines of Newcomen and the early ones of Watt were single-acting and condensing, and steam much over a temperature of 212° Fah. was considered high pressure; the use of steam being merely to expel the air from below the piston, in order that the atmospheric pressure may be availed when the steam is condensed. This was all the use of steam in the Newcomen period and the early patents of Watt, which concerned the separate condenser, parallel motion, four-way cock, puppet-valves, and some other features of the engine now known as the Cornish (which see). Watt subsequently used actual pressure of steam, was the first to use it expansively by cutting off at a part of the stroke, and also invented double-action engines in which the steam was admitted to alternate sides of the piston, making both motions effective. He made drawings for this in 1774, and exhibited it in 1782. He called it a “double-engine,” which must not be confounded with the doublecylinder engine of Hornblower of Penryhn, patented in 1781, revived by Woolf, and much improved by Worthington. See plate opposite page 763. Oliver Evans of Philadelphia has hardly had sufficient credit for his part in the matter, but he struggled for many years to make his townsmen believe that the high-pressure, double-acting engine was to be the engine of the future, both on roads and boats. He was active in the running of his hobby from 1787 to 1803, and in the former year obtained a patent from the State of Maryland for steam-carriages on common roads. His townsmen thought him crazy, and he could obtain no patent in Pennsylvania. He exhibited his engine running in 1803, sawing wood and stone, and grinding plaster. He put it on wheels and made it move itself to the Schuylkill, put it on board a scow, and made it drive a sternwheel, working down the river to the junction with the Delaware, and then up the latter to the city of brotherly love but weak faith. This was some years before Fulton. He had no backers, and, having spent all his money, he, at the age of fifty, turned his excellent talents into a more lucrative channel, and was rewarded with success in business. He does not seem to have been such a fretful genius as Fitch and some others of his contemporary inventors; his portrait shows a comfortable and genial man, who retired from the unequal contest before he lost his own self-respect and became a bore. “The time” was “out of joint,” and he could not convince the folks against their will. Seventy years afterward the “Pennsylvania” steamed down the river, but the intervening time might count for centuries if measured by the progress made. It may be remarked that Evans used a cylindrical flue-boiler. Next, perhaps, we should state the work of the man who has done more than any other one man to make the locomotive what it is: Richard Trevethick of Merthyr Tydvil, in South Wales. He had not got over the idea of the necessity for something more than the weight of the engine to give tractional adherence to the rails, and used a cog-wheel and rack rail. (See locomotive.) He used a blast of exhaust steam in the chimney, patented his locomotive in 1802, and it was in use on the Merthyr Tydvil Railway in 1804. Trevethick and Vivian patented the application of high-pressure steam to engines. Trevethick is described in the Catalogue of the South Kensington Museum, London, as “the inventor and constructor of the first high-pressure steam-engine, and of the first steam-carriage used in England.” Blackett improved on Trevethick, and used smooth wheels on a plate-way. The multitubular boiler is stated to have been used by Rumsey, and subsequently, in 1790, in England. It was used by John Cox Stevens of New Jersey, [1103] 1791 – 1807; English patent, May 31, 1805. He used a Watt engine, cylinder 4 1/2 inches diameter, 9 inches stroke. Boiler 2 feet long, 15 inches wide, and 12 inches high, with 81 copper tubes 1 inch in diameter. Boat, 25 feet long, 5 feet beam; tried in May, 1804; velocity, 4 to 8 miles per hour. Not desiring to anticipate what should be said under locomotive and steamboat, suffice it to say that William Hadley's locomotive “Puffing Billy” was built in 1813, and had a long career of usefulness. Stephenson's first locomotive was built after seeing Trevethick's, as improved by Blackett for Lord Ravensworth's colliery, in 1814, and had grooved sheaves to increase adherence. Locomotives on Stephenson's plan were used on the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. Stephenson's “Rocket” was successful over three other competitors in the trial on the rails of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1829. It used the multitubular boiler by the suggestion of Mr. Booth of that railway company, also the exhaustblast in the chimney, invented by Trevethick. Hackworth's “Sanspareil” had a cylindrical flue-boiler on the Evans plan, and a very effective exhaustblast in chimney. The “Rocket's” competitors broke down at various points in the trial. Stephenson was an excellent workman. The very insincere book called the “Life of Stephenson” ignores most of these facts, and pettifogs the whole case; it is about as one-sided an affair as Abbott's Life of Saint Napoleon, but has done much less harm, as it is only ungenerous and unfair, and does not debauch the judgment of the rising generation.
High-re-lief′.
The projection of a sculptured figure, half or more, from the plane surface. Called also alto-rilievo. See rilievo.Hight.
1. (Hydraulic Engineering.) The fall of a body of water. The head.
2. (Shipwrighting.) The distance between decks.
Hight-board.
（Carpentry.) A carpenter's gage for tread and risers of a wooden stairway.
Hight-staff.
（Shipbuilding.) A rod having marked upon it the hights above the keel of all the frames at the beam-line of the ship.
High-warp loom.
（Weaving.) A tapestry loom in which the warp-frame is vertical and the weaver works standing, thus being able to constantly inspect his work as it proceeds, an advantage which he does not possess in the bass-lisse or low-warp tapestry loom in which the warp is horizontal.
Hill′o-type.
（Photography.) A process invented by L. L. Hill, of Westkill, New York, and much debated in the photographic journals of twenty years ago and since. He claimed — See “photographic Art-Journal,” October, 1852--to have discovered “a method of heliotyping the colors of objects truthfully, brilliantly, and imperishably.” The correspondence is voluminous, some of it acrimonious; the colors certified to have been produced heliotypically in the pictures are rosy, red, blue, green, orange, violet, buff. The process is not explained in these articles. Niepce worked long at this object, and called the products heliochromes. And yet we wait.
 |
| Side-hill plow. |
Hill′side-plow.
（Husbandry.) One which has a turning share, so as to plow on side-hill or sidling places, returning in the last-made furrow and throwing down hill each way. The plow shown in the example is turned at the headland or end of the furrow, and by the movement of a lever the share is turned over and one breast is put into its proper position for work while the other is raised and carried clear on the land-side. The colter is moved by a separate lever. Such plows in England are called turn-wrest plows.
Hind-car′riage.
（Vehicle.) The rear part of the running-gears of a four-wheeled vehicle. The hind wheels and axle, with or without the coupling.
Hinge.
A means of connecting a door, casement, or leaf, with its frame or an object, so that it will swing thereon. The ancient Egyptian hinges were crude affairs, and were similar in construction to those made in our early Western log-cabins. A pin projecting from the upper edge of the door was socketed in a vertical hole made in a bracket attached to the wall, and a similar pin on the lower edge of the door was stepped into a socket in the floor or threshold. The illustration a (Fig. 2510) is from a model house found by Mr. Salt in Egypt, and now in the British Museum. When found, it contained a supply of grain in the little store-room, but this was eaten by a rat when the model was at the Lazaretto in Leghorn, on the route for England. The grain remained in apparent good order for over 3,000 years, and was then consumed by a modern rat while the little house was in quarantine. The doors of Egypt were either single or double, and were secured by bars and bolts, as seen in the figure. The hinge-pieces were made of bronze in many cases. The accompanying figures b c show the upper and lower door-pins and the sockets in which the edge of the door is received, and in which it is secured by bronze pins. The projection on the upper piece was to keep the door from striking against the wall. o shows the general form of a door in remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze. p is a bronze hinge in the Egyptian collection of the British Museum. q is the plan of the threshold of an ancient temple with the arrangement of the folding-doors. r s are four Roman hinges of bronze now in the British Museum. The term cardo (Lat.), a pivot or hinge, was applied to the North and South poles, on which the earth was supposed to turn. East and West being added, made the quatuor cardines orbis terrarum, the term yet surviving in our cardinal points. Several bronze hinges, remains of ancient Egypt, are in the British Museum. One of them is 7 inches high and 11 inches long. The basalt socket of the lower one is also in the same museum. They are from the granite sanctuary of the great temple of Karnak. The doors of the temple of Solomon had hinges of gold. The temple seems to have been remarkable rather for lavish expenditure of gold and ornaments than for architectural beauty. Of the contemporary styles, the Egyptian and Doric, the former is the more likely to have been copied, as the Israelites [1104] are not supposed to have originated any. They had been for several centuries in a state of transition from a nomadic to a settled life. The popular representations of the Corinthian order in the temple are anachronisms, for the temple was built 560 years before Callimachus. There are several beautiful examples of hinge constructors in the natural world. Among them we may cite the mason-spider of the tropics and of Southern Europe. The subterranean cell of this animal is tapestried with silk and closed by an earthkneaded door, hung upon a silken hinge and selfclosing with an elastic spring, after each entrance and exit of the cavern's occupant. |
| Hinges. |
| Blind-hinge (i). | Gate-hinge (g h k). |
| Carriage-hinge. | Hasp-hinge (d). |
| Chest-hinge. | Reaper-hinge. |
| Door-hinge. | Table-hinge (j). |
| Back-flap hinge. | Screw and strap (g). |
| Butt-hinge (l). | Screw hook and eye (h). |
| Cross-garnet hinge (n). | Self-shutting hinge (i). |
| Dovetail-hinge. | Spring-hinge. |
| Hook and eye (k k). | Strap-hinge (m). |
| Loose-joint hinge (i). | T-hinge (e). |
Hinge-joint.
A junction of parts allowing a flexure and extension in a certain plane. The parts are usually connected by a pintle or ligature.Hinge-mak′ing ma-chine′.
In the Evrard and Boyer machine the sheet-metal is placed in the machine in coils, there being two coils of sheet-brass for the two halves of the hinge-body, and a coil of wire to supply the connecting bolt or rivet. The material is drawn off from the coils as it is wanted, the wings of the hinge are stamped out by punching dies to the proper shape, the salient parts, which are to form the tube for the connecting bolt, are formed upon the wire itself which is to furnish the bolt, and this is then cut off to the proper length. Before the hinge is dismissed, the screw-holes, by which it is to be secured to the wood, are formed and countersunk to the form of the screw-head. The machine completes a hinge every second. Butt-hinges are usually molded on match-plates.Hink.
（Agriculture.) A reaping-hook.
Hip.
（Building.) 1. The external angle formed by the meeting sides of a roof. 2. A truncated gable. See hip-roof. 3. A timber which forms the angle of a hipped roof. and against which the rafters are laid.
Hip-knob.
（Building.) The finial at the apex of a gable, or on the top of the hips of a roof.
Hip-poc′ra-tes sleeve.
A strainer bag made by folding a square of flannel diagonally, and sewing it along the meeting edge, so as to make it of a funnel shape. Or,— By uniting the opposite angles of a square piece of cloth.Hip-raft′er.
（Carpentry.) The rafter at the angle of a roof. Its two outer edges are sloped to range with the rafters on each side of the roof.
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| Hip roof. |
Hip-roof.
（Roof.) An obtuse angle formed by the meeting of two portions of a roof of different slant, as in the case of a Mansard, curb, or French roof. See Curbroof. A short portion of a roof over a truncated gable, as at a, b. One having a double slope (c), the rafters at the exterior angles being in two pieces, meeting at an obtuse angle.
Hip-strap.
（Harness.) One (E E) which crosses the buttocks of a horse and supports the breeching B, or the traces merely, according to the style of harness. It gives the name to one form of harness, called hip-strap harness, having no breeching. It is used for lead harness, in which the horses are not [1105] called on to hold back in descending hills, or to back the wagon. |
| Hip-strap. |
Hip-tile.
（Roofing.) A saddle-shaped tile to cover a hip. A corner tile.
Hirst-frame.
（Forging.) The frame of a tilthammer.
Hitch.
1. (Nautical.) A species of knot by which a rope is bent to a spar or to another rope. There are various kinds knows as:—
| a, Blackwall-hitch. | h, harness-hitch. |
| b, clove-hitch. | i, midshipman's-hitch. |
| c, half-hitch. | j, rolling-hitch. |
| d, two half-hitches. | k, carrick-bend. |
| e, timber-hitch. | l, hawser-bend. |
| f, magnus-hitch. | m, sheet-bend. |
| g, marlinspike-bitch. |
 |
| Hitches. |
2. (Mining.) A small slip where the dislocation does not exceed the thickness of the vein.
Hitch′er.
（Nautical.) A boat-hook.
 |
| Hitching-clamp. |
Hitch′ing-clamp.
（Menage.) A device for holding the strap of a bridle or halter. In the example, the strap is held beneath a turning cam, so as to bind the tighter the harder the horse pulls upon it.
 |
| Hitching-post. |
Hitch′ing-post.
（Menage.) A post with convenient means for the attachment of the strap of a horse's halter or bridle. In the example, it has a weight to take up the slack, but allows a certain freedom of motion, as the weighted tiechain travels in the hollow post. The weight forms a stop to arrest the extraction of the chain from the post.Hive.
（Husbandry.) A box or basket for a swarm of bees to live in. See beehive; apiary.
Hoard; hoarding.
（Building.) A temporary screen of boards enclosing a building-site, where erections or repairs are proceeding.
Hob.
1. The flat, iron shelf at the side of a grate. 2. A hardened, threaded spindle, by which a comb or chasing-tool may be cut. A hub.Hob′by.
The old English name of the velocipede. “Every one rides his own hobby.”Ho′bit.
（Ordnance.) An old form of mortar of six or eight inches' bore, mounted on a carriage.
Hob′nail.
A short, thick nail, with a pointed tang, a large head, and with pendent claws, which pierce the boot-sole. The caliga, or coarse shoe, of the Roman soldier, was thickly studded with hobnails.Hod.
（Bricklaying.) 1. A box with two sides and an end, set on edge, and with a handle by which it is carried, a padded cushion resting on the shoulder. 2. A coal scuttle or box. A coal-hod.
 |
| Hod-elevator. |
Hod-el′e-vator.
A hoisting device to raise hods loaded with bricks or mortar to the building hight on a building, and return the empty ones. In the illustration, it is a traveling ladder which runs over a drum above,—not shown,—and is driven by a winch below. The hods are hooked on to the rounds.Ho-dom′e-ter.
A way-measurer. See odometer.Hoe.
1. (Agriculture.) A tool with a flat, thin blade used to cut weeds or stir the earth around plants. In its ordinary sense, it is the familiar tool attached at a convenient angle to a straight handle, and whose duty is defined above. In England, hoes are attached to machines, but the function remains the same, for the hoes follow in the balks between the rows of plants. The same devices are here denominated shares. The hoe may be fairly assumed to have been the first implement of the husbandman, in its form of a pointed stick for stirring around the roots of a plant. Next comes the crotch a sharpened to a point, as at b, in which form it might be used as a hoe or plow, according to size. c d e represent the hoes used by the ancient Egyptians, the two former being drawn from actual hoes which have been preserved in the tombs, and the latter (e) being a copy of a picture at Beni Hassan. Their hoes were made of wood, the handle was about three feet long, the blade being mortised thereto at the junction and bound by a twisted rope or thong, as clearly shown in d, which represents two hoes in the Berlin collection. One is also to be seen in the Abbott collection, New York. f shows the Egyptian plow, and is introduced to exhibit the similarity in shape of the hoes b c and plow [1106] f, a crotch of a tree being the original of each. The team being hitched to the long end of the crotch b, the shorter end forms a share or tusk, and the back portion projects for a handle. See plow.
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| Hoes and hoeing. |
 |
| Japanese hoes. |
 |
| Hoe-swage. |
2. (Dentistry.) A dentist's excavating instrument, having a blade attached to a shank and shaped like a miniature hoe.
Hoe′ing ma-chine′.
（Agriculture.) An implement for tending drilled or dibbled crops. It was invented by Jethro Tull, the introducer of the system of drilled crops into England, and was designed to diminish the expense of cultivation by substituting horse labor. Tull's implement was comparatively rude, and it was successively improved by a number of inventors, among whom we notice the names of Blackie, the [1107] two Wilkies, Weir, Hayward, Grant, Ganett, Howard, and others in Britain. The history merges into the history of cultivators, in the United States our husbandry being different.
 |
| Hoes. |
 |
| Hoeing-machines. |
Hog.
1. (Paper-making.) A revolving stirrer in a chest of paper pulp which agitates the pulp so as to keep it of uniform consistence as it flows to the paper-making machine. See paper-making machine.
2. (Nautical.) A scrub-broom for scraping a ship's bottom, under water.
Hog-chain.
（Shipbuilding.) A chain in the nature of a tension-rod passing from stem to stern of a vessel, and over posts nearer amidships; designed to prevent the vessel from drooping at the ends.
Hog-el′e-vator.
A hoisting device used in large slaughter-houses for raising hogs which have been killed, scalded, and scraped, to the position for gutting and cleaning.Hog-frame.
（Shipwrighting.) A fore-and-aft frame, forming a truss in the main frame of the vessel to prevent vertical flexure. The term “hog-frame” has been adopted into carpentry and engineering in some forms of trusses for roofs and bridges.
Hog′ger-pipe.
（Mining.) The upper terminal pipe with delivery hose of the mining-pump.
Hog′ger-pump.
（Mining.) The top pump in the sinking-pit of a mine. The lower is the sump-pump.
Hog′ging.
（Nautical.) Said of a ship's shape when the head and heel of her keel are drooped; the middle portion curving upwardly. Sagging is the opposite curvature. In other structures than nautical the term has the same relation, as the drooping of the ends of a truss, or the ends of a pivot bridge or table.
 |
| Hog-hook. |
Hog-hook.
One used in handling hogs in scalding. |
| Hog-scalding tub. |
Hog-scald′ing tub.
（Domestic.) A means for scalding hogs, consisting of a large boiler and furnace, or a tub (Fig. 2522) to hold heated stones which are thrown in to raise the temperature of the water to scalding heat. In the example (Fig. 2523) the hog lies in a cradle within the tub, whose contents are heated by the furnace below. The hog is removed and tipped out on to a bench, by vibrating the cradle on its hinges.
Hog's-nose Trim′mer.
A pair of cutting forceps or nippers, to remove the protuberant cartilage from a hog's snout to discourage him from rooting. |
| Nose-ring. |
Hog-ring.
A ring, or wire bent into other form, clasping the snout cartilage of a hog. In the example, the pivoted extensions of the ring penetrate the hog's snout, and, turning back, clinch round the ring.Hoist.
1. The term applied to the elevating machinery of a factory, mine, or hotel. 2. The perpendicular hight of a flag; the length from the spar outwards is the fly.Hoist-bridge.
A form of drawbridge, in which the leaf or platform is raised. See bascule.Hoist′ing-en-gine.
A steam-engine for hoisting at a mine, or in a warehouse, factory, etc. |
| Hoisting jack. |
Hoist′ing-jack.
A contrivance by which handpower is applied to lifting an object by working a screw or lever. A list of the different kinds is given under jack. Several varieties are described under carriage-jack, wagon-jack, jack-screw, etc. One form here shown operates by crank, pinions, cog-wheel, and rack. The other is a suspensory jack, depending from an eye-bolt in a ceilingjoist and used to lift an object a short distance, so as to get it on to a store truck. [1109] |
| Suspensory lever-hoist. |
 |
| Hoisting-machine, St. Catharine's Convent, Mt. Sinai. (from Harper.) |
Hoist′ing-ma-chine′.
A machine for hoisting ore, merchandise, miners, passengers, etc., in mines, warehouses, hotels, etc. A primitive hoisting-machine, which resembles the modern capstan, is used in the Convent of St. Catharine, at the foot of Mt. Sinai, to raise travelers to a door in the second story. This is a somewhat inconvenient and tedious operation, but is used in a land where robbers goon horseback. It is also worthy of remark, that the people of the land have no idea of the value of time, and so set six men to help another in at the door. The convent was founded in the early ages of the Christian Church, and the chapel was built by Justinian in the sixth century. It is a vast, straggling building, surrounded by a high wall, and is believed by its residents to occupy the place whereon the Lord appeared to Moses in a burning bush. The obelisks in ancient Egypt may have been raised by gradually lifting the apex and scotching up by introducing earth beneath them. The Stonehenge blocks were probably raised in the same way. The blocks were moved from the quarries on rollers by animal or man power. They were perhaps raised, at the pyramids, for instance, by a rocking motion on midway blocks, a rather thicker block from time to time, at each rock. Or they may have been raised on an incline of earth, afterwards removed. When Chersiphon built the Temple of Ephesus, in the time of Amasis of Egypt, he raised the architrave by surrounding the columns with bags of earth, which served as an inclined plane. |
| Mine and factory hoists. |
 |
| Sellers's hoisting-machine. |
 |
| Miller's hoisting-machins. |
| Balance-crane. | Cant-hook. |
| Barton. | Capstan. |
| Block. | Cargo-jack. |
| Bracket-crab. | Catadrome. |
| Brake. | Cat-head. |
| Brick and mortar elevator. | Cat-tackle. |
| Check-hook. | |
| Bricklayer's hoist. | Chevrette. |
| Bucket. | Chinese windlass. |
| Cage. | Claw for suspending tackle. |
| Can-hook. |
| Cog and round. | Lift-hammer. |
| Cotton-elevator. | Lifting-apparatus. |
| Crab. | Lifting-jack. |
| Crampoons. | Lifting-screw. |
| Crane. | Loader. |
| Cuddy. | Lock. Canal |
| Davit. | Man-engine. |
| Derrick. | Masting-shears. |
| Differential windlass. | Mouline. |
| Dolly. | Movable ladder. |
| Draft-engine. | Needle. |
| Drop. | Overhead-crane. |
| Drop-table. | Parbuckle. |
| Elevating-block. | Plate-hoist. |
| Elevating-clutch. | Pneumatic hoist. |
| Elevating-screw. | Portable derrick. |
| Elevator. | Pulley. |
| Field-derrick. | Purchase. |
| Fork. | Rigger. |
| Foundry-crane. | Rotary crane. |
| Furnace-hoist. | Sack-hoist. |
| Gibbet. | Sack-lifter. |
| Gin. | Safety-cage. |
| Gipsy-winch. | Sheet. |
| Glosso-comon. | Sheer-hulk. |
| Grain-elevator. | Sheers. |
| Gripe. | Sitde-winch. |
| Hay. | Skid. |
| Hay-loader. | Sliding-pulley. |
| Hod-elevator. | Slings. |
| Hog-elevator. | Stacking-derrick. |
| Hoist. | Steam-crane. |
| Hoisting-apparatus. | Steam-hoist. |
| Hoisting-boats. | Steam-winch. |
| Hoisting-machine. | Stump-extractor. |
| Horns. | Sweep. |
| Horse-run. | Tackle. |
| Hydraulic crane. | Traveler. |
| Hydraulic elevator. | Traveling-crane. |
| Hydraulic hoist. | Traveling-derrick. |
| Hydraulic lift. | Traversing-elevator. |
| Hydrostatic press. | Triangle. |
| Ice-elevator. | Water-crane. |
| Inclined plane. | Well-bucket elevator. |
| Jack. | Whimsey. |
| Jeers. | Whin. |
| Jib. | Whip. |
| Jib-crane. | Whip-crane. |
| Jigger. | Whip-windlass. |
| Lever-hoist. | Winch. |
| Lewis. | Winding-engine. |
| Lift. | Winding-tackle. |
| Lift-canal. | Windlass. |
 |
| Hay-hoisting apparatus. |
 |
| Worm-wheel tackle. |
 |
| Differential Hosting-tackle. |
Hoist′ing-tack′le.
A rope or chain and pulley used for hoisting. The simplest form of tackle is the whip, then follow the whip-on-whip and other forms of tackle cited in the list above. The form shown in Fig. 2533 is a differential tackle, and consists of two shafts on each of which is a sprocket and a gear-wheel, the two latter meshing with each other. The proportion between the diameters of the gear and sprocket wheel on one shaft differs from the proportion between the diameters of the gear and sprocket wheels on the other shaft, in order that by overhauling the endless chain which is connected with the teeth of the two sprocket-pulleys, the block bearing the weight to be raised and connected by the chain with the sprockets may be raised or lowered as desired. The lower sprocket-wheel is applied so that it may be thrown out of connection with the upper one and locked so as to prevent retroaction. Fig. 2532 has a large wheel A on which is a worm C gearing into the chain-wheel D. Such a tackle will hold its load at any point at which the power ceases to be applied, and will not allow it to come down “on the run.” The threads of a screw act as a stop or check to the windlass wheel.Hold.
（Shipwrighting.) The interior part of a [1112] ship, in which the cargo of a merchant vessel or the provisions and stores of a man-of-war are stored. The portions are distinguished as the fore, main, and after holds.
 |
| Hold-back. |
Hold-back hook.
（Vehicle.) A projection on a carriage-shaft to which the breeching-strap of a horse is connected, to enable the animal to hold back the vehicle.
Hold-beam.
（Shipbuilding.) One of those which support the lower deck in a merchantman; the orlop deck in a man-of-war.
 |
| Hold-fasts. |
Hold-fast.
A means by which something is clamped to another. The bench hold-fast is an arched bar, whose shank passes through a mortise in the bench, the dog pressing upon the work to be held. See bench-clamp. A wall hold-fast is a spike, which is driven into the wall, and has a flat head through which a nail is driven into the object to be attached.Hold′ing-down bolt.
（Steam-engine.) One of twelve or more strong bolts, which are passed from the outside of a steam-vessel through the floor-timbers, sleepers, foundation-plate of the engine, and the bosses on the cylinders, condensers, and side-frames, and are secured by strong nuts. The bolts are of copper or tinned iron, to resist the action of sea-water.Hold′ing — up Ham′mer.
A hammer held by the assistant against the head of the rivet while it is being riveted. See Rivering.Hole.
A depression made to hold a blast. Sinking, boring, pumping, drilling, are terms made use of. Loading or charging the hole is the putting in of the powder. Tamping is the packing of material upon the powder.Hole-board.
（Weaving.) See compass-board.
Hol′ing.
1. (Mining.) The under-cutting of coal by means of a pick wielded by a man lying upon his side. The making of vertical cuts at the sides is called shearing, and when these are made the stratum of coal is broken down by wedges driven in above.
2. (Roofing.) Piercing slates for holding nails.
Hol′ing-axe.
A narrow axe for cutting mortises in fence-posts, for a post-and-rail fence.Hol′land.
（Fabric.) Linen or linen and cotton goods, white or self-colored, and with a glazed surface. Used for linings. As originally imported from Holland (whence its name), it was closely woven linen cloth.
Hol′low.
A depression or unoccupied space, as — a. The empty portion of a bastion. b. The part of a cantle under the crupper-loop. c. The gullet of a saddle under the pommel. d. The depression in an anvil-face or fulleringtool used in forging round work. c. A cavetto or recess bead in molding. f. The seat of the shot in a counterbored gun. A dent.Hol′low-adze.
（Coopering.) A howel; a tool having a curved blade to chamfer the chine on the inside of a cask end.
Hol′low-au′ger.
One for making round tenons in chair-work, on spokes, etc. The end of the spoke or other piece of wood on which a round tenon is to be cut, is inserted into the tubular portion, whose throat has several radial rests and a radial cutter. The tool is revolved, and the blank is fed forward on the rests. The length of the tenon is gaged by the adjustable stop at the rear end of the tube. |
| Hallow-auger. |
 |
| Tenon-auger. |
Hol′low-au′ger bit.
A wood-boring tool adapted to be used in a brace. It is of a hollow cylindrical form, and has cutters presented inwardly which make a cylindrical tenon on the end of the stuff. See hollow-auger.Hol′low-drift.
1. A tubular tool for driving a hole. See drift. 2. A tool used in filling signal-rockets.Hol′low-edge file.
A file with a concave edge for dressing teeth of small gear wheels and pinions.Hol′low-ing and Back′ing-ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for rounding staves, giving the outer convexity and inner concavity.Hol′low-ing-knife.
（Coopering.) A drawingknife for working on concave surfaces.
Hol′low-ing-plane.
（Carpentry.) A plane with a round convex sole.
Hol′low-joint wire.
Small tubes employed in making joints, as in the casing of watches.Hol′low-man′drel lathe.
One for small round stuff, such as broom-handles, scythe-snaths, stuff for clothes-pins, chair-rounds, round pickets, rails, etc. The stuff is fed by grooved rollers into the trumpet mouth of the revolving hollow mandrel. The tool [1113] projecting from the internal periphery of the mandrel turns the blank into shape. The spring forms a stop for the strip, and its position indicates the time for its insertion berween the feed-rollers. The rollers which draw out the turned stick have circumferential depressions, which contain grooved annuli of rubber, which press with an adjustable force on the handle. |
| Hollow-mandrel lathe. |
Hol′low-new′el.
The well-hole or opening in the center of winding stairs. Open-newel, in contradistinction to solid-newel or corkscrew staircase.Hol′low-plane.
A molding-plane with a convex sole. A round-sole plane.Hol′low-punch.
（Saddlery and Shoemaking.) The hollow punch is employed to make holes for rivets in leather; holes for eyelets in paper, leather, or fabric; holes for laces in shoes and stays, and on other occasions where a smooth, round hole is to be cut out of a yielding material. It is also known as an eyeleting-punch from its use as a means for punching holes for eyelets. In a modified form, as the punch-pliers, it is used for punching cardboard tickets, tags, and papers for filing. A ticket-punch. A wad-cutter is also a hollow punch.
Hol′low-quoin.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) One having a vertical recess for the hanging-post of a lock-gate to abut against.
Hol′low-rail.
A tubular railroad rail, steam heated to prevent the accretion of snow and ice. Grime's English patent, 1831. In Woodhouse's English patent, 1803, the rail forms a water-pipe.Hol′lows and rounds.
（Joinery.) Concave and convex planes, respectively for working moldings. The illustration shows the use of hollows and rounds, in the molding of a panel door. They are made in pairs, and as many as eighteen pairs to a set.
 |
| Hollow and round work. |
Hol′low-ware.
Cast-iron culinary vessels, such as pots, kettles, skillets, etc.Ho-lom′e-ter.
An instrument for taking measurements. See meter.Hol′o-pho′tal light.
（Optics.) A name applied to such forms of lighting-apparatus for lighthouses as utilize the whole of the available light, by subjecting it all to the corrective action of the instrument; as, for instance, Thomas Stevenson's catadioptric light (which see).
Hol-o-ster′ic Ba-rom′e-ter.
One made of solid materials, so as to show variations of atmospheric pressure without the intervention of liquids. |
| Vertical hominy-mill. |
Hol′ster.
1. A leather case by the saddle-bow to hold a pistol. 2. A pistol-case carried on the person.Ho′ly-stone.
A large stone used with sand for scouring a ship's decks.Hom′i-ny-mill.
A machine in which shelled corn is subjected to a grating or beating action which removes the cuticle and the germ, and, by persistent and sufficiently energetic action may break the grain as small as may be wanted. The sizes are graded by sifting. |
| Horizontal Homing-mill. |
Hone.
A flat slab, usually of some description of slaty stone, used for giving a keen edge to a cutting-tool after sharpening on the grindstone. Various kinds, differing greatly in texture and hardness, are employed. Norway ragstone, water-of-Ayr, bluestone, German-hone, and many other varieties, have a more or less extended reputation for their adaptation to special requirements, being used either dry or moistened with water or with oil. The Turkey oil-stone, which comes from Asia Minor, is generally known, and is employed for imparting an edge to chisels, plane-bits, and all the finer varieties of cutting-tools. It is usually cemented in a slab of wood and provided with a wooden cover. The finest variety of stone suitable for hones is found in Arkansas, and is also known as Washita. The metallic hone is a small round bar of steel, with fine longitudinal striations. For use it is moistened with oil and sprinkled with rottenstone or other fine abradant. Fayrer's swing hone is a strip of brass pivoted at each end, so as to adjust itself to the edge of the razor. An abrading powder mixed with oil is applied upon one side, on which the razor is roughly sharpened, when the brass slip is turned and a keen edge imparted by the other side, moistened with a finer composition and oil. Artificial stones and emery-charged leather are also used as hones. See grinding and polishing.Hon′ey-comb.
A flaw in a casting. |
| Honey-strainer. |
Hon′ey-strain′er.
A device for separating the honey from the comb. In a common form the comb is cut up and placed in a tub or tray to allow the honey to drain from the broken cells. In other cases it is pressed. The example is an application of the centrifugal filter to this purpose. After the cap has been cut off the comb, it is placed in a wiregauze basket which is rapidly rotated. The honey is thrown out by centrifugal force. The drained combs are returned to the hives to be again filled with honey.Hon′i-ton-lace.
（Fabric.) A variety of lace made by placing a perforated pattern upon a pillow, and then so twisting and interweaving the thread by means of bobbins, pins, and spindles, as to produce the required pattern.
Hood.
1. (Mechanics.) A dome-shaped projection or canopy over a discharging or receiving orifice in a structure, as of a fireplace, chimney, or ventilator. A cowl over a chimney, ashore or aboard.
2. (Wear.) A soft covering which shrouds the head. Some are attached to a cloak. “With any that wears a hood.” “A cowled monk.”
3. (Vehicle.) A carriage-top which may be elevated or depressed.
4. (Hydraulic Engineering.) The capping of the piles of a starling. 5. The top of a pump. 6. The companion of a hatchway.
7. (Nautical.) a. A covering for a companionhatch, scuttle, chain-pump, or skylight. A cowl for the galley chimney. b. One of the foremost or aftermost planks of a strake. The hood-ends fit into the rabbets of the stem and stern posts.
8. (Saddlery.) The leathern shield in front of a wooden stirrup, which serves to protect the foot of the rider.
9. (Sporting.) The blinding cap on the head of a hawk to make him sit quietly on his perch. Said to have been invented by the Arabians. Falconry was an ancient custom in Tartary; Ctesias, contemporary of Alexander the Great, mentions that hares and foxes were hunted in India by falcons. Aristotle speaks of the practice in Thrace. It was common in Italy in the time of Martial. It attained its climax in Europe in the twelfth century.
Hood′ing-end.
（Shipbuilding.) The end of a hood or endmost plank of a complete strake. The hooding-ends fit into rabbets of the stem and stern posts.
Hood-mold′ing.
（Architecture.) A crownmolding. A head-molding.
Hood-quar′ter.
（Vehicle.) One of the side pieces of the back portion of a hood.
Hoof-pad.
（Menage.) A device attached to the hoof of a horse to keep the foot, or the shoe of the foot to which it is attached, from cutting the fellow foot or the fetlock. A device to prevent interfering.
Hoof-par′ing knife.
（Farriery.) A knife with a recurved blade, used for paring hoofs, to fit horseshoes thereon; the sharply curved portion enables the knife to act as a scorper in the fissures between the frog and sole. See g, Fig. 2545.
Hoof-spread′er.
（Farriery.) A device for expanding mechanically the hoof of a horse suffering from contraction of the foot.
Hook.
1. A curved piece of metal (usually) by which an object is caught or suspended. A tool having a shape similar to the foregoing. See under the following list: —| Axle-hook. | Cat-hook. |
| Bench-hook. | Chain-hook. |
| Bid-hook. | Check-hook. |
| Bill-hook. | Chimney-hook. |
| Bloom-hook. | Clasp-hook. |
| Boat-hook. | Clothes-line hook. |
| Boot-hook. | Clives. |
| Breast-hook. | Clove-hook. |
| Button-hook. | Coat-hook. |
| Cambrel. | Cotton-hook. |
| Can-hook. | Cottrel-hook. |
| Cant-hook. | Creeper. |
| Crochet-hook. | Hook-wrench. |
| Davit-fall hook. | Hose-hook. |
| Draft-hook. | Ice-hook. |
| Drag. | Laying-hook. |
| Dung-hook. | Match-hook. |
| Eccentric-hook. | Meat-hook. |
| Fall-block hook. | Mousing-hook. |
| Fire-hook. | Pad-hook. |
| Fish-hook. | Placenta-hook. |
| Flesh-hook. | Plank-hook. |
| Fore-hook. | Pot-hook. |
| Gab-hook. | Pruning-hook. |
| Gate-hook. | Pulley suspension-hook. |
| Grapple. | Rack-hook. |
| Grappling-hook. | Reaping-hook. |
| Gullet-hook. | Safety-hook. |
| Harness-snap. | Sewing-machine hook. |
| Hat-hook. | Shave-hook. |
| Heddle-hook. | Sheep-hook. |
| Hog-hook. | Shell-hook. |
| Hold-back hook. | Shutter-hook. |
| Hook and butt. | Sister-hook. |
| Hook and eye. | Snap-hook. |
| Hook-block. | Spring-hook. |
| Hook-bolt. | Suspension-hook. |
| Hook-butt. | Tackle-hook. |
| Hooked tool. | Tenaculum-hook. |
| Hooking-frame. | Tenter-hook. |
| Hook-motion. | Tow-hook. |
| Hook-rope. | Trace-hook. |
| Hook-scarf. | Wad-hook. |
| Hook. Sewing-machine | Watch-chain hook. |
| Hook-tool. |
 |
| Hooks. |
| Awning-hook. | Head-board hook (i). |
| Bird-cage hook. | Hook and eye (d). |
| Cabin-door hook. | Horse-hitching hook. |
| Clothes-hook (f a b c). | Lamp-hook. |
| Cotton-hook. | School-house hook. |
| Dressing-glass hook. | Screw-hook (h). |
| Harness-hook (j). | Wardrobe-hook (a b c). |
2. (Shipbuilding.) A knee or strengthening frame conforming to the inner shape of the vessel and supporting the bow or forward ends of the decks. See stem.
3. (Knitting-machine.) The barbed extremity of the needle, which retains the yarn. The beard.
Hook and butt.
A mode of scarfing timber so that the parts resist tensile strain to part them. A hook-scarf. See scarf.Hook and eye.
An ordinary fastening of ladies' dresses. Made of flattened wire and bent to form, as in the example. |
| Hook and eye. |
Hook-block.
A pulleyblock strapped with a hook, in contradistinction to one with an eye or a tail. See cut of Burton.Hook-bolt.
A bolt with a hook-head. Used on board ship to fasten lowerdeck ports.Hook-butt.
（Carpentry.) A mode of scarfing timber. See scarf.
Hooked-bolt.
One with a lip used to fasten boards on to a ship's frame or a wharf. |
| Hooked tools. |
Hooked-tool.
1. A marble-worker's chisel (a), the end bent to a right angle, and used in positions where the square chisel cannot be readily employed. 2. Wood-turning tools of the nature of scorpers (b c d e). 3. A bent iron rod (f) forming three sides of a square, one end being prolonged for a handle. Used in taking the twist out of a bar while forging. 4. A hoof-paring knife (g).Hook′er.
（Nautical.) A one-masted merchant vessel of the English and Dutch waters. A howker.
Hooke′s Gear′ing.
A kind of gearing in which the teeth are somewhat obliquely across the face of the wheel, so that the contact of each tooth commences at its foremost end and terminates at the aftermost end; the pitch of the spiral is such that the contact of one pair of teeth does not terminate until that of the next pair has commenced. Hooke's stepped gearing is of a somewhat similar design.Hooke′s joint.
A universal joint. A Gimbaljoint (which see).Hook′ing-frame.
A frame with hooks upon which cloth is measured and suspended, being folded back and forth until the required quantity is reached, when it is cut off and removed to be packed.Hook-mo′tion.
（Steam-engine.) A valve-gear having hooks for actuating and reversing.
Hook-rope.
（Nautical.) One six or eight fathoms long, with a hook and thimble spliced at one end and whipped at the other. It is used to drag chain and for similar purposes.
Hook-scarf.
（Carpentry.) A mode of fastening timbers together endways, so that they lock to each other. See scarf. [1116]
 |
| Hooking-frame. |
Hook-tool.
（Lathe.) a. A form of hand-tool used in metal turning, which is of a hook shape, and is supported on a rest below and beyond which it extends. A hanging-tool (which see). b. A wood-turning tool having a bent portion used for bottoming boxes, or lids, or other hollow work. See Fig. 2545.
Hook-wrench.
A form of spanner which has a bent end adapted to grasp a nut or coupling piece and turn it. See Fig. 2545.Hoop.
1. (Coopering.) A strip of metal or wood united at the ends and driven around a cask to hold the staves together. Hoops for casks are known as: — Bulge-hoop; the hoop nearest the swell of a cask. Chine or chime hoop; or head-hoop; the hoop nearer to the end or chine. Flat-hoop; a thin hoop; flat on both sides. Half-round hoop; a hoop whose outside is the undressed exterior of the pole. Quarter-hoop; an intermediate hoop between the bulge and chine. Truss-hoop; a stout hoop of wood, used before or preliminary to the final hooping.
2. (Nautical.) a. One of the rings to which the weather-leach of a fore-and-aft sail is bent, and by which it slides on the mast or stay as the sail is hoisted or lowered. A hank. b. A band on a wooden anchor stock.
 |
| Grinding-mill. |
3. (Milling.) a. The enclosing case of a run of stones. It stands on the husk. a is the runner, b the bed-stone. b. A metallic band around a mill-stone. 4. A strap around an eccentric.
5. (Apparel.) a. A thin strip (usually of steel and covered with braid), used in expanding the skirts of ladies' dresses. b. A frame made of pliable, steel, braid-covered hoops, united by vertical tapes and adapted to expand the skirt of a lady's dress. Frames of similar shape but differently constructed were in use in the time of Pope and of Queen Bess.
Hoop-bend′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for curving hoops; generally consisting of a set of three rollers between which the hoop is passed, the upper roller acting against and between the two lower ones, and having its lower surface depressed below the upper line of the two lower ones.
Hoop-coil′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine by which split, sawn, or cut hoop-stuff for barrels is wound upon a drum so as to be secured in a coiled condition for shipment and use.
Hoop-cramp.
（Coopering.) A ring-clutch for holding the ends of a hoop which are lapped over each other.
Hoop-crimp′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) One for giving the bend to hoop-stuff to render the hoops tractable in fitting to barrels and casks.
 |
| Hoop-cutting machine. |
Hoop-cut′ting ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) One for cutting from the log or from the edge of a board a slat for a hoop. When made from the log, the latter is rotated between each cut, and the knife makes an incision a depth equal to the width of the hoop, which is removed by another cutter. In cutting from a board, a reciprocating knife C cuts hoops from the edge of a plank resting on a table which is alternately raised and lowered by a cam i to impart an edgewise taper or bevel to the hoops.
Hoop-dress′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for dressing rived hoops to an even thickness. In the example, the hoops are dressed by means of a revolving cutter-wheel, in connection with a guide-block and pressure and feed roller. The lower part of the figure shows the operation more in detail, the hoop passing between the rotary cutter B and the head-block H. L is the feed-roller.
Hoop-driv′er.
（Coopering.) a. A hand-tool which is rested on the edge of the hoop and beaten by a hammer or mallet to force the hoop on to the cask. b. A machine by which the hoops are forced on simultaneously. [1117]
 |
| Hoop-dresser. |
 |
| Hoop-driving machine. |
Hoop′ing.
（Founding.) The iron-work around a molding-box.
Hoop-iron.
Flat, thin bar-iron.Hoop-lock.
1. (Coopering.) a. A mode of connecting the ends of the split pole or slat which forms a hoop. b. One of the interlocking notches near the ends of a barrel-hoop. Machines are made for cutting hoop-locks, having descending cutters shaped to the curved form of the notch required. 2. A fastening for the ends of hoops; used in baling hay or cotton. See bale-tie.
Hoop-plan′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for thinning down and dressing the surface or surfaces of hoop-pole stuff, or of stuff sawed or cut for hoops. See hoop-dressing machine.
 |
| Hoop-riving machine. |
Hoop-punch′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for punching rivet-holes in iron hoops for casks.
Hoop-rack′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) One for forcibly bending rived hoops to make them tractable in placing them around casks.Hoop-riv′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine in which the bar of wood to be rived is sawed out of a proper width for the hoop required, and the end checked by a gang of circular saws. The end is then placed between the guiding friction wheels and advanced to the groove of the wheel, where it is seized by the bite of the upper pressure disk, and passing along is deflected upwards by another wheel emerging from between the latter wheel and the upper disk in a riven condition.
Hoop-saw′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) a. A machine in which gaged stuff is fed to a gang of circular saws and reduced to dimensions for making hoops. In the example, the saw-shaft has journal bearing either above or below the guide-rollers. The guide-rollers are kept in their journals by pins traversing the upwardly projecting sides of the said journals. b. A machine which removes, by successive actions, a thin strip for the edge of a board. |
| Hoop-sawing machine. |
 |
| Hoop-skirt. |
Hoopshav′ing Machine′.
（Coopering.) One for reducing the thickness of hoop stuff, and dressing the edge which lies against the cask. See Hoopdressing machine. [1118]
Hoop-skirt.
The fardingale of the time of Queen Elizabeth. See also the “Tatler,” January 5, 1710. The modern hoop-skirt is formed of braid-covered flat steel-wire hoops, united by tapes and shaped upon a former. Various ingenious devices are adopted for making, tempering, covering, marking, and sizing the wire, for clasping the spangles which unite the tapes and wires at their intersections.Hoop Splay′ing and Bend′ing ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine for spreading hoop-iron on one side so as to enable it to set snugly on the bilge, and at the same time bending the hoop to the curve of the cask.Hoop-split′ting ma-chine′.
（Coopering.) A machine to rive hoops from stuff properly prepared. See hoop-riving machine.
Hop-back.
（Brewing.) The vessel beneath the copper which receives the infusion of malt and hops, and has a perforated bottom which strains off the hops from the unfermented beer.
 |
| Hop-dyer. |
Hop-dry′er.
A chamber in which hops are artificially dried. In the example, a tilting dryingframe runs on a track extending through the drying and store rooms, so that the hops, after drying above the furnace in the former room, may be deposited in the latter. Also called an oast, or hop-kiln.Hop-frame.
（Agriculture.) A trellis on which hops are supported while growing. Hops are usually grown on poles, which are pulled out of the ground and laid across trestles for the convenience of the hop-pickers. Hop-frames are some of them made to recline to bring them within reach of the pickers.
Hop′per.
1. (Machinery.) A chute for feeding any material to a machine. It is generally of an inverted frustal shape, as in brick-machines for feeding clay to the pug-mill; in winnowing-machines, for feeding the grain and chaff to the upper riddle; in grinding-mills, for feeding grain to the stones. Its name is derived from the latter, as it used to be shaken by a damsel (projection) on the spindle, in order to keep the grain fed down into the throat. It now feeds the grain into a shaking shoe, which is agitated by the damsel. See grinding-mill. The term is also applied to the reservoir which contains the grain in seeding-machines, planters, drills, etc. The term is also applied to a feeder, such as the fuel reservoir of a stove. The holder of blanks in a machine, as the screw-blanks in a screw-cutting machine. The planchets in a coining-machine, eyelets or spangles in machines using those articles, and many others too numerous to mention. 2. The basin of a water-closet.
3. (Glass.) A conical vessel suspended from the ceiling, containing sand and water for the use of the glass-cutter.
4. (Music.) A jointed, upright piece attached to the back of a key in a piano-forte movement, to lift the hammer, instead of the stiff wire or lifter used formerly. It is an arrangement for allowing the key to impel the hammer and then escape from it, so that the hammer is free to fall away from the string immediately. It is a feature of the double-action piano-forte movement. See piano-Forte.
Hop′per-boy.
A device in a grinding-mill, consisting of a revolving rake drawing the meal over a discharge opening in the floor. Invented by Oliver Evans. |
| Hopper-cock. |
Hop′per-cock.
A valve for water-closets, etc. In the example, pressure on the seat depresses the stem E with its valve, allowing the water to pass through and out of the opposite eduction opening. When the pressure is relieved the weight N on the lever M attached to the rod E lifts the valve again into its seat. |
| Hop-picker. |
Hop-pick′--er.
（Husbandry.) A machine for picking hops. The branches are stripped from the vines and passed into the machine between [1119] the feed-rollers, when they encounter the teeth of the picker, which detach the hops from the vines and pass both through the trough into the screen, wherefrom the hops drop into the shaker, whence they are conveyed by the elevator to sacks. The figures are respectively a side elevation and longitudinal vertical section.
Hop′ple.
（Menage.) A device for confining the legs of horses so as to hamper their motion and thus restrain their wandering. A hobble. The devices are principally modes for shortening their step and thus reducing their speed, as well as lessening their inducement to stray, owing to the inconvenience of motion and unaccustomed restraint. a is one intended for training. The pads are strapped around the pastern and above the knee respectively, and are connected to each other by a rubber band rove through a staple on the upper pad, and regulated as to length by the buckles on the lower pad. b is Captain Eagle's hopple, in which the coupling-strap ring moves in staples in the fetlock straps, and does not tend to rotate the latter and thus gall the limb. c has coupling-loops which divide the abrasive motion between them. d has a strap which slips through the ring instead of turning the leg-band.
 |
| Hopples. |
Hop-pole.
（Husbandry.) A training-pole for hops. It consists of little but a simple sapling or trunk of one of the lighter trees, the wood depending upon the means and kinds at hand.
Hop-press.
（Browing.) A machine for expressing the liquid from hops after boiling. In the press shown, a rapid rotation of the screw in the early part of the operation is obtained through the bevel gear K M by turning the hand-wheel. When the resistance becomes great, the hand-wheel is thrown out of gear and a worm-wheel connected, which by turning cranks R gives a slow but powerful impulse to the screw.
Ho-ri′zon, Ar-ti-ficial.
（Optics.) A rectangular
 |
| Hop-press. |
 |
| Lane's artificial horizon. |
Ho-ri′zon-glasses.
（Optics.) The two speculums on one of the radii of a quadrant or sextant. The one half of the fore horizon-glass is silvered, while the other half is transparent, in order that an object may be seen directly through it. The back horizon-glass is silvered above and below, but has a transparent stripe across the middle, through which the horizon can be seen.
Hor-i-zontal Di′al.
One with a plane parallel to the horizon, having its gnomon elevated according to the latitude of the place. |
| Sellers's horizontal drill. |
Hor-i-zon′tal drill.
（Machinery.) A boringmachine whose drill-arbor works horizontally and parallel with the bed to which the work is dogged. It has variable feed and quick hand traverse to boringspindle, arranged so as to be changed instantly from one to the other; compound tables arranged to move vertically, with horizontal movement at right angles and parallel to drilling-spindle; the arbor which carries the drilling-spindle is arranged with face-plates, so that the machine can be used as a face-lathe.
Hor-i-zon′tal es-cape′ment.
One in which the impulse is given by the teeth of a horizontal wheel acting on a hollow cylinder on the axis of the balance. It was invented by Graham, about 1700. The diagram shows the action, the cylinder being represented in two positions at different portions of its oscillation. The pallets a b c on the wheel rest alternately on the inside and the outside of the cylinder, their beveled edges sliding against the edges of the cylinder, to communicate an impulse thereto. It is a dead-beat escapement. There is considerable friction. The parts are delicate and hard to repair. The cylinder has been made of a ruby, but at great expense. |
| Horizontal escapement. |
Hor-i-zon′--tal lathe.
A vertical turning and boring machine. The one illustrated is set up in the Boston Navy-Yard, and is, perhaps, the largest in use, being of such a size that a monitor turret can be turned in it entire. The work-table, instead of traveling in slides, is circular, and revolves like a face-plate on a vertical axis. The tools are held in heads on a cross-slide, which is fitted to two uprights resting on checkpieces bolted to the main casting or foundationpiece. On the under side of the revolving table is a bevelgear driven by a pinion, which may be backed out of gear by means of a hand-wheel on a thread on the horizontal shaft. The hub of this pinion, being slightly larger in diameter than the pinion itself, is used as a journal, by means of which the pinion is caused to revolve with great steadiness, and when out of gear the pinion is within the pillow-block. This is required when a quick motion is given to the table by means of a pair of miter-gears, one of which is attached to the lower end of the table-bearing. One of the heads on the cross-slide is fitted for drilling, the spindle being 4 1/3 inches diameter, with a travel of 18 inches, independent of the cross-slide. This drill-spindle is driven by means of miter-gears and shafting from a cone placed on the top of the upper cross-brace. The revolving table is driven by means of a 6-inch belt running on a 5-speeded cone, the smallest pulley of which is 17 inches diameter, the largest 34 inches, strongly back-geared in such manner as to allow 20 different speeds. The conical bearing of the revolving table is lined with Babbitt metal. By placing the uprights with cross-slide near the revolving table, the drill may be placed at any point within the surface of a diameter of 12 feet; while in the same position the other head may be used for the purpose of boring, facing, or turning anything of the same size. By moving back the uprights near the ends of the cheek-pieces the machine is capable of boring, facing, or turning anything up to 24 feet diameter. The main casting, in which the table revolves, is 10 feet 4 inches square by 24 inches deep, except at the center, where a projection receives the lower end of the bearing; at this point it is 9 1/2 inches deeper. This casting weighs 26,000 pounds; weight of circular table, 13,000; weight of the cheek-pieces on which the uprights move, 14,000 pounds each. These pieces are 21 feet long, 24 inches high, 3 inches wide; the cross-slide 15 feet long, 33 inches high, deepest part of arched back 22 inches. This is cast hollow. The two uprights are connected at their upper ends by means of a cross-brace 11 feet 4 inches long by 36 inches deep. The tool-holder slide weighs 1,000 pounds, and is fitted with rack and pinion for quick movements, and screw for self-feed. The cross-slide is raised or lowered by means of screws and wormwheel driven by power. The uprights, with the [1121] cross-slide, may also be moved to and fro on the check-pieces by means of power applied to screws working in nuts at their lower ends. |
| Horizontal lathe. |
Hor-i-zon′tal mill.
A mill in which the acting surfaces are in a horizontal plane at right angles to the vertical axis of the rotating stone or stones. The term is in contradistinction to the edge-mill, otherwise known as the Chilian mill. Arrastras, amalgamating-pans, and grain-grinding mills are instances of the horizontal mill. See list under mill.Hor-i-zon′tal Steamengine.
（Steam.) One the axis of whose cylinder is horizontal. A very usual form in factories, mills, and Western steamboats.
Hor-i-zon′tal Wa′--ter-wheel.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) a. One running on a vertical axis, as do the turbines generally. The term is, however, specifically applied to a wheel having radial floats upon which a stream of water is dashed, usually from a considerable elevation. The floats may be set spirally, so as the better to receive the impact of the water.
 |
| Horizontal water-wheel. |
Horn.
1. A hard projection from the heads of certain animals, cattle, sheep, and goats. Mechanically and chemically speaking, the horns of these animals must not be confounded with the antlers of the various species of deer, which are more nearly allied to bone and ivory. The finer varieties of horn have but 2 or 3 per cent of earthy matter, while bones have over 50 per cent. If we seek for other articles nearly allied to true horn, we shall find them in tortoise-shell, hoofs, claws, nails, quills, whalebone. The bony core of the horn being removed, the next process is to cut off with a saw the tip of the horn, that is, the whole of its solid part, which is used by the cutlers for knife-handles, is turned into buttons, and is applied to sundry other purposes. The remainder of the horn is left entire or is sawn across into lengths, according to the use to which it is destined. Next, it is immersed in boiling water for half an hour, by which it is softened; and while hot is held in the flame of a coal or wood fire, taking care to bring the inside as well as the outside of the horn, if from an old animal, in contact with the blaze. It is kept here till it acquires the temperature of melting lead or thereabouts, and in consequence becomes very soft. In this state it is slit lengthwise by a strong pointed knife like a pruningknife, and by means of two pairs of pincers, applied [1122] |
| Horns. |
2. (Music.) A wind instrument of metal, of which many elegant and excellent instruments may be considered as varieties. The name (horn) suggests the article first used for the purpose: —
| Bugle. | Key-bugle. |
| Clavicor. | Ophicleide. |
| Cornet. | Post-horn. |
| Cornopean. | Sarrusophone. |
| Duplex-pelitti. | Saxhorn. |
| French-horn. | Saxophone. |
| Helicon. | Trombone. |
| Hunting-horn. | Trumpet. |
| Kent-bugle. | Tuba. |
| Soprano. | Bass. |
| Contralto. | Double-bass, or |
| Tenor. | Contra-bass, etc. |
| Baritone. |
| E-flat. | B-flat, etc. |
| a Sarrusophone. | g Clavicor. |
| b Saxophone. | h Trombone. |
| c Duplex pelitti. | i Trumpet. |
| d d cornets à pistons. | j Ophicleide. |
| e Helicon à pistons. | k Hunting-horn. |
| f f f Saxhorns. | l Post-horn. |
3. (Mechanics.) A projecting portion of an object.
4. (Saddlery.) a. The high pommel of a Spanish or half-Spanish saddle. Sometimes made of born. b. The projections on the forward part of a woman's saddle, between which the right leg is placed. The inside one is the small-horn, the outer the large-horn.
5. (Forging.) The beak of an anvil around which objects are bent.
6. (Nautical.) a. The arm of a cleat or kevel. b. One member of the jaw of a boom.
7. (Mining.) A spoon or scoop of horn, in which washings are tested in prospecting.
8. (Milling.) One of the points of a driver, on the summit of a millstone spindle, and which project into the coffins of the runner to convey the motion of the spindle thereto. 9. One of the prongs or crutches of an elevating screw or jack. 10. A curved projection on the forepart of a plane. 11. A powder-flask, of horn.
Horn, Ar-ti-fi′cial.
a. An artificial horn for lanterns was made some 70 years since in France, consisting of brass gauze dipped repeatedly in dissolved isinglass and varnished. b. Gelatine from bones, tanned by the ordinary process. It is used for the same purposes as horn or tortoise-shell. It is softened by boiling in a solution of potash, when it may be pressed into shape and dried between molds. It may be inlaid while in the soft state, and stained or striped to resemble fancy woods. c. Caoutchouc, sulphur, gutta-percha, vulcanized by heat; gypsum, resin, or lead may be added, or matter for coloring. d. Take linseed-oil 10 pounds, protochloride of sulphur 1 pound, bisulphide of carbon 3 pounds. Of the product take 10 pounds; asphaltum, 4 pounds; flowers of sulphur, 2 pounds; crude guttapercha, 4 pounds. Put in heater and raise temperature to 300° to 350° F. e. Horn as a substitute for whalebone: — Boil ox-horns in water, then in oil, press while hot, and cut into shape by circular saws. f. Towers's patent. Rawhide is dipped in melted sulphur, and molded while in a heated condition. See also Pyronyline ; ivory, artificial.Horn-book.
A primer of the fifteenth century. The alphabet, vowels, and Lord's Prayer were printed on a slip of paper, which was covered with a thin layer of horn to keep it from being torn.Horn-card.
A graduated drafting scale or protractor, made of horn.Horn-drum.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) A water-raising wheel divided into sections by curved partitions. It resembles one form of Tympanium (which see).
Horn-lead.
（Mining.) Native chloride of lead. So called from its consistence.
Horn-mer′cu-ry.
See horn-quicksilver.Horn′pipe.
（Music.) A Welsh wind-instrument, having a wooden pipe with holes at intervals, and a horn at each end.
Horn-plate.
（Railroad-engineering.) The axleguard or vertical frame in which an axle-box slides up and down as the springs dilate and contract. A pedestal.
Horn-quick′sil-ver.
（Mining.) Native bichloride of mercury or calomel.
Horns.
（Mining.) The guides for the ropes on the drum.
Horn-sil′ver.
（Mining.) Native chloride of silver. So called from its conduct under the cuttingtool. Fused chloride of silver.
Horn-tip.
（Husbandry.) A button or knob placed on the end of the horn of an animal of the cow kind. It is usually put on to render the horn less dangerous, sometimes for ornament.
Horn-work.
（Fortification.) A work consisting of two half-bastions and a curtain, with two long sides called wings, which connect it with the main work, by which it is commanded.
 |
| Horn-work. |
Hor′o-loge.
A timepiece; a clock or watch. See next article.Hor′o-log′ic-al In′stru-ments.
Time-measurers. See —| Alarm-clock. | Electric clock. |
| Alarm-watch. | Electric pendulum. |
| Astronomical clock. | Electric time-ball. |
| Balance. | Electro-magnetic clock. |
| Barrel. | Equation-watch. |
| Calendar-clock. | Escapement. |
| Cannon-clock. | Fusee. |
| Case-winding watch. | Flying-pinion. |
| Center-seconds watch. | Globe-clock. |
| Chime-barrel. | Gnomon. |
| Chronograph. | Going-barrel. |
| Chronometer. | Going-wheel. |
| Clepsydra. | Gridiron-pendulum. |
| Clock. | Hair-spring. |
| Clock-movement. | Half-minute glass. |
| Clock-pillar. | Hammer. |
| Compensation-balance. | Hammer-tail spring. |
| Compensation-pendulum. | Hand. |
| Count-wheel. | Hawk's bill. |
| Cuckoo-clock. | Heliotrope. |
| Curb-pins. | Hour-glass. |
| Dial. | Hunter-watch. |
| Dial-work. | Hydraulic clock. |
| Ding-dong. | Hydroscope. |
| Illuminating-clock. | Repeating-watch. |
| Independent seconds' watch. | Rolling-pendulum. |
| Sand-glass. | |
| Jewel. Watch | Sidereal clock. |
| Lepine-watch. | Snail. |
| Lid-winding watch. | Solar-chronometer. |
| Lifting-piece. | Star-wheel. |
| Log-glass. | Stem-winding watch. |
| Mainspring. | Stop-watch. |
| Micronometer. | Stop-work. |
| Minute-glass. | Strike or silent. |
| Minute-hand. | Sun-dial. |
| Minute-jack. | Telegraph-clock. |
| Motion. | Time-ball. |
| Movement. | Time-piece. |
| Musical clock. | Train. |
| Panto-chronometer. | Turret-clock. |
| Pendant. | Verge. |
| Pendant-winding watch. | Warning-piece. |
| Pendulum. | Watch. |
| Polar-clock. | Watch-alarm. |
| Polar-dial. | Watch-case. |
| Potence. | Watch-clock. |
| Prill-piece. | Watchmaker's files. |
| Rack. | Watch-regulator. |
| Rack-hook. | Watch-screw. |
| Rack-tail. | Watch-spring. |
| Regulator. | Water-clock. |
Ho-rom′e-ter.
An instrument for measuring time, as a clepsydra, clock, dial, watch. See previous article.Hor′o-scope.
A species of planisphere invented by Jean Paduanus. See planisphere.Horse.
1. (Nautical.) a. A foot-rope attached by stirrups beneath a yard for the seamen to stand on in reefing. A foot-rope. b. A breast-rope in the chains to secure the leadsman. c. An iron bar across a boat for a stay-sail sheet or boom-sheet to travel on. d. A rope reaching from the knight-head to the upper part of the bowsprit-cap, for the safety of the men walking out upon the bowsprit in rough weather. 2. A wooden bar or frame with legs, used for supporting something. As a clothes-horse for clothes; a saw-horse for a board or timber while being sawed; a frame to hold a saddle; a trestle for joiner-work to rest upon while being keyed up. A shaving-horse is a beam supported by legs, and having a jaw which is closed by the pressure of the feet against the treadle below, and is thereby caused to hold a shingle, axe-handle, spoke, or other article while being shaved by a drawing-knife.
3. (Leather.) The trestle or sloping board of the currier on which he spreads his skins while currying.
4. (Printing.) A slanting board at the end of the bank or table, to hold a supply of paper for a press.
5. (Mining.) A mass of earthy matter intervening between the branches of a vein of ore or coal. The vein straddling on each side of the non-metalliferous rock is said to take horse.
6. (Hydraulic Engineering.) That on which the mooring of a flying-bridge rides and traverses, and which consists of two masts with horizontal beams at their heads. 7. A hook-shaped tool used for hammered or raised work. 8. A vaulting-block in a gymnasium.
Horse-ar-til′ler-y.
Flying artillery. Gunners mounted on horseback and on the limber.Horse-boat.
A ferry-boat moved by horses. The horse-power may be applied to paddles or to a rope stretching across the stream.Horse-box.
（Railway.) The English term for a horse-car used in shipping gentlemen's horses between town and country as the seasons come and go; sending hunters on to the meet that they may be fresh for a start; forwarding animals to exhibitions, to market, etc.
Horse-brush.
（Menage.) One for grooming horses. Such are usually elliptical in shape, but have been made long and flexible with a handle at each end to lap around the legs.
Horse-cap′stan.
A whim. A capstan worked by horses for raising ore, water, etc. |
| Clipping-tool. |
Horse-clip′ping tool.
A form of shears in which a pair of serrated knives reciprocate over each other, cutting off the hairs, which are cut as they come between the teeth.Horse-col′lar.
A roll of leather stuffed with straw, husk, or sponge, and placed around the neck of a horse and against the shoulder, to pull by. It has two creases to hold the hame. See collar, 4.Horse ferry-boat.
One in which paddles or a rope reaching across the river are worked by a horse on board the boat.Horse-gear.
The English term for the horsepower, applied to thrashing-machines, pumps, etc. See horse-power.Horse-hair.
The hair of the manes and tails of horses, used in making haircloth, etc. See haircloth.Horse hay-fork.
See fork ; hay-fork.Horse-hoe.
The English name for the cultivator for crops in rows. See hoeing-machine.Horse-hitch′ing hook.
（Menage.) A snaphook on a short chain or strap attacked to a post or wall. The hook is snapped into the bit-ring, and the arrangement saves the trouble of carrying a hitch-strap.
Horse-hold′er.
（Menage.) A stocks or slinging frame for unruly horses while shoeing, or for sick or disabled horses.
 |
| Horse-holder. |
Horse-i′ron.
（Shipwrighting.) A calking-iron of large size. A making-iron.Horse-lit′ter.
（Vehicle.) A palanquin or stretcher resting on poles and borne by two horses. [1125]
Horse-mill.
A mill turned by a horse. See grinding-mill ; mill.Horse-nail.
A nail with a thick, strong head; used in securing shoes to the feet of horses. See horse-shoe nails.Horse-path.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) The towing-path of a canal.
Horse-pow′er.
1. The measure of a steam-engine's power, as originally settled by James Watt. A lifting power equal to 33,000 pounds raised one foot high per minute. This was taken by Mr. Watt as the average power exerted by a mill-horse traveling at the rate of 2 1/2 miles an hour (or 220 feet a minute), and raising a weight of 150 pounds by a rope passing over a palley. When a steam-engine is declared to be of such or such a horse-power, the expression must be understood in a qualified sense. Thus it is assumed that the furnace is worked in a certain average manner, and that a proportional evaporation takes place in the boiler. An engine whose nominal power is that of 100 horses may, by urging the furnace in an extraordinary manner, be made to produce an effect much greater than that of its nominal power; or, on the other hand, by keeping the furnace low, it may be, and frequently is, worked considerably under its nominal power. For every horse-power which the engine is expected to exert, a power of evaporating one cubic foot of water per hour is provided in the boiler. For the consumption of the fuel necessary to produce this effect, one square foot of grate surface per horse-power is provided. The boiler requires 15 to 18 square feet of heating surface per horse-power. These are average estimates, the Cornish boiler and the locomotive-boiler being the extremes at each end of the scale. Many circumstances of arrangement, the perfection with which the fuel is burned, the draft, mode of feeding, character of coal, etc., modify these results. The power of water-wheels, etc., is expressed in horse-power. Mr. Tredgold compiled a table showing the maximum quantity of labor that a horse of average strength is capable of performing at different velocities, in drawing boats on canals, and carriages on railways and turnpike-roads respectively: —| Velocity in Miles per Hour. | Duration in Hours of the Day's Work at preceding Velocity. | Force of Traction in Pounds. | Useful Effect of One Horse working One Day in Tons drawn One Mile. | ||
| On a Canal. | On a level Railway. | On a level Turnpike. | |||
| 2 1/2 | 11 1/2 | 83 1/3 | 520 | 115 | 14 |
| 3 | 8 | 83 1/3 | 243 | 92 | 12 |
| 3 1/2 | 5 9/10 | 83 1/3 | 153 | 82 | 10 |
| 4 | 4 1/2 | 83 1/3 | 102 | 72 | 9 |
| 5 | 2 9/10 | 83 1/3 | 52 | 57 | 7.2 |
| 6 | 2 | 83 1/3 | 30 | 48 | 6 |
| 7 | 1 1/2 | 83 1/3 | 19 | 41 | 5.1 |
| 8 | 1 1/8 | 83 1/3 | 12.8 | 36 | 4.5 |
| 9 | 9/10 | 83 1/3 | 9 | 32 | 4 |
| 10 | 3/4 | 83 1/3 | 6.6 | 28.8 | 3.6 |
 |
| Horse-powers. |
 |
| Horse-powers. |
 |
| English horse-power. |
Horse-rail′road.
A railroad for city or suburban use, whose cars are drawn by horses. The first railroads were in mines, and for carrying [1127] coal to the seaboard. These are yet, many of them, worked by horse-power. See Railway ; Streetrailway ; locomotive. |
| Mounted horse-power. |
Horse-rake.
A hay or stubble rake drawn by horse-power. See rake ; hay-rake. |
| Horse-run. |
Horse-run.
A device for drawing loaded wheelbarrows up an inclined plane in making excavations. It consists of a rope passing over two pulleys. The horse is hitched to the full and the wheelbarrow hooked to the other end of the rope.Horse′shoe.
1. (Menage.) Horses were not shod in Egypt, Assyria, or Palestine. The latter country was supplied with horses by the Egyptians. Solomon paid 150 shekels of silver, equal in value to $75, for each horse. This was a high price, the difference in relative value of the shekel and a given weight of wheat, meat, or other necessary, being considered. Isaiah speaks of horses whose “hoofs shall be counted like flint,” — a valuable quality where they were shoeless. The Syrians and Hittites were supplied with Egyptian horses by Solomon, who turned an honest penny by this means. Aristotle and Pliny mention the covering of horse's feet in stony places to protect the hoof from breakage and wear, but it is probable that such
 |
| Japanese horseshoe. |
 |
| Horseshoes. |
| a represents an early Arabian shoe. | f, an old English shoe. |
| g, a racing-plate. | |
| b, an Arabian shoe of modern date. | h, a tip-shoe. |
| i, a three-quarter shoe. | |
| c, a Moorish shoe. | j, a jointed shoe. |
| d, a Persian shoe. | k, a screw-shoe. |
| e, a Portuguese shoe. | l, a calked shoe. |
 |
| Horseshoes. |
2. (Lathe.) A movable support for varying the gearing and the velocity of the screw which moves the slide.
 |
| Wilkinson's anvil. |
 |
| Calk-swaging anvil. |
Horse′shoe-an′vil.
One which corresponds in shape and size to the hoof of a horse, and has shanks which permit its adjustment in the socket-hole of the anvil, in either a natural or a reversed position. It affords a means of making and fitting the bands and clasps by which the removable horseshoes are attached, in place of nails. The calk-swaging anvil has a groove across its face, in which a bar of metal is swaged to the level of the plane surface of the anvil, thereby acquiring a triangular shape in cross-section, and forming a rod from which sharpened calks may be cut. See anvil, pp. 121, 122.Horse′shoe-clamp.
（Shipbuilding.) An iron strap by which the gripe and fore-foot are attached. See stem.
Horse′shoe-ma-chine′.
A machine in which bar-iron is converted into horseshoe blanks or horseshoes. Burden of Troy, New York, patented a machine for this purpose in November, 1835, which had segmental reciprocating dies to shape a straight blank by giving it the requisite thicknesses at the respective parts, and the creases for the nail-heads. The piece rested on a rocking anvil-bed. His patent of September 10, 1843, described a reciprocating rectilinear movement, cutting off from a heated rod a straight blank and impressing by dies, which made the fullering and nail-holes. His patent of June 20, 1857, was reissued June 3, 1865, and extended in 1871. In it the motions are rotary and continuous. The red-hot bar is introduced at the side of the machine, and a sufficient piece cut off by a descending cutter. It passes between guides to a stop, and is held in place till a bending-piece on a roller comes against it and carries it along. This piece corresponds to the inner shape of the shoe, and with this as a former the blank is carried past a series of dies which press it to shape, thinning the inner edge, thickening the heels, pinching in the heels, making the creases by dies and the nail-holes by punches, in succession. After flattening, the shoe is dropped from the machine. Other forms of machines have circular beds, carrying formers which pass the blank between dies which act successively upon the edges and face to give the required proportions and contour, as well as the creases and nail-holes. Another form punches the heated blank between a center former and two posts, while top rollers shape it vertically and side rollers lap the heels around the receding portion of the former, which acts as a die. In another, the bar is fed in between the shears until it butts against the adjustable gage-plate. Being severed by the shears, the bender advances and drives it between a pair of rollers, giving it a proximate horseshoe shape. The heels of the shoe fall into a depression, and as the bender retires the shoe is drawn from it. The creasing and nail punch are on an oscillating lever, and the latter acts upon and in conjunction with a lower lever, which perfects the perforation. In one rotary form of machine, the former which carries the blank is rotated first between two friction rollers placed on and under a stationary bridge, then under a reducing-roll, a guide-roll, finishing bending device, and hammering-rolls, the shoe being discharged by a pin thrown up by a cam.Horse′shoe-mag′net.
An artificial iron magnet of a horseshoe form.Horse′shoe-nail.
A nail made of superior soft iron and used to fasten on horseshoes. It has a fat pointed tang, and a relatively heavy countersunk head. See nail. Lengths of horseshoe nails: —| No. 5 | 1 1/2 inches. | No. 8 | 2 inches. |
| No. 6 | 1 3/4 inches. | No. 9 | 2 1/4 inches. |
| No. 7 | 1 7/8 inches. | No. 10 | 2 1/2 inches. |
Horse′shoe nail-ma-chine′.
One in which rods of iron are shaped into nails for the purpose stated. In one form of this machine, the nail-rod is fed downward through a heating furnace in front of a stationary anvil by means of a cam geared to make one movement. As each finished nail is cut off at right angles to the face of this anvil, two sliding hammers, having faces of the contour the reverse of the sides of the finished nail, are forced against the sides of the blank simultaneously by means of [1130] springs; a third hammer works perpendicularly to the face of the anvil, alternately with the other two, by which the nail is forged. When the nail has been sufficiently hammered, it is cut off by a knife moved against it at the top of the anvil by a cam. In another, the nails are made directly from the rod by a continuous operation, the blank from which the nail is to be made being first cut from the rod and then passed successively through a series of revolving dies operating in pairs, by which it is gradually drawn down and finished.Horse′shoe-rack.
（Nautical.) A sweep curving from the bitt-heads abaft the mainmast carrying a set of nine-pin swivel-blocks, as the fair-leaders of the light running-gear, halliards, etc.
Horse-tail.
1. Dutch rush, used for scouring. 2. A Turkish standard, the number indicating the rank of a commander.Hors′ing-block.
A frame to raise the ends of wheeling-planks in excavating.Hors′ing-i′ron.
（Nautical.) A calker's chisel attached to a withy handle, and used with a beetle in driving oakum into a vessel's seams.
Hors′ing-up.
（Shipwrighting.) The final driving of oakum into the seams between the planking of ships. See making-iron.
Hose.
1. Flexible tubing, usually for the conveyance of water, especially for fire-engine service. Smaller hose is used for street-watering, for gas service with drop-lights, for acoustic instruments, stems of hubble-bubbles, hookahs, etc. Various are the materials: — Fabric covered with leather. Wire, cement, and intestine. Paper saturated with paraffine. Fabric saturated with carbolic acid and copper salts. Woven tubes of fibrous material saturated with caoutchoac; or treated with corrosive sublimate, chloride of lime, pyrolignite of iron, resinous materials. Fabric coated or lined with caoutchouc or guttapercha in solution. Leathern hose, treated with beeswax, linseed-oil, and pitch. Rings or spiral twist of hard-rubber, in or outside of hose, and vulcanized all together. Internal and external rubber tubes; intervening concentric, seamless tube, woven or braided; all vulcanized together. India-rubber or gutta-percha tube, around which is woven or braided a netting of cord, yarn, or wire. Hose is made by longitudinal extension through dies, or of a seamless fabric by knitting or braiding, by winding in spiral slips, or by lapping around a mandrel as long as the sections, which are afterwards coated. Different materials require various treatment. Another mode of making hose is by feeding a tube of fabric, leather, or other material, through systems of revolving bobbins, which braid upon the tube a cord or twine covering. See Fig. 2584. Fig. 2578 shows a number of kinds of hose, the differences being in the modes of winding, joining, material, character, and succession of the folds, etc. a is a flexible hose of woven and lapped tubes and water-proof linings. b is a similar hose with the waterproof material as a coating. c is a flexible pipe made of woven fabric with a water-proof lining, and riveted. d, a tube of rubber or gutta-percha, or of fabric coated with the gums, closely wound with twine. e, a hose made of two or more concentric seamless tubes of fiber, the inner one lined with caoutchouc. f has a cemented strip over the seam. g is stitched through and through with several rows, and the sections joined with diagonal rows of stitches. A welt covers the outside of the join. h has a fibrous covering, rubber lining, and riveted junction. i has a double row of rivets along the seam, and a spiral doubly riveted welt lapping the oblique junction of sections. j is made of strands of fibrous material soaked in gutta-percha or rubber cement, and then woven or braided. |
| Hose. |
2. (Printing-press) A case connected by hooks with the platen, for guiding and raising it.
 |
| Hose-bridge. |
Hose-bridge.
A bridge for carriages or streetcars to allow them to cross fire-engine hose laid in the street. One form of it was patented by Demarest in 1853. The example shown is to bridge hose which lies across a street-railway. |
| Hose-carriage. |
Hose-car′riage.
A reel on wheels to carry hose for fire-engine service. In the example, a fuel-box for the boiler-supply is supported on the same frame. The front wheels turn beneath the elevated perch.Hose-car′ri-er.
A tongs for gripping hose in lighting up full hose when in service. |
| Hose-carrier. |
Hose-coup′ling.
A jointpiece or pair of interlocking connecting pieces, by which ends of hose-sections are joined together in line. There are many forms. a has a swivel which fits against a collar on the nipple, and its flanges are engaged by the sleeve, which also screws upon the back screw on the other nipple, pressing the ends of the sections against the intervening annular packing. In b, the segmental rib and projected screw-block of the outer coupling-piece enter a circumferential groove of the other piece. In another ordinary form, the sections of hose are bound with wire, or thimbles upon collarpieces, one of which has a threaded exterior and the other a threaded sleeve, which screws upon the former. A spanner or wrench is used to tighten the connection. In c, a portion of the threads on the screw and socket are cut away to enable the parts to be slipped past each other, and lock by a partial revolution, when the undivided threads catch and complete the joint. d. The two parts are slid together and the pins enter their respective grooves at the opposite sides; the handle is then turned, and the cam-head locks the parts together. e. The packing-ring is formed to enter two rectangular annular grooves in one part of the coupling and a V-shaped annular groove in the other part. f. The projections on the outer cylinder interlock with a groove in a collar on the inner cylinder. Expansible packing is enclosed between collars and is forced against the outer cylinder by compression. The hose is brought over the convex, circumferentially grooved ends of the coupling and confined by a screw-threaded ring. In the Westinghouse coupling for air-brake pipes of railway-cars, the parts are connected by a spring- [1132] hook fastening. Each half-coupling contains a puppet-valve which seats outwardly. Guiding wings are made on the valve-stems, and the stems project outwardly such distance that when the hose are coupled up, the stems, coming end to end, will each unseat the other valve. Hence, when the couplings are united, the valves will always be open, and vice versa. See brake. |
| Hose-couplings. |
 |
| Hose-fittings. |
Hose-fit′tings.
The various parts by which hose are attached section to section, or a section of the hose to the engine or the nozzle. The nozzles are of various kinds. The cut shows,— A branch-pipe, with jet or nozzle. A strainer for the end of the supply or suction hose, which is let down into a cistern. A spreader jet. Couplings or hose-unions. A leathern fire-bucket. These are also made of canvas or galvanized iron. A section of leathern hose, copper riveted, and having coupling sections at each end. |
| Hose-making machine. |
Hose-hooks.
1. The hooks by which the platen of a printing-press is suspended. 2. A tongs for carrying hose. See hose-carrier.Hose-jump′er.
For street railroads. A hosebridge.Hose-mak′ing ma-chine′.
A machine for winding or weaving a flexible tube of textile and rubber fabrics. Fig. 2584 shows a machine adapted to this purpose. A layer of rubber, or cloth saturated with rubber, is wound around a mandrel which extends the full length of the machine. As the fabric moves along from left to right it is wound with thread or wire from the first set of bobbins t t. Before it reaches the second set of bobbins for another coating or ply, it may receive a set of longitudinal cords, threads, or wires from the intermediate reels. It is then again wound by the second set of bobbins t t, and finally receives a coating of cloth, tin-foil, or other material from the spool ha, and is then ready for vulcanization. The lining or cloth first wound upon the mandrel is generally coated with rubber in a sticky state, and the longitudinal or transverse binders may be so coated, or saturated with rubber. See India-rubber. |
| Reel for Garden-hose. |
Hose-protect′or.
A hosebridge to enable vehicles to cross hose without compressing or cutting it. See hose-bridge.Hose-reel.
1. A carriage to carry hose for the service of a fireengine. See Hosecarriage. 2. A reel to carry hose for garden, stable, or other domestic uses. [1133]Hose-shield.
A hose-protector. See hosebridge.Hose-trough.
（Blasting.) A wooden tunnel for the powder-hose to fire the charges of mines.
Hos′pi-tal-wagon.
A carriage on four wheels, having four or six springs, used for carrying the wounded of an army. An ambulance. A wagon carrying surgeons' supplies and instruments, or bedding, food, and other supplies for a field hospital. The Prussian hospital-wagons are fitted up with combination cases, in which are packed everything supposed to be necessary in a hospital for wounded, including bandages, splints, drugs and anaesthetics, blankets, and an amputatingtable, besides an assortment of tags, on one of which the surgeon writes his orders as to what is to be done in each case, attaches it to the patient, and leaves him to the care of others. Five ambulances, three supply-wagons (carrying food, bedding, and tents), and two surgeons' wagons constitute a hospital train for a division, and will accommodate 200 patients, requiring 13 surgeons and 74 men for their care.Hot-air Engine.
One driven by the heating of a body of air admitted to the cylinder. They are of two kinds:— First, those which draw their supplies directly from the atmosphere, and discharge them into the atmosphere again after they have produced their effect. Such are the Ericsson, Stillman, Roper, Baldwin, Messer, Wilcox engines, described on pp. 40-43. See also Dr. Barnard's report on the French Exposition, pp. 34-40, and plate 1. Second, those which employ continually the same air, which is alternately heated and cooled, but which is not allowed to escape. Such are the Glazebrook (1797), Parkinson and Crosley (1827), Laubereau (1849), Schwartz, described on pp. 43, 44. These and other distinguishing features are described under air-engine(which see).Hot-air Fur′nace.
One in which air is heated for warming houses, or for purposes of drying, usually the former. The arrangements are various, but a common kind is a form of stove in a brick chamber, the air coursing around the stove and among certain pipes and chambers in which circulate the volatile products of combustion. In the example (Fig. 2586) the furnace, with the exception of its face-plate, is inclosed in an air-chamber. The caloric current passes from the furnace A around through D E, into the auxiliary radiator G, down by the V-shaped driving flues I K L, and so to the exit. The air circulates around each of the flues in chamber F, and against the plates of the furnace. In Fig. 2587, a series of concentric annular airflues are placed above the combustion-chamber and communicate with the external atmosphere through pipes extending into each flue near its bottom. The external jacket of the furnace is filled with coalashes. A water-pan above the fire-pot is fed from an external communicating vessel. |
| Hot-air furnace. |
 |
| Hot-air furnace. |
Hot-bed frame.
The structure of sides and ends on which the sash of a hot-bed rest.Hot-blast.
A blast of air heated previous to its introduction into the smelting-furnace. The process was invented by Nielson, of Glasgow, Scotland, and patented in 1828. In 1845, Budd patented in England the utilization of the heated gases from the blastfurnace for heating the blast. By means of the hot-blast, anthracite coals were used successfully in smelting iron in Wales, in 1837, and at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, in 1838, 1839.Hot-blast Fur′nace.
The temperature of the air, previous to its being thrown upon the charge in the furnace, is raised to about 600° in an outer chamber or in a series of pipes. These are variously arranged. In that illustrated (A, Fig. 2588), the air is first condensed in an exterior chamber, whence it is forced into the pipe a within the reverberatory furnace b. Branches from this pipe terminate in the tuyeres on each side of the furnace, which has a separate fireplace. In Staffordshire, the hot-air apparatus is at the mouth of the furnace, and consists of an exterior and interior tube, the former closed and the latter open at each end. The annular space between them is connected by cross-pipes; through these the air is impelled and passes thence to the tuyeres. [1134] In 1834 M. Dafrenoy reported to the French government the results reached at the Clyde ironworks, which were as follows:—| For the year | 1829 | 1831 | 1833 |
| Temperature of blast. | Cold | 450° F. | 612° F. |
| Coal used per ton of iron. | As coke. | As coke. | In raw state. |
| For fusion, ewt. | 133 | 86 | 40 |
| For heating air, raw coal | nil | 5 | 8 |
| For blowing engines, coal | 20 | 7 | 11 |
| — | — | — | |
| 153 | 98 | 59 | |
| Cwt. limestone per ton of iron | 10 1/2 | 9 | 7 |
 |
| Hot-blast stove. |
 |
| Hot-blast smelting-furnace. |
Hotching-tub.
（Metallurgy.) A tub and sieve in which lead ore is agitated in water to separate the metallic and refuse parts. It is preliminary to the buddle. See hutch. The cuttings are detained by the sieve; the smeddum passes through into the bottom of the box. [1135]
 |
| Sturtevant's hot-blast apparatus. |
 |
| Cooking-stove with hot-closet. |
Hot-clos′et.
1. One attached to a stove to keep victuals or plates warm. That shown has ledges R R for shelves in the closet.2. (Candle-making.) A chamber in which candlemolds are kept at a heat of 150° Fah., previous to pouring, to prevent the chilling of the stearic acid. The steam heat is applied dry.
 |
| Hotel-car. |
Ho-tel′--car.
One arranged for affording meals to passengers on board while on a journey. Closets K are arranged between each pair of windows. A water-tank B is placed at the upper part of one side, to which also tables G are attached, and part of the car is partitioned off as a kitchen, with a cooking-range. A provision chamber E is attached beneath the floor of the car.Hot-flue.
A chamber, heated by hot-air pipes, in which printed calicoes are dried. A drying-chamber for cloths or paper, starch, etc.Hot-gild′ing.
A name applied to amalgam gilding, in which the mercury is driven off by heat.Hot-house.
1. (Pottery.) A room where strong heat completes the drying of green ware, previously to placing in seggars and firing in a kiln.
2. (Horticulture.) A plant-house where a relatively high artificial temperature is maintained in order to facilitate vegetable growth. The botanic gardens of Pisa, Padna, and Bologna, established from 1544 to 1568, did not contain hot-houses. In the thirteenth century, however, Albertus Magnus, who was equally active and influential in promoting natural knowledge and the study of the Aristotelian philosophy, possessed a hot-house in the convent of the Dominicans at Cologne. This celebrated man, who had already fallen under the suspicion of sorcery on account of his speaking-machine, entertained the king of the Romans, Wilhelm of Holland, on the 6th of January, 1249, in a large space in the convent garden, where he kept up an agreeable warmth, and preserved fruittrees and plants in warmth throughout the winter. This entertainment was exaggerated into a tale of wonder in the chronicle Joannis de Beka, written in the fourteenth century. There is no evidence that forcing-houses were used in ancient horticulture. The conduction of heat by caliducts for baths and apartments was well known, but it does not appear that these facilities were used for floricultural purposes. [1136] Regular hot-houses are of late introduction in our botanic gardens. Ripe pineapples were first obtained in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century. Linnaeus states that the first banana which flowered in Europe was in Vienna, in the garden of Prince Eugene, in 1731. The accordant accounts of Hernando Cortes, in his reports to the Emperor Charles V., of Bernal Diaz, Gomara, Oviedo, and Hernandez, leave no doubt that at the time of the conquest of Montezuma's empire, there were in no part of Europe menageries and botanic gardens which could be compared to those of Huaxtepec, Chapultepec, and Tezcuco.
Hot-press.
（Paper.) A means of calendering and smoothing paper by subjecting it to heavy pressure between glazed boards; a hot iron plate is placed at every 20 sheets or so, to heat the pile.
Hot-saw.
A buzz-saw for cutting up hot bariron, just from the rolls, into bars or into pieces for being piled, reheated, and rerolled.Hot-short.
（Metal-working.) Iron which is disposed to crack or break when worked at a red heat, and is difficult to weld, is said to be hot-short. It is frequently the presence of sulphur to the extent of, say, 0.033 per cent, which makes it brittle.
Hot-shot.
Cannon-balls made red hot in a furnace in order to fire wooden structures into which they are thrown.Hot-wall.
A wall with included flues to assist in ripening the fruit of trees trained against it. In some cases the wall is traversed by a number of flues leading from a furnace or furnaces; in others the entire wall is double, the included space being crossed occasionally by ties which keep the two walls together. Its use is principally in northern countries in ripening fruits which do not mature in the natural temperature of the latitude, such as the peach, nectarine, and apricot in England.Hot-wa′ter Faucet.
The faucet of a bath, tank, beck, vat, or wash-basin, which admits the hot water, for scalding, infusing, washing, leaching, or other purpose.Hot-wa′ter Heat′ing-appa-ra′tus.
A means of heating by the passage of hot water through pipes in rooms. Bonnemain appears to have been the first to introduce the circulation of hot water in a system of pipes, as a means of warming apartments and buildings. He devised it in 1777, in connection with his incubator. See Calorifere; incubator. The egg-chamber had several stories, and each was traversed by one or more bends of the pipes, which were so arranged as to have a constant inclination, by which the cooler water descended to the boiler. The velocity of the current depends upon the difference in temperature of the ascending and descending columns. |
| Hood's heater. |
 |
| Perkins's heater. |
Allowing 3 1/2 cubic feet of air for each person in the room or hall, as the quantity per minute which is to be warmed, and one cubic foot per minute as the quantity cooled by each square foot of window-glass; then ascertain the whole quantity of air that is to be heated, and apply the following rule: Multiply 125 (the excess of temperature of the pipe above the surrounding air) by the difference between the temperature at which the room is to be kept when at its maximum, and the temperature of the external air; and divide this product by the difference between the temperature of the pipes and the proposed temperature of the room; then the quotient thus obtained, when multiplied by the number of cubic feet of air to be warmed per minute, and this product divided by 222 (the number of cubic feet of air raised 1° per minute by 1 foot of [1137] 4-inch pipe), will give the number of feet in length, of pipe 4 inches in diameter, which will produce the desired effect.For 3-inch pipes multiply the said number by 1.33; for 2-inch pipes multiply by 2. The given diameters of the pipes are outside measurement. Small pipes have a relatively larger area of heating surface. Perkins's high-pressure hot water heating-apparatus (A B, Fig. 2594) consisted of a continuous wrought-iron pipe, which formed a coil a in the furnace, and passed from story to story of the building, being amplified into coils at special points, as in the apartments to be warmed. The pipe was 1/2 inch in internal diameter and 1/4 inch thick, and about 1/6 of the length of the pipe formed the furnace coil. The heated water in the coil a becomes charged with minute globules of steam and ascends in pipe b, from whence it is distributed right and left to the apartments by branch pipes c and coils d. The descending pipes carry the hot water to the story below, where it heats the apartments by means of other coils D, which discharge into the descending pipes, by which the water again reaches the furnace coil. A common arrangement is shown at B in the figure; the pipe is coiled around the inner casing of the furnace , coming in contact with the fire only in front; this casing and the top of the furnace are composed of fire-brick, the fire-grate being in the center and elevated a foot or so from the floor; fuel is supplied through a hole in the top. The smoke passes through the chamber containing the pipes, and escape through a hole in the back.
Hot-water pipe.
（Steam.) The pipe which receives the hot water from the hot-well and discharges it.
Hot-wa′ter pump.
（Steam-engine.) A pump which raises water from the hot-well of a condensing steam-engine and discharges it into the feed-water cistern, whence it passes in graduated quantities to the boiler. See also feed-water apparatus; injector.
Hot-well.
A compartment in the cistern in which the condenser and air-pump of a condensingengine are submerged, and from which the warm water is drawn for the supply of the boiler. The submerged injection-chamber and the airpump connect by a passage, whose valve opens during the ascent of the piston and closes during its descent. The uncondensed steam, the air, and the water of condensation pass by this passage to the airpump, through the bucket of the latter as it descends, and are ejected into the hot-well. the heated water is drawn thence to supply the boiler. See airpump; Cornish steamengine. |
| Houguette. |
Hou-guette′.
The etching-needle of the marbleworker. Fig. 2595 shows several different forms.Hound′ing.
（Nautical.) That portion of mast between the deck and the top of the hounds.
Hounds.
1. (Vehicle.) Side bars which strengthen certain portions of the running-gears of a vehicle.
| a, tongue-hounds. | d, coupling pole or reach. |
| b, hounds. | e, tongue. |
| c, hind-hounds. |
2. (Nautical.) Projections on the mast-head to support the trestle-trees and top. Cheeks fayed to the sides of the mast-head.
 |
| Wagon running-gears. |
Hour-circle.
（Globes.) A small brass circle fixed to the north pole, divided into twenty-four hours, and furnished with an index for pointing them out.
Hour-glass.
A glass having two bulbs and a connecting opening through which the sand in one bulb runs into the other. The amount of sand and size of the opening are such that a given amount of time is consumed in the passage. On an ancient bas-relief at Rome an hour-glass is placed in the hands of Morpheus, and Athenaeus says that the ancients carried portable hour-glasses with them as measurers of time. Glasses of this description are yet used for marking small periods of time; such as,— 1. The three-minute glass, or egg-glass, in which the sand passes in the time mentioned. 2. The half-minute glass used in ascertaining the rate of a ship by the log. The line is knotted at such intervals that the spaces bear the same relation to a nautical mile that the half-minute does to an hour. That is, they are 1/20 of a nautical mile apart, —about 50 75/120 feet. The line being on a reel, the chip is thrown overboard, and, catching in the water, causes the line to run off the reel. When the stray-line) has run out, the half-minute glass is turned, and the number of knots on the string which pass through the seaman's hand indicates the number of nautical miles per hour that the vessel is sailing. The use of the hour-glass in calculating a ship's course is much older than that of the log, the rate being estimated by the eye. The hour-glasses, ampolettas, used in the expedition of Columbus, ran out in half an hour, so that the interval of a day and a night was reckoned at 48 ampolettas, and so the journal –log-book — recorded. The log is not mentioned. It was used in the Pacific by Magellan. See log. The horoscopus in the Egyptian processions carried with him the measurer of time, an hour-glass. The “Surya Siddhanta,” a Sanscrit treatise on astronomy, treats of the “stringed sand receptacles” for measuring time; these were doubtless of the general character of our hour-glasses. Hour-glasses were unknown in China formerly, and of late are mentioned by them as of importation from the West. A tradition of the Middle Ages relates that the sand-glass (sablier) was invented by Liutprand , a monk of Chartres, who reinvented the art of making glass after the secret had been lost for ages. Shortly after receiving the famous clepsydra from Haroun al Rasehid, Charlemagne caused a monster sablier to be made, which required turning but once in 12 hours. It had the horary divisions marked upon the outside. The hour-glass or half-hour glass was a regular part of pulpit furniture in the sixteenth century, to denote to the preacher when it was time to close. It was used in Massachusetts two centuries since for the same purpose. [1138]Hour-hand.
（Horology.) That one which shows the hour on a watch-dial, performing its revolution in 12 hours.
 |
| House-bell. |
House-bell.
A form of bell for doors of houses; formerly a bell suspended by a coiled strip which gave it the repetitive action when the wire was once pulled; now more usually a form of gong which gives a single sound. In the example, the bell is screwed to a central post and the clapper is fastened to an oscillating block which is moved by a rod and retracted by a spring.House-boat.
A boat used as a dwelling. Common in China, and once common on our Western rivers.House-line.
（Nautical.) Or housing. A fine line having three strands, smaller than rope-yarn and used for seizings, fastening thimbles of sails to their ropes, etc.
House-mov′ing.
The operation of removing small or moderate-sized frame structures from one locality to another is a task of comparatively easy accomplishment. The house is supported on beams laid in the direction to be taken, beneath which rollers are placed and the power of tackle or of a capstan applied to a rope properly secured to or around the house. |
| House-moving. |
Hous′ing.
1. (Railway.) One of the plates or guards on the railway carriage or truck, which form a lateral support for the axle-boxes, and in which they slip up and down as the springs alternately contract and expand. Also called pedestals, horn-plates, jaws, axle-guards. 2. The framing holding a journal-box; as, one of the standards holding the journal-boxes of the rolls in a rolling-mill. 3. The uprights supporting the cross-slide of a planer.
4. (Carpentry.) The notches in an object for the insertion of another piece; as,— a. (Stair-building.) Notches in the string-boards for the ends of the steps. b. (Artillery.) A prismatic groove in the axletree of a gun-carriage for the checks of the transom. Notches in the brackets to fit on the axletree bed, and so on.
5. (Nautical.) a. That portion of a mast which is included between the keelson and the surface of the upper deck. b. A covering or protection, as of a ship's deck, when laid up in ordinary or under stress of weather, as in the Arctic regions. e. A cord made of three small yarns and used for seizings.
6. (Saddlery.) a. A cloth extending rearwardly from the saddle and covering the loins of the horse. b. The pad of a collar. c. A hood or covering piece for the collar.
Hous′ing-bear′ers.
（Metal-working.) The frame in which the rollers of an iron-rolling mill are set. Housing-frames.
Hovel.
（Porcelain.) A conoidal structure of brick, 40 feet in diameter and 35 feet high, around which the ovens or firing-kilns are clustered.
How′el.
（Coopering.) A plane with a convex sole, used for smoothing the insides of barrels and casks, making the smooth circle at the croze, and also the chamfer on the inside of the chine.
How′it-zer.
A cannon, differing from ordinary guns in being shorter and lighter in proportion to its bore, and used for throwing hollow projectiles with comparatively small charges. A 6-pdr. gun weighs 100 pounds more than a 12-pdr. howitzer. Their charge of powder for a 12-pdr. field howitzer is 3/4 pound of powder; that for a 12-pdr. mountain howitzer is 1/2 pound of powder. A smaller chamber at the bottom of the bore receives the powder. a, mountain-howitzer. b, field-howitzer. c, siege-howitzer, model of 1850. d, the siege-howitzer, 1861, has a chamber the size of the bore. See mountain-howitzer. [1139] |
| Howitzers. |
How′ker.
（Vessel.) A Dutch vessel with two masts. The hooker is an Irish fishing-smack.
Hoy.
（Vessel.) A one-masted coasting-vessel, used before the era of steamboats for conveying passengers and goods between places, or as a tender upon larger vessels in port.
Hub.
1. A fluted screw of hardened steel, adapted to be placed on a mandrel between the centers of a lathe, notched to present cuttingedges, and to be used in cutting screw-tools, chasing-tools, etc. The chasing-tool, for instance, is laid on the rest and pressed forcibly against the hub (Fig. 2600.) |
| Hub. |
2. (Die-sinking.) A cylindrical piece of steel on which the design for a coin is engraved in relief. The engraving is done while the steel is soft, and, after hardening, the hub is used to make matrices, from which are made punches which impress the dies used in coining. (See matrix; punch; die.) The hub or the punch is pressed upon the softened steel blank in a powerful screw-press; and the matrix. or die is removed, annealed, and replaced several times, as the pressure has the effect of hardening.
3. (Vehicle.) The central portion of a wheel which is slipped upon the arm of the axle, and in which the spokes are set radially. The wave.
 |
| Carriage and wagon hubs. |
 |
| Hub-borer. |
Hub′ble-bub′ble.
An onomatopoetic word. A pipe in which the smoke is drawn through water.Hub-bor′er.
（Wheelwrighting.) An implement or machine for boring hubs for the boxing or the spokes. That in Fig. 2602 is for the former purpose. Clamps at each end of the hub form guides for the central shaft, which has a box to carry the cutter, whose progression is obtained by the thread on the shaft. The cutter has a threaded shank, and is fed outward to enlarge the diameter of the bore by the rotation of the tube, which has a crownwheel engaging a pinion-nut on the toolshank.
 |
| Hub and felly borer. |
 |
| Hub-boring machine. |
Hub-bor′ing ma-chine′.
The machine (Fig. 2604) bores the hub by the rotation of the latter rather than of the former. The boring-tool is mounted upon a horizontal bed, which is susceptible of an oscillating motion about a center for the purpose of allowing the tool to be set at any desired angle. With this bed is combined a laterally adjustable tool-holder and a longitudinally adjustable carriage. The carriage is provided with a contrivance for throwing it in and out of gear, with a feeding-screw for the purpose of feeding the tool up to its work with a slow motion, and retracting with a quicker motion. [1141]Hub-cen′ter-ing ma-chine′.
（Wheel-making.) A machine in which a hub is chucked while the hole for the axle-box is reamed out concentric with the outside shape. A similar mode is adopted for holding the hub while setting the boxes therein.
 |
| Hub-lathe. |
Hub-lathe.
（Wheelwrighting.) A form of lathe for turning carriage and wagon hubs. In the example, the cutter is held and fed to its work by a double slide, and its lateral movement is regulated by the adjustable stop attached to the cross-head of the double slide.
Hub-mor′tis-ing ma-chine′.
（Wheelwrighting.) A machine in which a wheel-hub is held upon a mandrel or stake, so disposed that a reciprocating chisel may cut therein the mortises for the spokes. The hub is dogged or clamped so as to prevent rotation while the mortise is being cut, and is then rotated a determinate number of degrees to present the next spot to the cutting-tool.
Hub-turn′ing ma-chine′.
（Wheelwrighting.) A form of lathe specially adapted for turning hubs for vehicle wheels.
Huck-a-back.
（Fabric.) A table linen or toweling having the weft alternately crossed, so as to make it thick at certain points to roughen the surface by producing a raised pattern.
Huf′fling.
A process of ornamenting gilded leather.Hulk.
（Nautical.) The hull of a vessel not seaworthy, and moored in port for hospital, guard, convict, quarantine, custom-house, storage, victualing, or other purposes. A sheer-hulk is one fitted with sheers for masting and dismasting vessels.
Hull.
（Shipbuilding.) The body of a vessel, exclusive of its masting, rigging, etc. A dismantled hull is a hulk.
 |
| Barley-huller. |
Hull′er.
See hulling-machine.Hull′ingma-chine′.
（Agriculture.) A device for removing the cuticle from grain, and for breaking it without reducing it to the condition of meal. In the time of Pliny a mortar was employed for this purpose, sand or pieces of brick being placed therein to assist the trituration. Foreign substances, including the husk and bran, were removed by sifting. For this purpose, the Egyptians used sifters made of papyrus and rushes, the ancient Spaniards of flax, and the Gauls invented sieves of horsehair. The Scotch pearl-barley mill is shown in Fig. 2606, A being a section of the cylinder, and B a perspective of the machines in operation. It consists of a drum a, which is rotated by gearing, and within which a circular grindstone b is caused to revolve more rapidly by belting. The grain is fed through a hopper c opening axially into the drum, and is removed by a sluice at its side. The drum is lined with sheet-iron, perforated with small holes, which serve to remove the skin and a portion of the outer substance of the grain, bringing it to a spheroidal shape; whence the name of pearl barley. Pot barley has merely the outer skin removed. |
| Hulling-mill. |
 |
| Hulling-mill. |
| Ankle. | Gullet. | Poll. |
| Arm. | Gum. | Rib. |
| Back. | Hair. | Seat. |
| Beard. | Hand. | Shank. |
| Belly. | Head. | Shoulder. |
| Body. | Heart. | Side. |
| Bosom. | Heel. | Skin. |
| Breast. | Hip. | Sole. |
| Breech. | Jaw. | Spine. |
| Butt. | Joint. | Step. |
| Cheek. | Knee. | Teat. |
| Claw. | Knuckle. | Throat. |
| Crown. | Leg. | Toe. |
| Diaphragm. | Lip. | Tongue. |
| Ear. | Lug. | Tooth. |
| Elbow. | Mouth. | Trunk. |
| Eye. | Muzzle. | Tusk. |
| Face. | Nail. | Vein. |
| Finger. | Neck. | Waist. |
| Foot. | Nipple. | Wrist. |
| Gland. | Nose. | |
| Groin. | Palm. |
Hum′bug.
（Menage.) A nippers for grasping the cartilage of the nose. Used with bulls and other refractory bovines.
Hum′hum.
（Fabric.) A plain, coarse, cotton cloth, made in India.
 |
| Hand-Hummelers. |
Hum′mel-ing-ma-chine′.
A machine for breaking off the awns of barley. It consists of a vertical shaft provided with several beaters at several different levels and revolving rapidly in a cylindrical case so as to beat the grain as it falls. The operation is also performed in a thrashingmachine by putting the grain through a second time, substituting for the ordinary cover a tin case with teeth made by punching holes through it from the outside. Hand-hummelers or aveling-machines (Fig. 2609) are used upon the grain spread on the barn floor, being either rolled or dragged. The Japanese hummel their rice in a mortar made of a section of a large tree hollowed out.Hun-ga′ri — an Leath′er.
（Leather.) A white leather originally made in and imported from Hungary, but now manufactured in other countries. Mineral salts are substituted for vegetable extracts. The hides are first treated with a mixture of alum and common salt, by which a portion of the sulphate is converted into the chloride of aluminium. An excess of salt keeps the hides supple. The fleshing and scraping processes are proceeded with as in the ordinary modes of tanning, but the hair is removed by shearing instead of liming. The first alum bath has, alum 7 pounds, salt 4 1/2 pounds, water 8 gallons, for each hide of 85 pounds' weight. The temperature is raised to 120° F., and the sides are extended in the bath, hair side up. They are tramped while in the bath; this is three times repeated in warm liquor, the strength of the liquor being maintained. The skins then lie 8 days in the menstruum. The skins are taken out, stretched, and shaken, and then treated by a saline bath as before, but only lying 24 hours in the liquor at the conclusion of the repeated tramping processes. The hides are then drained, partially dried, stretched, suspended by their edges, and exsiccated. See tawing. The skins are tramped and rolled till rendered supple, and are then ready for the oiling process. The oiling material is a mixture of tallow and fish-oil, the ordinary dubbing of the American currier; this is spread by a mop on the flesh and the hair sides of the skins, which are made into a pile flesh side up. An open charcoal fire is then lighted in the room, which is closed air tight, and after an interval, and the opening of the door for the escape of carbonic acid, the workmen enter, and grasping a skin by the ends hold it, flesh side down, over the charcoal fire, at the same time stretching it in all directions. As each side is flamed, it is laid on a table, the pile of warm and greasy hides being covered with a cloth and left to mellow, absorbing the oil and equalizing the heat throughout the mass. The hides are then wiped of superfluous grease; laid across poles, flesh side out; dried, weighed, stamped, and marketed. The result is said to be excellent, no acid, alkali, fermentative, or other destructive application or process detracting from the weight or injuring the cohesion of the tissues.
Hun-ga′ri — an ma-chine′.
（Hydraulic Engineering.) The Chemnitz pressure engine. See air as A water elevator, Fig. 58.
Hunt′er's screw.
A differential screw; named after its inventor, Dr. John Hunter. See differential screw.Hunt′ing-cog.
（Gearing.) A tooth in a cogwheel which is one more than a number divisible by the number in the pinion with which it engages. If the pinion contains 8 leaves and the wheel 65 teeth, the 65th, or hunting-cog, prevents the recurrence of each leaf of the pinion with every 8th cog of the wheel, which would be the effect were the relative numbers 8 and 64. When the numbers are 8 and 65, the wheel will revolve 8 times and the pinion 65 times before the same leaves and teeth will be again engaged.
Hunt′ing-horn.
（Music.) a. A bugle used in the chase. b. A wind-instrument of metal, usually with a circular tube. See horn, k.
Hunt′ing-watch.
（Horology.) A watch with a metallic case over the crystal for its protection.
Hur′dle.
1. (Husbandry.) A rectangular frame of vertical stakes and interwoven withes of hazel, elm, oak, or other suitable saplings. Hurdles, about 6 feet long and 3 feet high, are used in husbandry in making temporary enclosures and fences, each section being secured by a ring to a driven stake. Ornamental hurdles for screens, fences, etc., are made of iron, either cast or wrought. Each hurdle forms a panel, and is secured at its ends to stakes. Cast-iron hurdles consist of the marginal frame and an ornamental filling, according to the taste of the designer. Wrought-iron hurdles have a frame of bar-iron, and interlacing work of wire resembling network. 2. In fortification, hurdles are smaller, and are used as revetments in embrasures to strengthen the parapet. The gabion commonly used for this purpose is a crate, differing from a hurdle only in being cylindrical. See gabion. A rectangular, flat structure made of stakes and withes, used in an emergency to stop breaches. [1143]
3. (Hat-making.) A grid of wood or wire, on which a bunch of felting hair is laid for bowing.
Hur′dle-nail.
A tough flat-headed nail used in securing the parts of a hurdle together.Hurdy-gur′dy.
（Music.) A stringed instrument having a lute-shaped body and neck. The strings are regulated on the latter by the fingers, and are vibrated by a revolving wheel.
Hurl.
（Hatting.) The table on which the material for a hat-body or the fur for a nap is bowed.
Hur′ri-cane-deck.
（Shipbuilding.) 1. The upper deck of an American river or lake steamboat above the cabins. 2. A raised platform on an ocean-going steam-vessel, extending from side to side, above deck amidships. A station for the officer in command.
Hur′ries.
A staith or timber framing, on to which coal-cars are run, and from which they discharge their loads by means of spouts to the holds of the ships.Hurst.
The ring or collar of a trip-hammer helve on which are the trunnions on which it oscillates.Hur′ter.
1. (Fortification.) a. A timber placed at the foot of the interior slope as a revetment, to prevent the injury of the parapet by the wheels of the gun. b. (Of a gun-carriage.) Pieces of wood or iron at the front of the chassis to prevent the top carriage from running off when “in battery.” The counterhurter is a similar piece at the rear of the chassis for checking the recoil of the carriage.
2. (Vehicle.) A butting-piece on an axle. A strengthening piece placed against a shoulder of an axle.
Hus′band-ry.
For list of machines, implements, and tools, see agricultural implements and husbandry, pp. 23-25.Hush′ing.
（Mining.) a. A term applied to one mode of exposing and collecting ore. In a ravine where surface ore is exposed or but lightly covered, a body of water is dammed and then allowed to flash through the ravine, tearing up the earth and stones and exposing new surfaces, from whence the ore is gathered. The word is probably a corruption from flushing, which signifies a copious dash of water, as flushing a sewer. See flushing. b. A process of clearing water from the surface of ore, in stream works, by diverting and directing streams of water thereon.
Husk.
（Milling.) The supporting frame of a run of millstones.
Husk′er.
An implement or a machine for removing the shucks from ears of corn. See Cornhusker. |
| Husk-Hackler. |
Husk-hack′ler.
A machine for tearing corn-husks into shreds for stuffing for mattresses, pillows, cushions, etc. Fig. 2610 shows a hackling-machine in which the toothed cylinders are driven at different rates of speed, whereby a splitting and combing action is obtained, as the husks are fed through.Husk′ing-glove.
A glove with claws or prongs, adapted to grasp the ear of corn and tear the husk therefrom. Some of these implements have also cutting jaws to sever the butt of the ear from the stalk.Husk′ing-peg.
A pin or claw worn upon the hand and used to assist in tearing open the shuck when husking ear corn. Ingenuity is apparently exhausted in contriving convenient rings and rests for the fingers, and mode of attaching to the hand.Hut.
The back end or body of the breech-pin of a musket.Hutch.
1. (Mining.) a. A low-wheeled car adapted to run on a track in the gallery of a mine, to be lifted on the cage to the surface, and then run off to the dumping chute, by which its contents are carried to wagons. b. A cistern or box for washing ores.
2. (Milling.) The case of a flour bolt. A bolting-hutch. 3. A kneading-trough.
Hutch′ing.
（Mining.) A separation of ore in a sieve, which is suspended from a lever or held in the hands, and agitated in a vat of water. See jigger.
Huy-ghen′i — an eye-piece.
（Optics.) The negative eye-piece, named after its distinguished inventor, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer (1629– 1695). This wonderful man excelled in mathematical and mechanical science and art. He improved the telescope; discovered the ring of Saturn (as such); reapplied the pendulum to beating time, and first accurately adapted it; invented the micrometer; and in his various communications to the Academy of Sciences in Paris and the Royal Society of London illuminated all he undertook. He was one of the emigrants driven from France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and exchanged the friendship of Louis XIV. for that of Newton. See negative eye-piece.
Hy-al′o-graph.
An instrument for tracing a design on a transparent surface.Hy-alo-type.
（Photography.) A photographic positive on glass.
 |
| Hydrants. |
 |
| Hydrants. |
Hy′drant.
A valve and [1144] spout connecting with a water-main, and by which water may be drawn from the latter. In the domestic form, as usual in the yards of our city houses, the spout is elevated sufficiently to allow it to discharge into a tub or bucket, the valve being operated by a handle. Provision is also made for allowing the contents of the discharge-pipe to run back out of the way of frost. In the example, Fig. 2611, the depression of the goose-neck forces a piston into a chamber which empties itself through the discharge-pipe; the end of the pipe depresses a valve and allows the water to flow continuously from the main. The elevation of the goose-neck closes the valve, and the rising of the piston empties the discharge-pipe into the piston-chamber. In Fig. 2612, the water is let on or off by rotating the tube, which opens or closes the foot-valve I by means of a stud on the tube. Near the lower end of the tube is a perforation which may be brought into coincidence with a wasteway when the valve is closed, and thus empty the stand-pipe. A large kind of hydrant, having a larger servicepipe from the main, and used for connection of hose for street washing or in case of fire, is known as a fire-plug.Hy′dra-pult.
A garden syringe. A force-pump on a portable scale.Hy-drau′lic belt.
An endless woolen band for raising water. The lower bight is immersed in water, and the upper bight passes over a roller. The belt travels about 1,000 feet per minute, and discharges at its upper turn.Hy-drau′lic block.
（Shipbuilding.) An hydraulic lifting-press occupying the place of a building-block beneath the keel of a vessel in a repairingdock. Being adjustable as to hight, it is useful for straightening a ship that has become hogged or sagged.
 |
| Hydraulic brush. |
Hy-drau′lic brush.
One having a hose connection through its handle so as to discharge water upon the surface or object being scrubbed. The one shown, intended for washing windows, has vanes in the stock, and the force of the water causes the brush to revolve and the water to spray upon the window.Hy-drau′lic cane.
This pump consists of a vertical pipe whose lower end has a valve opening upwardly and plunged in the water of the cistern or well. A rapid vertical reciprocation is given to the tube, and the water is caused to ascend therein; positively as the lower end plunges into the water raising the valve, and relatively as the water slips in the tube as the latter descends quickly. An airchamber above makes the discharge continuous.Hy-drau′lic Ce-ment′.
A cement which possesses the property of hardening under water and resisting decomposition by that element. Various substances, mixed with sand, have been employed for this purpose, fulfilling more or less perfectly the required conditions. Septaria are used where readily procurable. The Romans used pozzuolana, volcanic ashes containing a considerable proportion of clay and oxide of iron. A similar product called trass, found in large quantities on the Lower Rhine, is used in Germany. For lining their reservoirs, the Romans employed pure lime and finely pounded brick. The principal supply is, however, derived from various limestones which contain insoluble matters, as silica, alumina, magnesia, and oxide of iron, in varying proportions. These are burned, causing chemical changes and combinations in the constituents of the mass, which is then pulverized for use. The so-called “Roman” cement, patented in England by Parker in 1796, is prepared from nodular concretions of limestone, usually containing veins of calc spar, found in beds of clay. Portland cement, which ranks among the highest in point of tenacity and durability, is made from the deposits formed in the beds of some rivers which flow through chalk and clay formations, mixed with a proportion of carbonate of lime. These are incorporated under water, burned, and ground. Several varieties of hydraulic cement are prepared in the United States, where it is also very generally known as “water lime.” See cement.Hy-drau′lic clock.
An ancient form of time measurer. It was described by Ctesibus. One was presented by Haroun al Raschid to Charlemagne about A. D. 801. See clepsydra.Hy-drau′lic con-dens′er.
（Gas.) The chamber into which gas from the retorts is conveyed by the dip-pipes to be cooled. See hydraulic main.
Hy-drau′lic crane.
（Hoisting.) An application of the hydraulic press to lifting. See hydraulic elevator, hoist, lift, etc.
Hy-drau′lic dock.
An apparatus (J, plate opposite page 1150) by which a vessel is raised clear of the water for examination and repairs. The vessel is brought over a platform which is slung between the frames, being suspended by the requisite number of chains, say 20 on each side, which pass over castiron pulleys supported on the top of the wooden framework. The lower ends of the chains are fixed to the platform, and the upper ends to a horizontal beam of wood, which is attached by means of a crosshead to the ram of an hydraulic engine. When the ram, therefore, which is placed in a horizontal position, is moved, by the injection of water into the cast-iron cylinder in which it works, the motion is communicated to the horizontal beam, and thence, by the suspending chains, to the platform bearing the vessel, which is thus slowly raised to the surface. The longitudinal and the end view of the platform and vessel will explain the operation of the apparatus. In both of these views, a represents the platform; b, the suspending chains; c, the pulleys on which they run; d, the horizontal beam to which the chains are attached; e, the hydraulic engine; and f, the injection-pipe by which the water is forced into the ram. The fixtures of the cylinder are embedded in a large mass of masonry, so as to render it quite immovable. There are several racks attached to the apparatus, for supporting the platform, and taking part of the weight off the ram after the vessel is suspended. When she is ready to be lowered, these racks are unshipped, and the water being permitted to escape through a small aperture provided in the cylinder for that purpose, the vessel slowly descends into the water. The perpendicular lift of one of these docks in New York Harbor is ten feet.Hy-drau′lic El′e-vator.
（Hoisting.) A platform lift worked by hydraulic power. A strong rectangular frame having a hydraulic press at each corner. These are operated by a larger [1145] and a smaller pump. On the plungers of the pumps rest two additional frames, arranged to have a truly vertical motion. The machine is adapted for transferring railway-carriages from one line of track to another, and for this purpose is placed under the carriage, and the larger pump worked until the frames are brought to bear under the axles; the operation of the smaller pump then lifts the flanges of the wheels clear of the rails. When the carriage is transferred, the water is allowed to flow back from the pumps to the cistern, and the carriage lowered into place on the rails. See also Figs. J, plate opposite page 1150, and L, page 1157. In 1812, Bramah patented a plan for laying water-mains in cities, the water to be under heavy pressure from force-pumps, and to be used for extinguishing fires and for operating hydraulic machines in factories, warehouses, etc., for elevating heavy weights, goods, etc. The Ascenseur Edoux of Paris consists of a cylinder 66 feet long, sunken perpendicularly into the earth, with a plunger descending into it to the same depth, and packed water-tight at the top of the cylinder. Into this, below the packing, water is admitted by means of a valve. The piston rises under the pressure of the water to the required hight. The descent was effected by allowing the water to escape. See water-engine.
 |
| Water-engines. |
Hy-drau′lic En′gine.
1. An engine or machine employed in raising water, as pumps, etc.; or receiving motion by the weight or impulse of water, as waterwheels, etc.; or in transmitting power, as the hydrostatic press, etc. See hydraulic Engineering and appliances; pump; water-elevator; water-wheels, etc. 2. A machine driven by the pressure of a column of water; the term is especially applied to one in which the piston of a cylinder is driven by water-power. The hydraulic engine of Huelgoat, in Brittany, is used to drain a mine; is single-acting, and acts directly to lift the piston of the pump. It makes five and a half strokes per minute, the stroke being a little more than eight feet in length. The pistonrod is 767 feet long, and it weighs 16 tons. The power of the engine is derived from a source at a hight 370 feet above its own level. See Delaunay's “Mechanics.” Perret's hydraulic engine A (French) has a cylinder and a double-acting piston. The motion is communicated to a working shaft in the ordinary way. The peculiarities consist in the manner of admitting and discharging the water. This is effected through openings at each end of the cylinder which occupy the greater part of its circumference and form a sort of annulus; there being left only enough solid metal to connect the end of the cylinder with the body. Thus the water is admitted to the interior from all sides. To facilitate this, the cylinder is entirely enveloped by a second cylinder, with a space intervening between the two, which is filled with the water of induction. The extreme portions of the working cylinder are turned very smooth externally in a lathe, and the ends of the enveloping cylinder are here contracted, and turned likewise on the inside, so as to make a joint as nearly as possible water-tight. Both these cylinders are enveloped completely by a third and larger one, between which and the second there is a space for the escape of the water on its discharge. This cylinder and the second are cast in a single piece, and form one body. The extremities of the third, like those of the second, are adapted accurately to the surface of the first, but there is a space between the second and third at this surface, which is as wide as the annular series of openings above described in the first, by which the water is to be admitted into or discharged from the first, which is the working cylinder. The inner cylinder moves backward and forward alternately, so as to present the openings which answer to its valves in front of the spaces which communicate with the supply and exhaust. The motion of the working cylinder through the small space which is required to effect the admission and discharge of the water is accomplished by means of an eccentric upon the crank shaft, which is set at right angles to the crank, and 90° behind it in the direction of revolution; so that the motion of the cylinder is in a direction contrary to that of the piston in the first half, and in the same direction in the last half, of the stroke. The breadth of the annular opening is exactly equal to that of the metal which separates the supply from the exhaust in the exterior cylinders; and it will be seen that the [1146] working cylinder itself performs the function of the slider in the valve-box of the steam-engine. It happens accordingly that there is no interval between the shutting off of the supply and the commencement of the discharge; but that the efflux begins the moment the influx ceases. The main object of the specific devices is to prevent jar. a is the inner cylinder. b the external cylinder. c the intermediate cylinder. p is the piston beginning to advance. i is the induction, e the eduction pipe. d d′ are prolongations of the workingcylinder, of smaller diameter, sliding back and forth in stuffing-boxes t t′. p′ is the piston-rod working in a stuffing-box s. In Coque's water-engine a small quantity of air is admitted along with the water, to absorb hydraulic concussion. Ramsbottom's hydraulic engine B (English) is oscillating, and employs two cylinders b′ l, operating one crank-shaft a, by means of two cranks at right angles to each other. In one of the accompanying figures the channels of induction are marked j, and are cast with the cylinders; the dotted circle c shows the position of the supply and discharge pipes; in the other figure these pipes are indicated by arrows. The two views are vertical cross-sections at right angles to each other, one being through the axes of the cylinders and the other through the middle post in which the inner trunnions of the cylinders are journaled. The apertures of induction are seen at h and those of education at i, and have the form of truncated circular sectors, whose center is the center of motion. The induction and eduction spaces are divided by a sectoral partition; the apertures of admission and discharge on the sides of the cylinders are of similar construction. The surfaces of contact between the cylinders b′ l and the support d are plane and polished, and are made water-tight by the adjusting screws m m of the pivots. When the piston p is at the end of its course in either direction the cylinder and crank are vertical, and the valves all momentarily closed, the openings by which the channels j j communicate with the discharge and supply pipes presenting themselves exactly opposite the solid sectors which separate h from i. In the next moment the flow of water will recommence, the cylinder discharging itself from the full side of the piston, and filling anew from the opposite side. Air-chambers and relief-valves are used as a provision against counter-pressure and hydraulic shocks. The Ramsbottom engine is largely used in England for operating printing-presses, circular saws, lathes, cranes, etc. In default of a natural head of sufficient power, the head is established in an accumulator of power, which is a body of water driven into a reservoir under heavy pressure, by forcing pumps worked by steam. For lighter industries such expedients are unnecessary. In cities in which the water distribution is from elevated reservoirs, and in which the water-supply is sufficiently abundant to justify the application of a portion of it to industrial uses, the water-engine is recommended by the combined advantages of simplicity, neatness, compactness, constant readiness for work, perfect safety, economy while working, and the absolute cessation of expenditure during interruptions and after the work of the day is over. Fig. 2614 is a form of water-engine in which the water from an elevated reservoir bears upon the pistons of the pump and engine and operates the pump. The slide-valves of the engine and pump are actuated by a lever on the common piston-rod, which is tilted by striking the stuffing-box. |
| Hydraulic engine. |
| Absorbing-well. | Bonnet. |
| Accumulator. | Boom. |
| Aft-gate. | Border-pile. |
| Air-lock. | Bottle-boot. |
| Ajutage. | Bottle-faucet. |
| Alarm-funnel. | Bottle-siphon. |
| Alcaraza. | Bottle-stopper. |
| Anti-guggler. | Bottle-washer. |
| Apron. | Bottling-machine. |
| Aquarium. | Bowlder-head. |
| Aqueduct. | Branch. |
| Archimedean screw. | Breakwater. |
| Armor. Submarine | Breakwater-glacis. |
| Artesian well. | Breasting. |
| Ash-leach. | Bridge. |
| Back. | Bubbles. |
| Back-cutting. | Bucket. |
| Backwater. | Bucket-engine. |
| Bag and spoon. | Bucket-wheel. |
| Balance-bar. | Bung. |
| Balance-gate. | Burette. |
| Ballast-engine. | Burrock. |
| Ballast-heaver. | Bye-wash. |
| Bank-protector. | Caisson. |
| Barker's mill. | Camel. |
| Barrack. | Camp-sheeting. |
| Barrel-filler. | Canal. |
| Barrel-filling gage. | Canal-lift. |
| Barrel-washer. | Canal-lock. |
| Bascule. | Canal-lock gate. |
| Basin. | Cane. Hydraulic. |
| Batardeau. | Cap. |
| Bath. | Catch-basin. |
| Bath-heater. | Catch-feeder. |
| Bath-tub. | Catch-water drain. |
| Bay. | Catch-work. |
| Bearing-pile. | Cauf. |
| Beck. | Centrifugal filter. |
| Beer-cooler. | Centrifugal pump. |
| Beer-engine. | Cesspipe. |
| Beer-float. | Cesspool. |
| Beer-fountain. | Chain-pump. |
| Beer-tap. | Chain-towing. |
| Bilge-water alarm. | Chamber-closet. |
| Bilge-water discharge. | Chapelet. |
| Blast-hole. | Cheek. |
| Blower. Hydraulic | Chute. |
| Boiler-prover. | Cistern. |
| Bollard. | Clap-sill. |
| Bond-rail. | Cleansing-vat. |
| Clepsydra. | Ejector. |
| Clough. | Emissarium. |
| Clow. | Enrockment. |
| Coal-breaking jack. | Explorer. |
| Coal-washer. | Extinguisher. |
| Cock. | Facing. |
| Coffer. | Fascine. |
| Coffer-dam. | Faucet. |
| Coffin. | Feeder. |
| Colluviarium. | Feed-head. |
| Condenser. | Fender. |
| Conduit. | Fender-pile. |
| Cooler. | Fermenting-vat. |
| Cooling-floor. | Filter. |
| Corbel-piece. | Filter-bed. |
| Corking-machine. | Fire-cock. |
| Cork-jacket. | Fire-engine. |
| Cork-press. | Fire-extinguisher. |
| Cork-puller. | Fire-plug. |
| Corkscrew. | Fish-garth. |
| Counter-drain. | Fish-way. |
| Cradle. | Flashing. |
| Crane. Hydraulic | Flews. |
| Crank-prover. | Float. |
| Crank-puller. | Float-case. |
| Crawl. | Floater. |
| Crevasses. Stopping | Floating-clough. |
| Crib. | Floating-dam. |
| Croy. | Floating-dock. |
| Cruive. | Floating-harbor. |
| Cumming. | Floating-safe. |
| Curb. | Flood-flanking. |
| Current-fender. | Flood-gate. |
| Current-gage. | Flume. |
| Current-meter. | Flushing. |
| Current-regulator. | Footing. |
| Current-wheel. | Forebay. |
| Cut-off. | Foreland. |
| Cutwater. | Foreshore. |
| Dam. | Fountain. |
| Danaide. | Fountain. Beer |
| Dead-well. | Fountain of Hero. |
| Defecator. | Fountain-inkstand. |
| Digue. | Fountain-lamp. |
| Dike. | Fountain-pen. |
| Dip. | Fountain. Portable |
| Distributing-reservoir. | Frith. |
| Diversion-cut. | Funnel. |
| Diving-apparatus. | Fyke. |
| Diving-bell. | Gabion. |
| Dock. | Gage-rod. |
| Dolphin. | Garth. |
| Draft-box. | Gate-chamber. |
| Drag. | Goose-neck. |
| Drain. | Go-out. |
| Draining-apparatus. | Graving-dock. |
| Draining-auger. | Gridiron. |
| Draining-engine. | Grillage. |
| Draining-plow. | Groin. |
| Draining-pump. | Grouting. |
| Drain-trap. | Guide-lock. |
| Draw-gate. | Guide-pile. |
| Dredge. | Guard-pile. |
| Dredge-boat. | Gutter. |
| Dredging-machine. | Gyle. |
| Drill for well-boring. | Hand-swipe. |
| Driven well-tube. | Hard. |
| Dropping-tube. | Hatch. |
| Drove. | Head. |
| Drowning-bridle. | Head-bay. |
| Drum-wheel. | Head-gate. |
| Dry-dock. | Heck. |
| Dutch-scoop. | Hedgehog. |
| Edulcorator. | Hollow quoin. |
| Horn-drum. | Life-preserver. |
| Horse-path. | Lift. Canal |
| Hose. | Lift. Lock |
| Hose-bridge. | Lift. Wall |
| Hose-coupling. | Lighter. |
| Hose-shield. | Lighthouse. |
| Hydrant. | Lining. |
| Hydrant-valve. | Liquid-cooler. |
| Hydraulic belt. | Liquid-gage. |
| Hydraulic block. | Liquid-meter. |
| Hydraulic buffer. | Litrameter. |
| Hydraulic cane. | Lock. Canal |
| Hydraulic cement. | Lock-chamber. |
| Hydraulic clock. | Lock-gate. |
| Hydraulic crane. | Lock-paddle. |
| Hydraulic dock. | Lock-sill. |
| Hydraulic elevator. | Lock-weir. |
| Hydraulic engine. | Lode. |
| Hydraulic governor. | Main. |
| Hydraulic hoist. | Mantle. |
| Hydraulic indicator. | Marigraph. |
| Hydraulic jack. | Marine-alarm. |
| Hydraulic lift. | Marine-railway. |
| Hydraulic lifting-jack. | Mash-cooler. |
| Hydraulic main. | Mash-tun. |
| Hydraulic motor. | Measuring-apparatus. |
| Hydraulic nozzle. | Measuring-faucet. |
| Hydraulicon. | Measuring-funnel. |
| Hydraulic pivot. | Measuring-pump. |
| Hydraulic pressure-pump. | Meter. |
| Hydraulic propeller. | Mill-dam. |
| Hydraulic punch. | Mineral-water apparatus. |
| Hydraulic ram. | Miser. |
| Hydraulic shears. | Miter-drain. |
| Hydraulic slip. | Miter-post. |
| Hydraulic telegraph. | Miter-sill. |
| Hydraulic valve. | Mole. |
| Hydro-electric machine. | Monte-jus. |
| Hydro-extractor. | Morton's slip. |
| Hydrometer. | Mud-boat. |
| Hydrometric pendulum. | Mud-drag. |
| Hydrometrograph. | Nautical-alarm. |
| Hydrophore. | Nautilus. |
| Hydroscope. | Needle. |
| Hydrostat. | Negative-well. |
| Hydrostatic balance. | Noria. |
| Hydrostatic bellows. | Nozzle. |
| Hydrostatic engine. | Oar. |
| Hydrostatic jack. | Oenometer. |
| Hydrostatic lamp. | Oil-feeder. |
| Hydrostatic press. | Ombrometer. |
| Ice-apron. | Organ. Hydraulic |
| Ice-breaker. | Outburst-bank. |
| Impluvium. | Outfall. |
| Inclined plane. | Overflow-basin. |
| Invert. | Paddle. |
| Jette. | Paddle-wheel. |
| Jetty. | Pannier. |
| Keel-fat. | Penchute. |
| Keir. | Penstock. |
| Kemelin. | Percolater. |
| Kid. | Perpendicular lift. |
| Kiddle. | Peruvian wheel. |
| Ladle-board. | Picotah. |
| Land-tie. | Pier. |
| Land-tank. | Pierre-perdue. |
| Launder. | Pile. |
| Leach. | Pile-driver. |
| Leaf. | Pile-saw. |
| Leak-alarm. | Pipe. |
| Leam. | Pipette. |
| Leat. | Pipe-prover. |
| Levee. | Pitched work. |
| Level. | Pitot's tube. |
| Platform. | Sludging. |
| Plug. Fire | Sluice. |
| Pneumatic pile. | Sluice-gate. |
| Point. | Sluice-valve. |
| Pond. | Snag-boat. |
| Pot-wheel. | Soda-fountain. |
| Pound. | Sough. |
| Pozzuolana. | Souterazici. |
| Pressure-pump. | Spile. |
| Propeller. | Spout. |
| Psychrometer. | Spreader. |
| Puddle. | Spring-tester. |
| Puddling. | Spur. |
| Puffer. | Stade. |
| Pugging. | Stage. |
| Pull-cock. | Staith. |
| Pulp-washer. | Stanch. |
| Pump. | Stand-pipe. |
| Pumping-engine. | Starling. |
| Punching-bear. | Start. |
| Quay. | Stay-pile. |
| Race. | Steam fire-engine. |
| Rail-bender. | Steam-fountain. |
| Rail-punch. | Steam stench-trap. |
| Rain-gage. | Sterhydraulic apparatus. |
| Raising sunken vessels. | Still. |
| Ram. Hydraulic | Stockade. |
| Reach. | Stop-cock. |
| Reservoir. | Stop-plank. |
| Rheometer. | Stop-valve. |
| Riddle. | Storm-pavement. |
| Rinsing-machine. | Street-sprinkling cart. |
| Rip-rap. | Street-washer. |
| Rising-main. | Street-watering. |
| River-wall. | Submarine apparatus. |
| Root. | Submarine armor. |
| Round. | Submarine boat. |
| Salmon-ladder. | Submarine cable. |
| Salmon-stair. | Submarine excavator. |
| Sand-trap. | Submarine lamp. |
| Sand-washer. | Submarine telescope. |
| Sasse. | Submarine valve. |
| Saucer. | Submarine vessel. |
| Scoop. | Sump. |
| Scoop-wheel. | Swash-bank. |
| Scouring-basin. | Sweetening-cock. |
| Screw. Archimedean | Swing-bridge. |
| Screw-dock. | Syringe. |
| Screw-pile. | Tachometer. |
| Scroll. | Tail-bay. |
| Sea-gates. | Tail-gate. |
| Sea-wall. | Tail-race. |
| Sectional dock. | Tank. Oil, etc. |
| Separating-weir. | Tan-pit. |
| Sett. | Tap. |
| Sewer. | Tapping water-pipe. |
| Shaft-straightener. | Testing-machine. |
| Sheeting-pile. | Thatch wood-work. |
| Shingle-trap. | Tidal basin. |
| Ship-jack. | Tide-alarm. |
| Shoal-alarm. | Tide-gage. |
| Shoe. | Tide-gate. |
| Shrouding. | Tide-lock. |
| Shuttle. | Tide-mill. |
| Side-pond. | Tide-motor. |
| Sink. | Tide-power. |
| Sink-trap. | Tide-valve. |
| Siphon. | Tide-wheel. |
| Siphon-bottle. | Towing. |
| Sirup-stand. | Trap. |
| Slack-water navigation. | Traversing-jack. |
| Slide. | Trough. |
| Slip. | Trunk. |
| Slop-hopper. | Tub. |
| Tube. | Water-leg. |
| Tube-clamp. | Water-level. |
| Tube-well. | Water-line. |
| Tun. | Water-lute. |
| Tunnel. | Water-mark. |
| Turbine. | Water-meter. |
| Tympanum. | Water-mill. |
| Urinal. | Water-motor. |
| Valve. | Water-pillar. |
| Vase. | Water-pressure engine. |
| Velinche. | Water-proofing. |
| Vent. | Water-room. |
| Vineficateur. | Water-screw. |
| Wagon-tipper. | Water-snail. |
| Wale. | Water-supply for locomotives. |
| Warp. | |
| Waste. | Water-twist. |
| Waste-trap. | Water-way. |
| Waste-weir. | Water-wheel. |
| Water-balance. | Water-works. |
| Water-barrow. | Wave-power. |
| Water-bearing. | Wave-trap. |
| Water-bellows. | Way-gate. |
| Water-carrier. | Weel. |
| Water-clock. | Weir. |
| Water-closet. | Weir-table. |
| Water-cooler. | Well. |
| Water-crane. | Well-boring. |
| Water-engine. | Wet-dock. |
| Water-elevator. | Wharf. |
| Water-frame. | Wheel-jack. |
| Water-gage. | Wheel-press. |
| Water-gas. | Wince. |
| Water-gate. | Woltmann's mill. |
| Water-gilding. | Worm. |
| Water-glass. | Worm-safe. |
| Water-indicator. | Wort-cooler. |
| Watering-cart. | Zigzag. |
Hy-drau′lic Gov′ern-or.
（Steam.) Another name for Smeaton's cataract. See cataract; Cornish-engine.
Hy-drau′lic hoist.
（Hoisting.) One device for this purpose consists of a large cylinder in which the slow and forcible movement of a piston is made to drive water into a smaller cylinder and impart a relatively larger stroke to a piston therein. It is the converse of the hydrostatic press. See accumulator, Fig. 24; Figs. C J, opposite page 1150; K L M, page 1157.
Hy-drau′lic In′di-cator.
A gage (B, plate opposite page 1150) to indicate hydraulic pressure. Water under the pressure to be tested is admitted through the pipe a to a cylinder enclosing a piston which tends to depress the short arm of the lever b, counterbalanced by the weight c; a movable weight slides on the long arm of the lever, and weights d are added to its outer end when a very great pressure is to be measured.Hy-drau′lic lift.
（Hoisting.) An apparatus (K, page 1157), on the principle of the hydraulic press, is enclosed within the casing a, and is by means of a lever h caused to draw upon the chain c, which passes over two sets of pulleys, in the example twelve in number, and is thence conducted by leading pulleys over the jib d. The weight c is by this arrangement raised twelve times the stroke of the ram at each movement of the latter. There is, of course, a corresponding loss of power, but this is of less moment than the increased speed attained.
Hy-drau′lic Lift′ing-jack.
（Hoisting.) A portable lifting apparatus in which the power is a form of the hydrostatic press (M, in same plate). In this form of the machine, the reservoir a, pump [1149] b, and pressure cylinder c are above the ram d, and maintained in line therewith by the tubular casing c. The plunger f is operated by the lever g. Water is admitted to the reservoir a through the screwfitted opening h, and flows through the valve i into the pump-cylinder b, when the piston f is raised. The downward motion of the piston forces the water through a suitably arranged valve into the lower cylinder c, where the pressure it exerts between the head of the immovable ram and the movable pump and reservoir causes them to raise a weight placed either on the head k or projecting foot l. The machine is re-adjusted for lifting by the screw-valve m, which opens a communication between the upper and lower chambers. M′ and M′ are perspective views of a similar machine. M‴ has a hollow base and a stationary ram which acts as a guide-post. The cylinder with a protruding claw slides upon the ram.
Hy-drau′lic lime.
A kind of lime which has the capacity for hardening under water. See hydraulic cement.Hy-drau′lic main.
（Gas.) A strong, cast-iron pipe, usually about 12 inches in diameter, and of a length sufficient to receive all the perpendicular pipes that convey to it the gas generated in the several retorts. The main is horizontal, and is supported on the brick-work that covers the ovens. The hydraulic main contains a certain quantity of water, and the mouth of each gas-tube is submerged in the water, so that the gas flows through water and parts with a portion of its ammonia at this stage of the process. See dip-pipe; gas-regulator.
Hy-drau′lic Mining.
（Mining.) A system of mining in which the force of a jet of water is used to wear down a bed of auriferous gravel or earth, which is passed through sluices to detain the particles of gold. See flume; hydraulic nozzle.
Hy-drau′lic Mor′tar.
Mortar in which the presence of alumina enables it to harden under water; producing an insoluble silicate of alumina. (See cement.) It usually contains burned clay along with the more abundant lime, and sometimes oxide of iron. See hydraulic cement; pozzuolana. |
| Hydraulic nozzles. |
Hy-drau′lic Mo′tor.
A water-engine. 1. A hydraulic ram having connections which raise a piston that is forced down by atmospheric pressure at each cessation of the downward flow of water. By suitably arranged valves the water may be admitted alternately above and below the piston, causing a reciprocating action similar to that of the steam-engine. 2. A machine in which a piston is moved in a cylinder by water from a head or stand pipe, in the manner of a steam-engine. Some engines on the Continent of Europe work with a head of 200 feet conducted by a pipe. See hydraulic engine.Hy-drau′lic Noz′zle.
（Mining.) A device for directing a stream of water upon a bank of auriferous dirt to crumble it down, that it may be passed through a sluice to collect the gold. The nozzle has universal motion so as to direct the stream in any direction, in one case by two elbows and pairs of rings which slip on each other, and in the other case by a spherical segment and socket. These machines are made to collect the water of a number of hose-pipes into one stream which may be directed in one jet of from 4 to 7 inches in diameter upon a bank at a distance of 200 feet, if necessary to stand at that distance to avoid caving.
Hy-drau′li-con.
（Music.) A water-organ. This form was known to the Alexandrian Greeks in the time of Hero, 150 B. C. It is supposed that air was forced by means of water. If so, it was rather a water-bellows. See organ.
Hy-drau′lic Piv′ot.
（Machinery.) A contrivance of Girard by which a film or body of water is introduced below the end of a vertical axis to bear the weight thereof, and prevent the actual friction of the axis on its step. The hydraulic pivot, or liquid bearing, for stepping vertical shafts, is described in Bramah's planing-machine, English patent, 1802. See Journalbearing; palier-glissant.
Hy-drau′lic Plat′form-lift.
（Hoisting.) A form of hoisting-apparatus (L, page 1157) in which the small pump a, operated by the lever b, is caused to force water into the larger cylinder c, which contains a piston bearing the upright stem d, upon the upper end of which the platform e e, sliding upon appropriate guides, is fixed.
Hy-drau′lic press.
Another name for the hydrostatic press. H, plate opposite page 1150, represents a press for the extraction of liquids from the more solid saturated materials; such as the juices from the woody fiber of herbs in obtaining vegetable extracts. In this, a horizontal plunger a, actuated by a screw b, works in a water-chamber c d to raise a ram c. A vertical screw f works in the head g on the standards, for raising or depressing the piston, between which and the ram e substances are compressed. When the juices of fruits, etc., are to be expressed, the platen is surrounded by a perforated box j j. See hydrostatic press. |
| Hydraulic press. |
Hy-drau′lic pro-pel′ler.
A mode of propelling vessels by the ejection of a body of water sternward. [1150] It was invented by Dr. John Allen, and described by him in 1730. See his “Specimina Ichnographica.” His method was to form a tunnel or pipe, open at the stern of the vessel, and by means of a pump to force water or air through it into the sea. The reaction thus occasioned would drive the ship forward. The design was put into execution upon a canal, with a boat of considerable size, and worked by pumps by manual labor, but he suggested the employment of a steam-engine, and its application to a vessel of 1,500 tons. The hydraulic propeller of Dr. Allen formed the subject of a patent to David Ramsey, in England, 1738; and Rumsey, of America, 1782. The latter ran a vessel of 50 feet long on the Potomac, and one built on his plan was launched and fitted after his death, and ran on the Thames four miles an hour against wind and tide. Dr. Franklin planned a boat of this kind in 1785, and it has since been tried on the Scheldt, two turbines being used for pumps. Linnaker's hydraulic propeller, 1808, had pumps placed horizontally beneath the bottom of the vessel. The pistons were attached to hanging levers which were oscillated by the power of the steam-engine. The pistons reciprocated in longitudinal trunks parallel to the keel. In a second plan, the pumps were vertical and discharged the water through horizontal trunks. The “Nautilus,” furnished with Ruthven's propeller, had a trial trip on the Thames in the summer of 1868, running in company with paddle-wheel steamers of the class that ply like aquatic omnibuses up and down the river. She ran at the rate of 13.5 and 7.2 miles per hour, with and against the tide, respectively, or at an average speed of 10.35 miles per hour. She then steamed down the river, and when off the Tunnel pier, with both strong wind and tide in her favor, going at full speed, was made, by reversing the valves, to stop dead in less than ten seconds and in about a quarter of her length. Her Majesty's iron-clad gunboat “Waterwitch” was fitted with the new propeller. The water is discharged in a heavy stream on both sides of the vessel, and its direction is under such command that the vessel is independent of her rudder, and is worked under the complete control of the master, officer of the watch, or man on deck, without any communication with the engine. The plan has been tried in the United States without commending itself as against the paddle and screw. Different modes of the application of the hydraulic propeller have been suggested for canal navigation.Hy-drau′lic Pull′ing-jack.
（Hoisting.) An application of the hydrostatic press. A cylinder a (C, plate on the opposite page) contains a tube b, to which the piston c is attached. d is a smaller tube sliding within the piston and tube b. A valve e closes the communication between the cistern f, which contains a pump f′ operated by the hand-lever h, and the cylinder a; two passages g g afford communication between the tube d and cylinder a at the back of the piston c. Water is poured into the cistern through an opening closed by a screw, and the jack suspended cistern end downward. Working the hand-lever h forces, by means of the plunger h, water through the tube d and passages i i, and depresses the piston to the bottom of the cylinder a. The water at the back of the piston returns at the same time to the cistern through the passages g g. By unscrewing the stop-valve e, the water returns through the tube d and passages i i to the cistern, relieving the piston from pressure and allowing a suspended weight to fall.
Hy-drau′lic punch.
An application of the hydrostatic press, comprising a force-pump and operating cylinder (G, same plate), in which the piston, carrying the punch b, is inserted, inclosed in a case a. The lever c operates the pump to depress the piston, and force the punch through a plate beneath; it is then raised by the lever d to punch another hole. A punching-bear (which see).Hy-drau′lic rail-bend′er.
An implement for bending or straightening rails by hydraulic pressure (E, same plate). The action of the lever a operates a small force-pump within the casing, which is connected with a larger cylinder, the piston of which forces the plunger d against the rail midway between the points where it is held by the lips c c. Known as a jim-crow (which see).Hy-drau′lic ram.
A device by which the fall of a column of water in a tube is caused to elevate a portion of itself to a hight greater than that of its source. This depends on the well-known law of mechanical force, that the effect produced by a body is as its weight multiplied into the velocity, its absolute force constituting the momentum. |
| Hydraulic rams. |
 |
| Hydraulic valve. |
Hy-drau′lic shaft-straighten-er.
An hydraulic implement for straightening metallic bars and shafts (F, plate opposite page 1150). The beam a and shaft b are each inserted within the collars c c, and pressure applied through the plunger d, operated by a small hydraulic press enclosed within the casing e and worked by the lever f.Hy-drau′lic shears.
A machine for shearing metals, etc., by the force of water-pressure (O, page 1157). The cutting-blade a is forced toward and drawn away from the stationary blade b by its attachment to the piston of a cylinder connected with a force-pump contained within the casing c and operated by a lever d.Hy-drau′lic slip.
A slip-dock in which the cradle and its load, the ship, are hauled up the rails or ways, for the purpose of cleaning or repair, by the power of an hydraulic press. See slip-dock. The cylinder of the press lies on a strong foundation at the upper end of the slip-way; its plunger has a cross-head connected by means of side-rods with a cross-tail, to which is attached the chain for hauling up the cradle. The chain consists of a series of long, straight links, or traction rods, each equal in length to the stroke of the plunger and connected together by pins. The plunger is driven by water, forced in by a set of pumps worked by a steam-engine. After a forward stroke of the plunger has been completed, an escape-valve is opened for the water, and the plunger is drawn back by a counterpoise; one length of traction rod is disconnected and taken out; and when the plunger has completed its return stroke, the shortened chain of traction rods is again connected with the cross-tail, to be ready for the next forward stroke, and so on. The operation of disconnecting the traction rods, taking out a length and reconnecting them, is called flecting. The usual speed with large ships, including stoppages for flecting, is about 4 feet per minute.Hy-drau′lic spring-tester.
An application of the hydrostatic press to testing the strength of springs (P Pa, page 1157). a is a side view and b the plan of this device. It has an accumulator, into which air is forced by means of a hand-pump until the pressure is about 100 pounds per square inch. Power-pumps working in a cistern are then set in motion, pumping water into the cylinder until a pressure of about 300 pounds per inch is attained; by opening a stop-valve, this accumulated pressure is at once allowed to act on the ram and compress the spring to be tested. The ram is retracted by counterbalance weights when the pressure is removed.Hy-drau′lic Tele-graph.
A mode of communication by means of a column of liquid in a pipe, which is caused to move so as to actuate a hand, or by different levels to indicate messages or letters on a graduated or written scale against the fluctuating column. The plan was tried in France by Bossuet over a century since, with a pipe about three miles long. Vallance's hydraulic telegraph was described by the inventor in a pamphlet in 1825.Hy-drau′lic valve.
（Pneumatics.) An inverted cup which is lowered over the upturned open end of a pipe, the edge of the cup being submerged in water and closing the pipe against the passage of air. The hydraulic valve of the gasworks governs the communication between the gas-holder and the main. When the valve is raised the communication is free between the two pipes; but when the valve is depressed the division plate descends into the water and closes the connection.
Hy-drau′lic wheel.
One for raising water by applied power, as the noria, scoop-wheel, tympanum, etc. (which see). The wheel shown in the example is driven by steam or wind power, having buckets on its internal perimeter which raise water from the stream and discharge it right and left into the branches of the elevated gutter. It is intended for irrigating cotton, coffee, indigo, rice, and sugar lands, and for other purposes. See Fig. 2620.Hy′dro-ba-rom′e-ter.
An instrument for determining the depth of sea-water by its pressure. In the United States Coast Survey Report, 1857, pp. 398 – 403, is an account of the sounding-apparatus of Lieutenant E. B. Hunt: “Arrange a weighted india-rubber air-vessel for dragging on the bottom; connect this with a boat or surveying-vessel by an air-tight tube of small bore; let this tube open in a cistern of mercury made air-tight; and from this cistern arrange a vertical glass column, open at the top, through which the mercury can rise to any hight required by the pressure due to the depth.” See also Ericsson's patent, September 22, 1863. Also McCord's, September 20, 1859, in which latter the pressure of the water pushes up a piston into a graduated cylinder, where the acquired elevation is registered.Hy′dro-car′bon-burn′er.
One in which liquid fuel is used beneath a steam-boiler, cooking-vessel, or otherwise. It usually has a jet of air or steam, frequently both, which carry with them a quantity of petroleum or coal oil in the form of spray which is ignited and burns below the boiler. Ingenuity is exercised in so arranging the burners that the jets in sufficient number are so disposed as to apply the flame to the surfaces of the boiler. In Fig. 2621, the pipe B is a receptacle in which the oil is mixed with air, and the gases evolved. A small stream of oil enters by the pipe i, a current of air by opening r, and a jet of steam from the boiler by pipe S. Pipe B, containing steam, air, and gas, passes through the furnace, and on its return empties its heated contents in the midst of the fire. In heating or cooking stoves, the burner may consist of a vaporizer in which a jet heats a small retort from which the coal oil issues in a vapor; or [1152] |
| Hydraulic wheel. |
 |
| Hydrocarbon boiler-furnace. |
 |
| Hydrogen-lamp. |
Hydro-car′bon-fur′nace.
One specially adapted to the use of liquid fuel either beneath a steam-boiler or a metallurgic furnace. See hydrocarbon-burner.Hydro-car′bon-stove.
A heating or cooking stove in which liquid fuel is burned within the furnace chamber. See gas-stove.Hy′dro-e-lec′tric Batter-y.
（Electricity.) An apparatus in which dynamic electricity is produced by means of two different metals connected together by a conductor, and immersed in a solution which causes a flow of electricity from the positive to the negative metal. See galvanic battery.
Hy′dro-e-lec′tric ma-chine′.
（Electricity.) A machine invented in 1840 by Mr. (now Sir William) Armstrong, in which electricity is generated by the friction of steam against the sides of orifices through which it is allowed to escape under high pressure. A steam-boiler is supported on four glass legs. The steam is conducted over wet cotton wicks before escaping, in order to take up water whose friction against the sides of the orifice is the generator of the electricity, the steam being the driving power. The positive electricity is collected by directing the jet of steam upon a metallic comb communicating with an insulated conductor.
Hy′dro-ex-tract′or.
A form of filter or dryer in which a liquid is driven by centrifugal force from or through a mass deposited in a chamber rotating at high velocity. See centrifugal machine.Hy′dro-genlamp.
About 1825 a German named Dobereiner discovered that spongy platinum became incandescent when a mixture of hydrogen gas and atmospheric air was passed through it, and thence devised his selflighting lamp, which was long in favor and known as the hydrogen-lamp. It formed an instantaneous light apparatus, and was especially useful for lighting at intervals during the day. It has lately been applied to gas-burners, [1153] which are self-igniting as the jet of carburetted hydrogen is ejected upon a piece of spongy platinum suitably placed in proximity to the orifice. |
| Sykes's hydrometer. |
Hy′dro-met′al-lurgy.
The wet process of extracting metals from ores; in contradistinction to the hot process. See list under metallurgy.Hy-drome-ter.
1. An instrument for determining the relative densities of liquids. Distilled water is usually referred to as the standard of comparison. It consists essentially of a bulb or float weighted at bottom so as to float upright, and having an elongated stem graduated to indicate the density of the liquid by the depth to which it sinks therein. Hydrometers may be divided into two classes; those with which weights are used and those in which they are dispensed with. Among the former are Sykes's, Jones's, and Siemen's, while Tralle's and many others are of the latter description. In all, a correction must be applied to the observed indication when the temperature is above or below a certain standard (usually 60° Fah.), in order to obtain the true result. Many instruments are only constructed with reference to liquids heavier than water; such are saccharometers, salinometers, and acidimeters, which, though bearing names, specifically indicating the particular kinds of fluids they are designed to test, are embraced in the general class hydrometer; such also are those adapted for fluids lighter than water, as alcoholometers and oleometers; all depend on the same principle, but greater delicacy is secured by confining the measuring capacity of the instrument within comparatively narrow limits, allowing it much greater vertical ranges for equal variations in specific gravity, so that extremely small differences become sensible. The different weights in those of the weighted class are also intended for this purpose. Hydrometers are made and specially graduated for testing spirits, petroleum, oil, milk, cream, vinegar, lye, lime-water, acid, ether, alcohol, silver solution, dye solutions, salt water, lime, alkali, sirup, ammonia, beer, bark ooze, eider, shellac, glue, wine, must, urine. See list under meters. Sykes's hydrometer is that legally employed in the collection of the revenue in Great Britain. It has a flat stem graduated into eleven equal parts, which are again subdivided into two. Eight different weights, numbered respectively 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, are employed in connection with the instrument. The proper one to be used depends on the strength of the spirit to be tested. It is placed on the lower projecting stem, sinking the instrument to a depth corresponding or nearly so to some one of the graduations on the upper stem; this is noted, and also the temperature of the liquid, and the corresponding strength per cent of spirit is then found from tables constructed for the purpose. Jones's hydrometer is a modification of Sykes's. It has a square stem, differently graduated on each of its four sides, and three weights which, with the unweighted instrument, correspond to the four scales. Among those in which weights are dispensed with are Beaume's, the centigrade, etc. Beaumes, is in very general use in France and on the Continent of Europe. Its scale is based upon a solution containing 10 per cent of chloride of sodium (common salt). The following table shows the specific gravity corresponding to different degrees of Beaume : — For Liquids heavier than Water.| Degrees | Specific | Degrees | Specific | Degrees | Specific |
| Beaume. | Gravity. | Beaume. | Gravity. | Beaume. | Gravity. |
| 0 | 1.000 | 26 | 1.206 | 52 | 1.520 |
| 1 | 1.007 | 27 | 1.216 | 53 | 1.535 |
| 2 | 1.013 | 28 | 1.226 | 54 | 1.551 |
| 3 | 1.020 | 29 | 1.236 | 55 | 1.567 |
| 4 | 1.027 | 30 | 1.246 | 56 | 1.583 |
| 5 | 1.034 | 31 | 1.256 | 57 | 1.600 |
| 6 | 1.041 | 32 | 1.267 | 58 | 1.617 |
| 7 | 1.048 | 33 | 1.277 | 59 | 1.634 |
| 8 | 1.056 | 34 | 1.288 | 60 | 1.652 |
| 9 | 1.063 | 35 | 1.299 | 61 | 1.670 |
| 10 | 1.070 | 36 | 1.310 | 62 | 1.689 |
| 11 | 1.078 | 37 | 1.322 | 63 | 1.708 |
| 12 | 1.086 | 38 | 1.333 | 64 | 1.727 |
| 13 | 1.094 | 39 | 1.345 | 65 | 1.747 |
| 14 | 1.101 | 40 | 1.357 | 66 | 1.767 |
| 15 | 1.109 | 41 | 1.369 | 67 | 1.788 |
| 16 | 1.118 | 42 | 1.382 | 68 | 1.809 |
| 17 | 1.126 | 43 | 1.395 | 69 | 1.831 |
| 18 | 1.134 | 44 | 1.407 | 70 | 1.854 |
| 19 | 1.143 | 45 | 1.421 | 71 | 1.877 |
| 20 | 1.152 | 46 | 1.434 | 72 | 1.900 |
| 21 | 1.160 | 47 | 1.448 | 73 | 1.924 |
| 22 | 1.169 | 48 | 1.462 | 74 | 1.949 |
| 23 | 1.178 | 49 | 1.476 | 75 | 1.974 |
| 24 | 1.188 | 50 | 1.490 | 76 | 2.000 |
| 25 | 1.197 | 51 | 1.505 |
| 10 | 1.000 | 27 | .896 | 44 | .811 |
| 11 | .993 | 28 | .890 | 45 | .807 |
| 12 | .986 | 29 | .885 | 46 | .802 |
| 13 | .980 | 30 | .880 | 47 | .798 |
| 14 | .973 | 31 | .874 | 48 | .794 |
| 15 | .967 | 32 | .869 | 49 | .789 |
| 16 | .960 | 33 | .864 | 50 | .785 |
| 17 | .954 | 34 | .859 | 51 | .781 |
| 18 | .948 | 35 | .854 | 52 | .777 |
| 19 | .942 | 36 | .849 | 53 | .773 |
| 20 | .936 | 37 | .844 | 54 | .768 |
| 21 | .930 | 38 | .839 | 55 | .764 |
| 22 | .924 | 39 | .834 | 56 | .760 |
| 23 | .918 | 40 | .830 | 57 | .757 |
| 24 | .913 | 41 | .825 | 58 | .753 |
| 25 | .907 | 42 | .820 | 59 | .749 |
| 26 | .901 | 43 | .816 | 60 | .745 |
Hy′dro-met′ric Pend′u-lum.
A current-gage. An instrument consisting of a ball suspended from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to mark by its deflection the rate of motion of the water.Hydro-met′ro-graph.
An instrument for determining and recording the amount of water issuing from a pipe, etc., in a given time.Hy′dro-phore.
An instrument for obtaining specimens of water from any given depth below the surface.Hy′dro-scope.
1. An instrument anciently used for measuring time by the trickling of water from an orifice in the lower end of a graduated tube. The hight, diameter, and graduation of the tube, and the size of the opening, being properly proportioned, the subsidence of level of the water indicates the passage of time. See clepsydra. 2. An instrument to detect the presence of moisture in air. See hygrometer.Hy′dro-stat.
A general term, signifying an apparatus or contrivance to prevent the explosion of steam-boilers. The devices are numerous, and have specific names.Hy′dro-stat′ic arch.
（Architecture.) A linear [1155] arch suited for sustaining normal pressure at each point, proportional — like that of a liquid in repose — to a depth below a given horizontal plane. It is sometimes called the “Arch of Yvon-Villaceaux,” from the name of the mathematician who first demonstrated its properties. — Rankine.
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| Hydrostatic balance. |
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| Hydrostatic baling-press. |
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| Hydrostatic baling-press. |
Hy′dro-stat′ic Bal′ance.
A balance for weighing substances in water for the purpose of ascertaing their specific gravities. When unloaded, the arms are equipoised. c, the body to be weighed, is suspended from the shorter arm. On the longer arm the movable weight indicates the weight of the object in air or water. A specificgravity balance. See areometer.Hy′dro-stat′ic Bal′ing-press.
One in which the force of water under pressure is made to compress the fibrous material to be baled. In the example shown, the beater B is first operated, and, when the process has gone to a certain extent, the beater is made stationary, and the follower D raised. Both operations are effected by hydraulic operation. The suspension rope of the beater winds on the wheel M, which is rotated by pinion and rack, the latter being depressed by a piston in cylinder J. The rope is tripped off the wheel from time to time, automatically, allowing the weight B to fall, and again and again re-winds and slips off. At the proper time the cock is turned and the water turned on to the other cylinder J, beneath the follower D, and the latter is raised by the pressure of water beneath the piston in said cylinder. G represents the material under pressure. In Fig. 2626 the motive-power is water under pressure. The cylinder A is open at both ends, has two ports, E and F, at the center, to receive and discharge respectively the water from the pump or head. There are two rams B in cylinder A, working in opposite directions toward heads C. G is the space for the material to be pressed. D are connecting-rods, connecting the heads C together to resist the strain of the rams B, and forming guides for the rams.Hydro-static bed.
A bag of india-rubber cloth inflated with water. Intended for bedridden or wounded persons; invented by Dr. Arnott, and described in his “Elements of physics.”Hydro-stat′ic Bel′lows.
An instrument for illustrating the fact that the pressure of a small column of water balances that of another column of water, no matter how large. Water poured into the funnel-mouthed tube a (I, plate opposite page 1150) flows into the flexible-sided box b, and raises a weight c many times greater than its own. The weight may be lifted in this way until the combined pressure of it and the column of water in the bellows b is equal to that of a column of water having an equal surface and as high as the column in the tube c. Bramah's and other hydrostatic or hyraulic presses depend on this principle.Hy′dro-stat′ic lamp.
A lamp in which a supernatant stratum of oil is sustained by water or other fluid of greater specific gravity than the oil. Salt and water, sirup, honey, mercury, and sulphate of zinc in solution, have been employed for this purpose.Hy′dro-stat′ic Lev′el.
（Civil Engineering.) A water-level. See level.
Hydro-static press.
A machine in which the pressure of a piston on a body of water of relatively small sectional area is made to propagate the force to a cylinder of multiple area, where the force is directly as the difference and the speed inversely as the difference. Pascal (1650) demonstrated the power of a column of water in a vertical pipe inserted into a barrel. In filling the barrel and pipe, he found the pressure to be as the hight of the column and the area of the base, as if the cask had preserved its diameter throughout the whole length of the column. Supposing the barrel to have an area of three square feet, and the pipe of twelve feet length to have a capacity of two pints, the effective pressure of the quart of water on the heads of the cask is equal to a cylinder of water containing thirty-six cubic feet. If a properly fitting piston of a weight equal to the quart of water be placed in the pipe, it will have the same effect as the water for which it is a substitute. [1156] |
| Conway bridge hydrostatic press. |
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| Applications of the hydrostatic press. |
| Accumulator. | Hydraulic slip. |
| Boiler-power. | Hydraulic spring-tester. |
| Coal-breaking jack. | Hydrostatic baling-press. |
| Crank-puller. | Hydrostatic bellows. |
| Hydraulic crane. | Jim-crow. |
| Hydraulic dock. | Pipe-prover. |
| Hydraulic elevator. | Punching-bear. |
| Hydraulic hoist. | Rail-bender. |
| Hydraulic lift. | Rail-punch. |
| Hydraulic lifting-jack. | Shaft-straightener. |
| Hydraulic platform-lift. | Ship-jack. |
| Hydraulic press. | Spring-tester. |
| Hydraulic pulling-jack. | Testing-machine. |
| Hydraulic punch. | Traversing-jack. |
| Hydraulic shaft-straightener. | Wagon-tipper. |
| Wheel-jack. | |
| Hydraulic shears. | Wheel-press. |
Hy′dro-stat′ic-press pump.
A pump used in hydrostatic presses. The example (A, plate opposite page 1150) gives one form. q is the water-cistern and r the pump-barrel, which has a sucking tube t and a conical valve s. The plunger is operated by the lever, which may be pivoted in either of the holes shown at x on the standard, to obtain greater or less quickness of stroke; it is connected with the standard by a link. k is a safetyvalve and z the discharge-valve, the rise and fall of which is regulated by a screw placed over it. On lift ing the plunger, water is drawn into the barrel r through the tube t, and by depressing it the water is forced out through the pipe j, the valve z rising to permit its passage. See also C D, same plate.Hy-et′o-graph.
A chart indicating the comparative distribution of rain over a given geographical surface. See list under Graph. See also map, for list of lines indicating equal conditions of natural phenomena.Hy′gro-graph.
A recording hygrometer.Hy′grome-ter.
An instrument for measuring the comparative moisture of the air. They are of three kinds : — 1. Those which act on the principle of absorption. 2. Those which act by condensation. 3. Those in which the hygrometric condition is deduced from observations of a wet and a dry bulb. |
| Hygrometers |
the more accurate mode of expressing the moisture of the air from an observation of the temperature and dew-point is by the quotient of the division of the elasticity of the vapors at the real atmospheric temperature, by the elasticity at the temperature of the dew-point; for, calling the term of saturation 1,000, as the elasticity of vapor at the temperature of the air is to the elasticity of vapor at the temperature of the dewpoint, so is the term of saturation to the observed degree of moisture. Thus with regard to the observation in the Deccan — 1.430 : 0.194 : 1000 : 135, — the fourth term is the degree of moisture on the hygrometric scale.3. d c are two different forms of Mason's hygrometer. In this two thermometers are placed side by side, the bulb of one being covered with muslin or similar material, and wetted with water when an observation is to be made. The dimished temperature of the wet bulb, due to the evaporation of the moisture, is compared with the natural temperature of the other bulb; the temperature and the difference afford the data for determining the hygrometric conditions. In e the bulb of one thermometer is kept constantly moist from a cistern fixed on the plate, to which the two are attached. This is the most useful form of hygrometer. The theoretical relation between the indications of the two bulbs and the humidity of the air is rather complex and has given rise to much debate; it is usual to effect the reduction by tables which have been empirically constructed by comparison with the indications of the dew-point instrument of Daniell. The British tables for this purpose were constructed by Glaisher; edition of 1856 preferred. They are based upon a comparison of the simultaneous readings of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, and of Daniell's hygrometer, taken for a series of years in Greenwich Observatory, in Toronto, and in India. The ratio between the two readings is not equal at all degrees of temperature as marked on the dry bulb. When this temperature — the natural, it may be called — is 53° F. the dew-point is as much below the wet bulb as the latter is below 53° F., the temperature of the air. At higher temperatures the wet-bulb reading is nearer to the dew-point than to the air-temperature, and the reverse is the case at temperatures below 53° F. See psychrometer. Two citations from “Cosmos” are not irrelevant: “In the brilliant period of the foundation of ‘mathematical natural philosophy,’ attempts to investigate the moisture of the atmosphere in its connection with variations of temperature and with the direction of the wind were not wanting. The Academia del Cimento conceived the happy idea of determining the quantity of vapor by evaporation and precipitation. The oldest Florentine hygrometer was accordingly an apparatus in which the quantity of precipitated water run off was determined by weight. To this condensation hygrometer, which, aided by the ideas of LeRoy, has gradually led in our own days to the exact psychrometric methods of Dalton, Daniell, and Auguste, there were added, according to the example previously set by Leonardo da Vinci, the absorption hygrometers, made of animal or vegetable substances, of Santorio (1625), Torricelli (1626), and Molyneux. Catgut and the beard of the wild oat were used almost at the same time. Instruments of this kind, founded on the absorption of the aqueous vapor contained in the atmosphere by organic substances, were provided with indexes and counterpoises, and were very similar in construction to Saussure's and Delue's hair and whalebone hygrometers; but the instruments of the seventeenth century were deficient in the determination of fixed wet and dry points, so necessary for the comparison and understanding of the results. This desideratum was at last supplied by Regnault, but without reference to the variation which might be occasioned by time in the susceptibility of the hygrometic substances employed. Pictet, however, found that the hair of a Guanche mummy from Teneriffe, which might be a thousand years old, employed in a Saussure's hygrometer, still posseessed a satisfactory degree of sensibility.” “ ‘The admiral’ [Columbus], says Fernando Colon, ascribed the many refreshing falls of rain which cooled the air whilst he was sailing along the coast of Jamaica, to the extent and density of the forests which clothe the mountains. He takes this opportunity of remarking, in his ship's journal, that ‘formerly there was much rain in Madeira, the Canaries, and the Azores; but since the trees which shaded the ground have been cut down, rain has become much more rare.’ This warning has remained almost unheeded for more than three centuries and a half.”
Hy′gro-met′ric Bal′ance.
An instrument for indicating the relative density of the air, and consequent chances of rain or dry weather. It consists of a balance, from one arm of which is suspended a brass weight and from the other a large, thin, hollow cylinder. The two are arranged so as to be in equilibrium at a given density of the atmosphere, and it is evident that if the air become heavier, the large cylinder, displacing more air than the solid weight, will become more buoyant and ascend. If, on the contrary, the air become lighter, it will sink. A rod descending from the scale-beam serves to indicate, on the graduated are below, the comparative density of the air at the time of making the observation. If the air be heavy, fine weather may be expected; but if the cylinder sink, rain usually follows.Hy′gro-scope.
An instrument for indicating the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. See hygrometer; Deschanel's “Nat. Phil.,” Part II., p. 367. See psychrometer.Hy-pae′thrum.
（Architecture.) That portion of the interior of a building which is not protected by a roof. The ancient temples, which were entirely uncovered, were said to be hypaethral. [1160]
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| Hypocausts. |
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| Hypodermic syringe. |
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| Hypsometer. |
Hy′per-thy′rum; Hyper-thy′non.
（Architecture.) That part of the architrave which is over a door or window. See head-molding.
Hy′phen.
A mark (-) for joining the parts of a compound word, or indicating a break in a single word at the end of a line.Hy′po-caust.
（Building.) A furnace for heating a building by hot air conducted under the floor and through the walls. They were used by the Romans for heating their baths. One kind was constructed with flues running under the floor, and was heated from the outside of the building, and another was formed like a low chamber, its ceiling supported by small pillars or dwarf walls. This was immediately beneath the baths to be heated, and sometimes had flues leading to other apartments. Fig. 2629, A, is a plan and section of one discovered at Lincoln, England. This was 24 1/2 feet long, 9 1/4 feet wide, and 26 inches high in the clear. The ceiling, which formed the floor of the apartment above, was of large bricks laid in mortar, over which were tiles covered with stucco, the whole being about 10 inches thick. The products of combustion from the fire-chamber a passed through the arched opening b into the hypocaust, and were, it is supposed, discharged at d; c is believed to have been a flue leading to another apartment. The large fire space was necessary, as the Romans did not employ chimneys for increasing the draft. Hypocausts are in general use in Northern China, where the winters are severe. B illustrates their mode of construction. They are located beneath the floor of the house, and have two flues a b, c d, at right angles. These have a number of openings, which distribute the heat to all parts of the floor, which is paved with tiles or flagstones. e e are flues for carrying off smoke. The seats and sleepingplaces are also heated by this arrangement. They are built of brick and are hollow, communicating with the hypocaust below. The fuel employed is composed of a mixture of fine coal, clay, earth, cowdung, or refuse vegetable matter, formed into balls and dried. In houses of an inferior class, a sort of stove, built into one corner of the room, is used. Hypocausts were in use by the emirs of Cordova, from the ninth to the thirteenth century, the heat being conveyed by caliducts to the winter apartments. See bath; heating-apparatus.
Hy′po-der′mic Syr′inge.
（Surgical.) An instrument for administering subcutaneous injections of solution of morphia, for the purpose of relieving pain. It consists of a syringe with graduated barrel or rod, and a canula of silver or steel which has a point for penetration and an opening for ejection of the liquid. The illustration a b c shows a form with a glass tube, a graduated rod, and detachable points of two shapes. d c is a form of hypodermic syringe to be carried in a pocket-case. The point, inclosing the wirecleaner, fits into a hollow graduated piston. The barrel is an ordinary silver tube, the size of No. 10 catheter, and is six inches long. See also acupuncturator.
Hy′po-tra-che′li-um.
（Architecture.) The necking of a column in the classical orders, consisting of several narrow cinctures cut into the shaft at the base of the echinus.
Hyp-som′e-ter.
An instrument for measuring hights by observing differences in barometric pressures at different altitudes. Notably, an instrument for determining altitudes by observation of the boilingpoints of water. It has a watervessel, lamp, and thermometer. The example shows the instrument and the case in which it is packed for transportation on the back of a tourist or attendant. Wollaston's apparatus for in measuring hights by the temperature of boiling water has a mercurial thermometer with a very large bulb and a stem, which has a length of one inch for every degree of the scale. This is read by a vernier to thousandths. It is found that a difference of barometric pressure of 0.589 inches is equivalent to 1° in the boiling-point, or 530 feet of ascent at moderate elevations. Tables have been constructed for use with the apparatus, showing the precise elevation corresponding to different temperatures of boiling water.Hys′ter-om′e-ter.
An instrument for ascertaining the size of the uterus.Hyster′o-tome.
（Surgical.) A knife for operations upon the womb; notably the Caesarian section.
