Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia, K.

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19th-Century American

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K. Ka′jak.

The boat of the Esquimaux. It is from 18 to 20 feet long, 18 inches broad in the middle, tapering to both ends, and about a foot deep. It has no outriggers, and is difficult to manage. It is covered with skins, and closed at top with the exception of a hole in the middle, which the boatman occupies, sitting on the floor of the boat.

The kajak is the men's boat. The umiak is the women's boat; has a flat bottom, and is much larger. It is made of slender laths, fastened with whalebone, and covered with seal-skin.

Ka-lei′do-phone.

An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, to illustrate the phenomena of waves of sound. An elastic thin bar is fixed by one of its extremities, and at its free end carries a silvered or polished ball; a ray of light is reflected from this ball, and when the thin plate is put in vibration, the fine point of light describes various curves, corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations.

Ka-lei′do-scope.

An optical instrument, invented by David Brewster, 1814-17. An arrangement of mirrors produces a symmetrical reflection of beautiful images, derived from the association of pieces of colored glass, which assume new relations as the tube is slowly rotated.

This instrument is first noticed by Baptista Porta in his “Natural magic,” under the name of polyphaton. Kircher describes a similar invention of his own, but the application of two reflectors so inclined to each other as to form symmetrical images, changing as the instrument is rotated, was invented by Brewster.

“He subsequently found means to obtain multiplied images of such objects as flowers, trees, and even persons and things in motion, and thus the importance of the instrument was greatly increased. For this purpose, he caused the two mirrors to be fixed in a tube as before, but this tube was contained in another, from which, like the eye-tube of a telescope, it could be drawn at pleasure towards the eye. At the opposite end of the exterior tube was fixed a glass lens of convenient focal length, by which were formed images of different objects in the upper section, and which, being multiplied by successive reflections from the mirrors, produced in the field of view symmetrical patterns of great beauty. The properties of the instrument have been greatly extended; and when it is so constructed that there may be projected on a screen a magnified image of the whole pattern, and the tube is supported on a ball and socket joint, the figures in its field may be easily sketched by a skillful artist.” — Timbs.

Kallif-thor′gan.

A musical instrument played as a piano, and imitating the effect of a violin, violoncello, and double-bass.

Kal′muck.

（Fabric.) A coarse, shaggy cloth, resembling a bear-skin.

A coarse, colored, cotton cloth made in Persia.

Kal′so-mine.

A mixture of clear glue, Paris white, and water, laid on to a wall as whitewash. Commence by soaking 4 ounces of glue in a quart of warm water for 24 hours; then add a pint of water, and the tin vessel should be placed in a kettle of hot water over a fire, the glue being agitated till it is thoroughly dissolved and the solution quite clear. Put 5 or 6 pounds of powdered Paris white into a large bucket, and add hot water sufficient for the mixture to be of the consistency of cream; color according to taste. Then mix the glue-water with it, stir it well, and paint the walls with the mixture with the usual whitewash-brush.

Kamp-tu′li-con.

A floor covering made of india-rubber, gutta-percha, and cork. The two former having been liquefied, the other is added in the form of fine dust. （Galloway's English patent, February 14, 1844.) The mixture, while warm and soft, is pressed into sheets between rollers. It is very elastic′, and is printed like floor-cloth.

Ka′o-lin.

The Chinese name for porcelain clay; which is derived from the decomposition of felspar. In the Chinese manufacture of porcelain the kaolin is mixed with a fusible earthy matter, call petuntse. See porcelain.

Kas.

1. A horsehair sieve.

2. A negro drum.

Kathe-tom′e-ter.

See Cathetometer.

Keck′ling.

（Nautical.) A mode of protecting a cable or hawser from chafing at the hawse-hole, or from being chafed by ice, etc., by means of a wrapping or serving of rope, small chain, or other envelope.

Kedge.

A small and portable anchor, used in warping and other of the lighter duties of an anchor. See anchor.

Keel.

1. (Shipbuilding.) a. The lower longitudinal beam of a vessel, answering to the spine, and from which the ribs proceed.

In wooden vessels, an additional timber beneath is called the false keel.

A timber resting on the flooring timbers and above the keel is the keelson.

Timbers secured parallel to the latter are the sisterkeelsons, or side-keelsons.

Heavy timbers resting on the timbers before mentioned, and lying athwartships, are cross-keelsons, for sustaining the boilers and engines of steamships.

The bilge-keel is a longitudinal piece fastened on the bilge to protect it, or to prevent rolling, in the case of iron vessels without true keels.

Keel.

The keel is laid upon blocks whose upper surfaces form an angle of about 3° with the horizon. The blocks are about three feet high and four feet apart.

In England the keel is usually of elm, the pieces being scarfed together to attain the requisite length. In a first-rate line-of-battle ship the keel is 20 × 20 inches. American elm does not suit for the purpose, and white oak is used.

A sliding keel is a board amidships, working in a trunk in the line of the keel and extending from the bottom to the deck. It is lowered to form a lecboard for a vessel when under canvas.

The upper portion of Fig. 2740 shows, in crosssection, the keel in the cant frames.

K, keel.	Sp, stepping-pieces.
Fk, false keel.	Hf, half-floors.
D, deadwood.	Ks, keelson.

The lower figure shows the keel nearer to midship. [1223]

K, keel.	Gs, garboard-strakes.
Ks, keelson.	L, limbers.
Fk, false keel.	lb, limber-boards.
Hf, half-floors.	Ls, limber-strakes.

b. A small coal-carrying craft, used on the river Tyne.

2. A broad, shallow, cooling vat.

Keel-boat.

A large, covered boat, used on American rivers. Before the time of steamboats, keel-boats were used for passengers and merchandise, being floated down stream and poled up stream.

Keel-fat.

A cooler for wort, etc.

Keel′son.

（Shipbuilding.) A longitudinal piece above the floor-timbers, binding them to the keel.

The sister-keelsons lie on each side of the keelson. Also called side-keelsons.

The intercostal-keelson is a short piece between frames.

Rider-keelsons are auxiliary keelsons placed above the main-keelson to give additional strength. See keel.

Keep.

（Architecture.) The tower or place set apart in a castle for the confinement of prisoners. A redoubt.

Keeper.

A ring, strap, pocket, or the like device for detaining an object; as, —

1. (Harness.) The keeper of a buckle-strap; a loop which slips upon the end of the strap, or into which the strap slides.

2. A ring worn on the finger to keep a larger one on.

3. A jam nut.

4. The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot.

5. The armature of a magnet. A piece of iron which connects the two poles.

6. The mousing of a hook, which prevents its accidental disengagement.

7. The gripper of the flint in a flint-lock.

Keeve.

A large vessel or vat, used for mashing, fermenting, or storing beer. See Beck; vat.

For holding a bleaching liquor or alkaline lye. See Keir.

For elevating ores. See corf.

An iron-bound tub of a truncate, conical form, set upon the smaller end, and used for collecting the fine grains of copper. In use it is kept half full of water, and the contents agitated by a shovel till the heavier particles seek the bottom, leaving the water to be dipped out and the refuse lighter upper stratum to be removed.

Tossing with the Keeve.

In the illustration the keeve is shown with a central shaft and a paddle, which is revolved until all the mineral contents are involved in the gyration of the water, when the action is moderated and the heavier particles gradually assume the lower position and eventually reach the bottom. The action is called tossing or tozing. Other contrivances in which the comminuted ore is agitated in water are known as jiggers, etc. See metallurgy.

Keir.

A vat for holding a bleaching liquor. The alkaline vat of a bleachery. See Buckingkier.

Kel′lach.

A wicker sledge or cart used in Scotland.

Kem′e-lin.

A brewer's vessel.

Ke-men′geh.

An Arab violoncello, with two strings.

Kemps.

1. Impurities of fur; that is, knots and hairs which do not possess the felting property.

2. The coarse, rough hairs of some grades of wool.

Ken′net.

（Nautical.) A kevel or large cleat.

Ken′nets.

A coarse cloth made in Wales.

Kent-bu′gle.

The key-bugle invented by Logier early in this century, and named after the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen Victoria. It has six keys, and is the predecessor of the great tribe of cornets.

Kent-ledge.

Pigs of iron for permanent ballast, laid over the keelson-plates.

Ke′per.

A German twilled linen goods resembling marsella. Kofer.

Ker′a-tome.

A surgical knife used in the operation for artificial pupil. Also called iridectome or artificial-pupil knife. It is spear-pointed, doubleedged, and may be straight or angular. It is used for making an incision through the cornea into the anterior chamber, and by slight movements of its cutting edges, upward or downward, the wound is made of proper dimensions, after which the operation is completed with other instruments. Also used in operations for cataract.

Kerb.

（Masonry.) Called also curb.

1. The assemblage of stones surrounding the mouth of a well or similar opening. See curb.

2. The line of stones set on edge which separates a foot pavement from the gutter or carriage-way.

Kerf.

The slit or notch made by a saw.

Kerf′ing-ma-chine′.

A machine for sawing a series of parallel kerfs on one surface of a board, in order to enable it to be bent.

It consists of a table and a series of circular saws upon a horizontal mandrel, the latter being vertically adjustable, so as to allow the saws to project above the surface of the table to an extent equal to the desired depth of kerf.

Ke′rite.

A compound invented by Austin G. Day (patent October 9, 1866), and by him termed kerite or artificial caoutchouc, and in which the raw caoutchouc or rubber is replaced by tar or asphaltum, which, combined with animal or vegetable oils, is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber, the hard and soft varieties being produced by different proportions, etc. The principal use of kerite has been as an insulating material in telegraphy.

Day, in his patent, gives the following formulas. Parts by weight. Heats to 260°, gradually increases to 300° F.

a. Linseed-oil, 2; cotton-seed oil, 1; raw turpentine, 2; sulphur, 2. Time, 1 hour.

b. Linseed-oil, 2; castor-oil, 1; liquid coal-tar, 2; petroleum, 1; turpentine, 2; sulphur, 2. Time, 30 minutes or more.

c. Linseed-oil, 2; petroleum, 1; crude turpentine, 1/2; sulphur, 4. Time, 35 minutes.

Kerite-wire.

Wire used in telegraphy, insulated by a covering of kerite.

Kern.

1. (Printing.) The part of a letter which overhangs the shank. It occurs more frequently in italic than in Roman: “jolly old fag” embraces the kerned letters of an italic font.

2. (Milling.) A hand-mill for grain. See Quern.

Ker′sey.

（Fabric.) A probable corruption of Jersey, whence it came. A coarse ribbed cloth made from wool of long staple.

Ker-sey-mere′.

（Fabric.) A light woolen twilled goods with an oil finish, for men's wear. [1224] Named from Kersey, in Yorkshire, England. Cassimere.

Ker-sey-nette′.

（Fabric.) A thin woolen cloth. Cassinette.

Ketch.

（Vessel.) An almost obsolete form of two-masted vessel, carrying a tall, square-rigged main-mast forward, and a shorter fore-and-aft rigged mizzen abaft.

Being a favorite form of mortar vessel, we frequently read of bomb-ketch in the wars of a past age.

Ket′tle.

A metallic vessel in which water or other liquid is boiled. In sugar-houses kettles are arranged in rows called batteries. Capacities and sizes of sugar pans and kettles are as follows: —

Shallow.

Size.	Diameter.	Depth.	Rim.
25 gallons.	29 1/4 inches.	10 1/2 inches.	3 1/2 inches.
30 gallons.	31 1/4 inches.	12 1/2 inches.	3 1/4 inches.
40 gallons.	33 3/4 inches.	13 inches.	4 inches.
50 gallons.	39 inches.	13 1/2 inches.	4 1/4 inches.
60 gallons.	42 inches.	15 inches.	4 1/2 inches.
80 gallons.	46 3/4 inches.	16 inches.	4 2/3 inches.
100 gallons.	49 1/4 inches.	17 inches.	4 3/4 inches.
125 gallons.	53 1/2 inches.	18 1/2 inches.	5 inches.
150 gallons.	56 1/2 inches.	20 inches.	5 1/2 inches.

Weigh about 5 1/2 pounds to a gallon.

Deep.

Size.	Diameter.	Depth.	Rim.
20 gallons.	27 inches.	9 1/2 inches.	1 1/2 inches.
30 gallons.	29 inches.	13 3/4 inches.	1 3/4 inches.
40 gallons.	34 inches.	15 inches.	2 1/2 inches.
50 gallons.	36 inches.	13 1/2 inches.	2 5/8 inches.
60 gallons.	41 inches.	17 inches.	2 3/4 inches.
80 gallons.	42 inches.	18 inches.	2 3/4 inches.
100 gallons.	47 inches.	17 1/4 inches.	3 inches.
120 gallons.	49 1/2 inches.	18 3/4 inches.	3 inches.

Weigh about 5 pounds to a gallon.

Extra Sizes.

Size.	Diameter.	Depth.
200 gallons.	70 inches.	24 inches.
250 gallons.	75 inches.	27 inches.
300 gallons.	79 inches.	29 1/2 inches.
350 gallons.	81 inches.	30 1/2 inches.
400 gallons.	82 1/2 inches.	31 1/4 inches.
450 gallons.	84 inches.	32 1/8 inches.
500 gallons.	85 inches.	33 inches.
550 gallons.	86 inches.	34 inches.
600 gallons.	87 inches.	35 inches.

Weigh about 7 pounds to a gallon.

The old mode of making brass kettles was by hammering upon a sheet of metal, until by degrees the required shape was assumed. The plan now in use is known as “Hayden's patent,” December 15, 1851. Square blanks of sheet-brass are cut into circles of a diameter corresponding to the size of kettle required. After annealing, the metallic disks are brought in contact with cast-iron chucks revolving horizontally with great velocity. A small steel friction roller, resembling a button, is then brought in close contiguity to the metal, and, running along the outer surface of the blank, spins it out to the shape of the mold. Four such operations are commonly required before the kettle assumes its finished form, the metal requiring to be annealed after each. The course of the roller is marked by the concentric rings which are found upon most of the brass kettles in market. The processes of wiring, fixing on the ears and bales, are all required to make the kettle complete. Sizes range from 1/2 gallon to 32 gallons capacity.

Ket′tle-boil′er.

An old form of steam-boiler whose lower portion was shaped as an inverted conical frustum, and the upper part a dome. The form resembles that of a tea-kettle.

Ket′tle-drum.

The kettle-drum is so named from its resemblance to a hemispherical kettle. It is formed of thin copper, and has a head of parchment or vellum. Kettle-drums are used in pairs, slung on each side of the withers of a cavalry horse. One drum was tuned to the key-note and the other to the fifth of the key in which the piece in which they are to figure is written. The tuning is by a hoop and screws.

They are now usually supported upon tripod and used in orchestras. The tam-tam is the original kettle-drum, and has for its congeners the darabookah of Egypt, the derbekkeh of Syria. These are the lineal descendants of the Egyptian drum so commonly used in the festivities of the Pharaonic Egyptians. See drum.

This brass band or orchestral instrument is classed with those of percussion, in contradistinction to stringed and wind instruments. Kettle-drums are used in pairs, of which the larger is used for the lower sound.

Drumsticks are of three kinds: wooden, wood covered with leather, sponge ends.

Drums are also played open or muffled. The latter is by a piece of cloth covering the head and deadening the sound. See drum.

Ket′tle-fur′nace.

（Metallurgy.) a. A basketfurnace or cresset in which lead or solder is melted for plumbing.

b. A furnace in which a kettle or kettles are set in a brick arch, as in sugar-boiling furnaces; or above a box-furnace, as in agricultural boilers. See evaporator.

Ket′tle-stitch.

（Bookbinding.) The stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book.

Kev′el.

1. (Nautical.) a. A large cleat for belaying. Sometimes formed by the ends of the top timbers which rise above the gunwale, or formed by timbers projecting at a small angle from the sides to belay large ropes, such as the sheets and tacks of the main-sail and fore-sail. See cleat.

b. A frame for spreading the main-sail.

c. An anchor-palm.

2. A stone-mason's hammer, used in spalling stone, and having a blade and point at the respective ends.

Kev′el-head.

（Nautical.) The end of a top timber projecting above the gunwale and acting as a bitt or kevel, to belay large ropes, to fasten or veer away a warp, etc.

Key.

1. (Machinery.) a, a joggle-piece forming a lock or draw-pin in a joint. See hook-butt.

b, a wedge-piece of iron used for tightening the brasses of a bearing.

c, a fastening piece, such as a wedge or cotter in a chain. A fore-lock.

d, a piece a sometimes used in a mortise in connection with gibs b, in attaching a strap-head to a connecting rod.

e, a fin or wedge c fastening a crank on its shaft d. A long key on a shaft, which prevents the revolution of the wheel thereon, but permits longitudinal motion, is called a spline. See spline; feather.

2. A spanner or wrench by which to turn a coupling-piece. [1225]

3. A portable instrument for shooting the bolt of a lock.

Keys.

The locks of Egypt were sliding bolts, moving in keepers attached to the doors, and were probably moved from the outside by keys, somewhat similar to that shown in the illustration c, which is an ancient iron key brought from Egypt by Wilkinson. Ancient iron keys have been found at Thebes, and are preserved in the British Museum. They are from 1 3/4 inches to 5 inches long. See lock.

We read also in Judges III. 23-25, that “Ehud went forth through the porch and shut the doors of the parlor upon him and locked them,” and “his servants .... took a key, and opened them.”

The modern key of Mosul, in the vicinity of what remains of the ancient Nineveh, is a long bar of wood, with two projections towards the end about a foot in length. As one traveler remarks, it is “well qualified, not only to open a door, but to knock down any one who might attempt to enter without permission.”

The invention is ascribed by Pliny to Theodore of Samos, 730 B. C., but keys are mentioned in the siege of Troy, 1193 B. C. The bolt of the lock mentioned in the Odyssey was moved by pulling a latch-string which passed through the door and hung outside. Denon has engraved an Egyptian lock which no doubt had a key.

The Roman keys were very various (see f g h i, Fig. 2742), some like the old Egyptian and others like the modern. The ring, or bow, stem, and bit are all there. Some have hollow barrels, like our trunk keys. Thirty varieties are shown by Montfaucon.

The keys found at Herculaneum show that the art of lock-making (A. D. 79) was well understood.

4. (Joinery.) a. A piece of timber let transversely into the back of a board, which consists of several breadths, for the purpose of preventing warping.

b. The last board of a floor or platform which is driven into position and keys up the others.

c. A tenon piece, of the nature of a dowel entering coincident parts in matched boards, and holding them together, or in correspondence.

d. The roughing on the under side of a veneer, which is made by a toothing-plane, and is designed to give the glue a better chance of adhering.

e. One of the wedge-shaped pieces or strikingplates beneath the ribs of a bridge centering, and by driving in which the centering is struck and the arch left self-sustained.

5. (Music.) a. One of a series of levers in a piano, organ, etc., which are operated by the fingers of the performer. (See piano movement. Keys are manual and pedal. b. The fundamental tone of a movement; or of an instrument, and to which its modulations are referred.

Melodeon-key.

An illustration may be afforded by giving a comparative statement of the different keys of the cornet-à--pistons, the trumpet, and the horn.

	Cornet-à--Pistons.	Trumpet.	Horn.
1st,	C typical key.	A ♭	C high.
2d,	B ♮	G ♮	B ♮ high..
3d,	B ♭	G ♭	B ♭ high.
4th,	A	F	A ♮ high.
5th,	A ♭	E ♮	A ♭
6th,	G	E ♭	G ♮
7th,	G ♭	D ♮	G ♭
8th,	F	D ♭	F
9th,	E ♮	C typical.	E ♮
10th,	E ♭	B ♮	E ♭
11th,	D	B ♭	D ♮
		A	D ♭
			C typical.
			B ♮
			B ♭
			C

See Berlioz's “Instrumentation and Orchestration.”

6. (Telegraphy.) A device for breaking and closing electric circuits, so that the current may be interrupted to give signals.

Morse's key.

Morse's key for transmitting the currents by which the characters of his alphabet are indicated, consists of a pivoted lever provided with a spring a. When a message is being transmitted, the operator, by tapping on the button b, brings the points c d in contact, connecting the battery and line wire, and producing the combination of dots and dashes which form the Morse alphabet. When not in use for transmitting, the spring a keeps those points out of contact, and currents arriving by the line wire are conducted by the points e f to the indicator or to the relay.

7. A tooth-drawing instrument.

8. (Masonry.) The highest stone of an arch.

9. (Plastering.) That portion of the rendering or first coat of hair plaster which forces its way between the laths, and holds the body of the plaster in place.

10. (Well-boring.) A bent bar of iron spanning [1226] the boring-rod just beneath a coupling, and serving to support the train of rods at the bore-mouth.

11. A term applied to instruments which are inserted and turned. See under the following heads:

Bedstead-key.	Key (plastering).
Bit-key.	Key-seat.
Box-key.	Key-screw.
Clicket.	Keystone.
Dental key.	Key-valve.
False-key.	Key-way.
Faucet-key.	Latch-key.
Foot-key.	Linch-pin.
Fore-lock key.	Master-key.
Fox-key.	Pass-key.
Key-bed.	Pick-lock.
Key-board.	Press-key.
Key-bugle.	Screw-key.
Key-fastener.	Skeleton-key.
Key-file.	Spanner.
Key-grooving machine.	Stepped key.
Key-hole guard.	Telegraph-key.
Key (carpentry).	Tuning-key.
Key (lock).	Turn-key.
Key (machinery).	Watch-key.
Key (musical instrument).	Wrench.

12. A quay or wharf.

Key-bed.

The groove or seat of a key, which secures a wheel on its shaft.

Key-board.

The finger-board of an organ, piano, or melodeon, on which the keys are exposed to view and touch.

Before the end of the sixteenth century, the present chromatic scale and key-board were introduced, the latter having the seven white and five black keys in each octave. The octave was divided into twelve equal parts about 1548.

Key-bolt.

One secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a thread and nut.

Key-bu′gle.

（Music.) A brass wind-instrument with keys, seven usually. It will traverse chromatically a compass of more than two octaves, beginning from B♮ beneath the stave up to the C above the stave.

The bugle with pistons or with cylinders has a lower compass than the preceding.

Key-coup′ler.

An attachment in a melodeon or parlor-organ to couple keys in octaves when desired. The couplinglevers cross each other, have their fulcrums at their rear ends, and are attached at their intersection. When the levers do not act, an additional pressure is put upon the valves.

Key-coupler.

Keyed har-mon′i-ca.

（Music.) An instrument in which plates of glass are struck by keys. The glockenspeil has bells struck by keys; a variation of the latter approaches the character of the keyed harmonica, having bars of steel for sounders.

Key-fas′ten-er.

An attachment to a lock to prevent the turning of the key by an outsider.

Key-file.

A flat file having a constant thickness, and used in filing the ward-notches in keys.

Key-groov′ing ma-chine′.

（Metal-working.) One for slotting the center-holes of wheels to make a groove for the key, which fastens the wheel to its shaft, so that it may not turn thereon.

It is a modification of the planing-machine, which grew out of the slide-rest. It was invented by Roberts of Manchester, England. The wheel to be grooved is dogged to the sliding-bed and fed beneath the tool, which is reciprocated vertically above it by means of a crank or eccentric. To make the groove taper, the work is tipped to the required extent; to make several key-ways, the wheel is mounted on a turn-table with notches cut in its edges, to indicate the exact relative positions, as in planing squares, hexagons, etc. See Fig. 2748.

Key-Fastener.

The slotting-machine is an outgrowth of the keygrooving machine.

Key-guard.

A shield which shuts down over a lock-key to prevent its being pushed out of the lock from the outside. In the example, a slotted escutcheon on the plate shuts over a flattened portion of the key-shank to prevent its being turned by an outsider. A pawl acts as a detent for the escutcheon.

Key′hole-pro-tect′or.

Mitchell and Lawton's English patent, 1815, has a revolving curtain for closing the keyhole.

Key-guard.

Day and Newell's parautoptic lock has a revolving ring or curtain, which moves with the key and shuts the hole, so that wires and tools cannot be introduced alongside the key.

Mordan's keyhole protector (English), 1830, has a short pipe which, after the door has been locked, is thrust into the keyhole; attached to the pipe is a small lock so contrived that, on turning its key, two lancet-shaped pieces fly out laterally and bury themselves in the wood. The escutcheon cannot be removed until the small key has reacted upon the small lock; and until this removal has taken place, the large key cannot reach the keyhole.

Key′hole-saw.

A long, thin saw. See compass-saw.

Key-mod′el.

A mode of modeling vessels by shaping boards according to the horizontal lines, and laying them upon one another horizontally.

Key-pipe.

The pipe of a lock in which a key is turned.

Key-screw.

A lever, wrench, or spanner, for turning screws.

Key-seat.

The groove in a wheel and shaft to receive the key which secures them together.

Key-seat Cut′ter.

A machine for cutting grooves for keys in the center-holes of pulleys and gear-wheels. The wheel b is clamped by binder c and bolts to the table a. The cutter or saw i is reciprocated by wheel c, lever k, and pitman g below, driven by band applied to the pulley d. The saw is passed up to its work by means of the lever h, by the arrangement of the wrist-box sliding in the slotted lever k; a slow downward movement is attained, and a quick return, at which time the pressure on the lever h is slacked.

The machine for cutting key-seats has a horizontal plate for attachment to the table of a planingmachine, and the plate has a vertical portion, to which a wheel may be clutched. A mandrel, having a planing-tool, is secured by a jointed section to the head-stock of the planer, and is made to reciprocate within the eye of the wheel. The forward [1227] end of the mandrel passes through a guide-ring, which has trunnions with bearing in a frame vertically adjusted in the guide-standards by means of a screw.

Key-seat cutter.

Key′stone.

1. (Masonry.) The central voussoir at the vertex of an arch. The row or course of said stones along the crown of an arch is the key-course.

The length of the keystone, or the thickness of the archivolt at top, is 1/15 or 1/16 of the span.

2. In chromo-lithographic printing, the stone on which a general outline of the picture is drawn or photo-lithographed. Its object is to furnish a guide for the production of the work upon the several colorstones. Transfers from the keystones in common printing-inks, more properly called “offsets” to distinguish them from transfers from which impressions can be printed, are made upon as many stones as there are colors required. The outlines thus obtained are identical in form and size, and when, by means of the crayon or fluid litho-ink, — with subsequent etching, — certain portions of each are given the power of printing, the superimposition of impressions from all upon a single sheet of paper, each being printed with its proper color, will give the desired result in perfect register. The keystone may be one of those used in printing, but in the higher class of work it is an outline merely, used to aid the artists in the manner described.

Key-valve.

（Music.) The pad or plug which closes an aperture in a wind-instrument. The valve being retracted the wind passes through, and the note is sounded. Valves are applied to the openings in the reed-board of a reed or organ, melodeon, accordeon, or concertina; on the faces of the keys of flutes, clarinets, flageolets, cornets, bugles, etc.

Key-way.

A slot in the round hole of a wheel for the reception of the key, whereby the wheel is fastened to the shaft.

Kib′ble; kib′bal.

（Mining.) A strong iron kettle with a bail, made of 1/4-inch sheet-iron, riveted, and used as a bucket in raising ore from a mine. The term is used in copper-mining, and may have a Cornish origin.

Kib′bling-mill.

A hand-mill of steel attached to a post, and used for crushing or grinding beans or other grain for feed. A kibbling-machine.

Kibbles.

Ki-bit′ka.

Russian one-horse vehicle with two wheels. The kibitka is of various sizes, and may be either completely covered, entirely open, or provided with a hood behind. It has a single pair of long runners, and, to prevent upsetting, is provided with a guard-frame, which, starting from the body of the sleigh in front, spreads out some twelve or eighteen inches from the sides at the rear end. As soon as the vehicle tips, this framework touches the ground, and must break before the vehicle can capsize.

Kick.

（Brick-making.) The piece of wood fastened to the upper side of a stock-board to make a depression in the lower face of the brick as molded.

Kid.

A bundle of bushes or sticks planted on a beach to stop shingle or gather sand, to act as a groyne.

Kid′der-min-ster Car′pet.

A carpet so called from being made somewhat extensively at a town of that name in England. The carpet is also known as Scotch, for a similar reason. Another of its names, ingrain, signifies that it is made of wool or worsted dyed in the grain; that is, before manufacture. Its names two-ply or three-ply indicate the number of webs which go to the making of the fabric.

It is composed of two webs, each consisting of a separate warped woof; the two are interwoven at intervals to produce the figure, one part being above and the other below. When different colors are used, the pattern will be the same on both sides, but the colors reversed.

Kid′dle.

A weir or fish-trap.

Kid′ney-link.

（Harness.) A coupling for the harness below the collar.

Kid′nip-pers.

（Molding.) Nippers used in gunmolding for bringing the hoops taut around the mold.

Kil′las.

（Mining.) The clay-slate in which the ores of copper and tin are found in Cornwall, England.

Kiln.

A furnace for calcining; as plaster of paris or carbonate of lime in its shapes of marble, chalk, or limestone. See lime-kiln.

Or for baking articles of clay in the biscuit condition. A biscuit-kiln. See glaze-kiln.

Or for drying malt, hops, lumber, grain, fruit, starch, biscuit, etc.

Or for vitrifying articles of clay, such as pottery, porcelain, bricks. See porcelain; brick.

Herodotus speaks of baking bricks in kilns. The latter word may refer to a clamp, however. They certainly used kilns of some kind for their pottery, which was made of many kinds.

Hoffman's annular kiln (A, Fig. 2750), patented June 13, 1865, consists of a circular channel, a a, which receives the objects to be fired, introduced through doors, b b, in the outside wall. Flues, c c c, lead from the hearth of the kiln to the smoke-chamber, e e e, which surrounds the base of the chimney, d. The communication of each flue can be cut off at will, by means of a cast-iron, bell-shaped damper. An intercepting slide can be lowered in grooves, g g, [1228] built into the walls of the kiln, immediately after each flue, so as to separate it at any distinct or equidistant compartment. The fuel passes through apertures h h, which are constructed in the arch, and falls through channels formed by the objects to be burned to a chamber in the hearth of the kiln, from which a certain number of small flues radiate to produce a free current from fire to fire.

The kiln has twelve compartments, to which there are twelve entries or doorways b b, also the same number of flues c c c, communicating with the smokechamber e e, and just as many openings g g in the arch for the reception of the large intercepting damper slide; thus the kiln can be divided at any one of the twelve parts.

Kilns.

The apartments are used successively; while one is being charged with bricks, tiles, or pottery, others are being burned, others are cooling, and one or more may be discharging.

The kiln-fire is supplied with warm air drawn through the apartments which are being cooled. The heat passing from the apartments where the fire is burning heats the one next in series to such an extent that the fuel introduced into the latter is ignited, and it commences burning on its own account.

Dampers in the flues connecting the apartments, and in the radial flues leading to the chimney stack, permit the caloric current to be turned as required.

An older form of pottery kiln for burning crockery is shown at B.

The piles of seggars are introduced through the large opening in front; when the kiln is fully charged this is bricked up, and fires started in the furnaces surrounding the kiln. The heat is maintained until, in the judgment of the operator, the ware is sufficiently baked, when the fires are drawn, and when sufficiently cool the brick-work is removed and the seggars withdrawn.

A peculiar kiln is employed in the vicinity of Paris for burning plaster of paris. This substance, a sulphate of lime, frequently contains a proportion of the carbonate, as is the case in that obtained from the great quarry of Montmartre, near Paris, where it is employed instead of lime for making mortar.

The kiln is about ten feet long, and has walls at two sides and one end. Within, longitudinal walls are built up of the blocks of gypsum as they come from the quarry, the interspaces being filled with billets of wood. Over these, arches are built with the gypsum blocks, sufficiently stable not to fall in when the fuel is consumed. Over these are laid alternate layers of charcoal or dry wood to the depth of eighteen or twenty inches.

An aperture about six inches square in the end wall provides for draft. Fire is kindled in the flues formed at the other end, and maintained by farther supplies of small wood for from twenty-four to forty hours, until the calcination is complete.

The cement made by combining the calcined gypsum with water and sand sets quickly, and is better adapted for stone, the common building material of Paris, than for brick.

Kin.

. A Chinese instrument having a body, a sounding-board, and five silken strings of different sizes.

Kin′cob.

（Fabric.) An East-Indian laced satin.

Kin′dler.

An attachment to a stove, by which a body of easily lit material is brought against the fuel in the stove to kindle it. In the example, the basket to contain kindlings is hinged beneath the grate, and when elevated in front is in a proper position for the ignition of the fire.

Kindler.

Kin′dling-wood Ma′chine.

An apparatus for splitting the short wood used for kindling coal fires, etc. In that illustrated in Fig. 2753 the vertically reciprocating cutter is operated by a crank shaft rotated by pulley and belt connections, making about 125 strokes per minute; the wood is placed on a circular table below the cutter, and the machine is adjusted to cut different lengths by varying the elevation of the table and by a clearing plate, shown detached to the left of the base of the machine. The bundling-machine is operated by a lever, which [1229] works a toggle-joint, causing a loop to compress the bundle, placed in a semicircular rest, while being tied.

Kindling-wood machine.

In another bundling-machine, the split wood from the cutter falls into boxes on an endless belt, and is conveyed to the clamps into which the charges are dropped. These are closed by cam movement, a wire is passed around the bundle and automatically cut and twisted.

Still another machine has a cutting-edged cylinder, to which the bundles are delivered by a feed-wheel being forced through by a plunger and trimmed smooth.

Ki-neto-scope.

An instrument invented by Perigal, for illustrating the result of the combination of circular movements of different radii in the production of curves. Also called kinescope.

King-bolt.

（Vehicle.) a. A vertical bolt which attaches the front of the body to the fore-carriage, and forms the axis of oscillation when the said carriage is turned sideways.

b. A similar part in a car, which forms the axis of revolution of the car upon the truck in turning curves. See car-truck.

In the example, an elastic sleeve intervenes between the king-bolt and the metallic bushing, to absorb the jar.

King-post.

（Carpentry.) A main post beneath the crown or ridge of a roof-frame.

Also known as crown-post or joggle-post. Kingpost trusses have several minor variations: —

a, king-post. (King-rod in the upper figure).	c, rafter.
	d, strut or purlin-post.
b, principal rafters.	e, purlin.

f, spring-beam or tie-beam.	g, pole-plate.
f, tie-rod (upper figure).	h, wall-plate.

King-posts and trusses.

A is a roof on the quay Jemappes, Paris.

B is from the roof of the church of Lagorce, France, twelfth century.

C is an ordinary barn-roof.

D a Gothic roof.

King-post truss.

See King-post.

King-post roof.

（Carpentry.) One having but one vertical post in each truss.

King-rod.

A tension rod depending from the ridge of a roof and uniting with the tie-rod; occupying the position of the king-post in wooden roofs. See King-post (A).

Kingston's valve.

A conical valve, forming the outlet of the blow-off pipe of a marine engine; it opens through the side of the vessel by turning a screw.

Kingston's valve.

King-truss.

A roof or bridgetruss framed with a King-post (which see).

Kink.

（Nautical.) A sharp bend in a rope or cable which prevents its reeving through a block or a hole. [1230]

Kinsh.

A crowbar used in quarrying.

Kio-tome.

（Surgical.) A knife for cutting membrane; especially certain pseudo-membraneous bands in the rectum and bladder.

Kip.

Leather of yearlings or small cattle. A grade between calf and cowhide. Kip-skin.

Kirb.

See curb.

Kish.

（Smelting.) a. A carburet of iron which, when cold, appears in bright shining scales, but which is in the liquid form in the iron-smelting furnace, where, owing to its levity, it floats upon the surface. It possesses most of the properties of graphite, but contains less carbon.

b. The impurities which float on the surface of molten lead in a furnace.

Kit.

1. (Photography.) Also known as “inside frame.” A thin, flat, rectangular frame of wood which fits within a plate-holder for the purpose of enabling the latter to carry a sensitized plate smaller than that for which it was originally designed. There may be many of these for one holder, and they often fit one within the other, forming a “nest.” The inside corners, as is the case in the plate-holder itself, are provided with glass or hard rubber anglepieces, upon which the plate rests to prevent contact between the wood and nitrate of silver solution adhering to the wet plate, which would cause stains upon the negative.

2. (Ger. Kitt.) A cement for stuffing canvas to place over the vents of carcasses to keep out the damp.

3. A small fiddle.

4. A large bottle.

5. A milk-pail or churn.

6. The tools of a workman or outfit of a tourist.

7. A flaring-bottomed tub for fish or butter.

Kite.

1. A light frame covered with paper or cloth, and flown at the end of a string.

Centuries of use among the Chinese, and the remarkable use by our Benjamin Franklin, have aided to make the kite respectable. Benjamin had a roughly made kite, two cross-sticks, over which was stretched a silk handkerchief, and this was flown in June, 1752. Franklin was not a boy at this time, but a mature man of 46. Betsy Trotwood observed, “Franklin used to fly a kite. He was a Quaker or something of that sort, if I am not mistaken, and a Quaker flying a kite is a much more ridiculous object than anybody else” ; so he might have appeared to some of the Philadelphians. Some of his propositions for conducting and using the electric current seem strangely modern. He proposed to fire spirits, kill animals, drive machinery, and discharge guns. Some of these things he performed.

The kite has been used in scaling eminences; two remarkable occasions may be cited: the ascent of “Pompey's pillar,” a pillar of red granite 114 feet high, near Alexandria; and in the ascent of the Peter Botte Mountain in the Mauritius. It is also used for lodging a cord on steeples and other structures, to enable them to be fitted with lightning-rods or for the purpose of repair. The first wire of the foot Suspension-Bridge at Niagara was carried over by a kite.

In 1827 Pocock yoked a pair of kites to a carriage, and traveled from London to Bristol. He determined that a 12-foot kite gave the power of a man, with a moderate breeze, and, when the wind is brisker, a power of 220 pounds. (This is an incomplete statement, but the figures are not ours.) The force, he states, in a rather high wind, is as the squares of the lengths of the kites; and two kites, of 12 and 15 feet respectively, will draw a carriage and four or five passengers at the rate of 20 miles per hour. (Grade not stated.) Pocock had an extra line to vary the angle of the surface of his kite, so as to adjust its tractile force, and side lines to vary the direction of the motion till it came nearly to a right angle with the course of the wind. His kites were made of varnished linen on jointed frames, so as to be folded and stored compactly.

The Indian and Chinese kites are made of Chinese paper, thin and tough, and the frames of finely split bamboo. They are gayly colored, and are sometimes made in the shape of dragons, — whatever that may be, — eagles, or spiders. The string is made of the silk obtained from a wild species of worm, and is called nuck; after spinning, it is treated with gum or glue, and then drawn through pounded glass. Being dried in the sun, it is ready for duty. This gritty coat is to enable it to saw asunder an adversary's line, should it become fouled, when flying on a wager or for sport. The Celestials put as much enthusiasm into the business as do the owners of trim wherries, fast nags, fleet greyhounds, rampant game-cocks, surly bull-dogs, dapper terriers, or the other thousand and one devices or excuses for actively wasting time.

Chinese kites are sometimes furnished with various aeolian attachments which imitate the songs of birds or the voices of men. The pigeons also in Pekin are frequently provided with a very light kind of aeolian harp, which is secured tightly to the two central feathers of their tails, so that in flying through the air the harps sound harmoniously.

The frame of the Japanese bird kite is made of thin bamboo, and is covered with colored paper. The wings, which are somewhat concave, and fall back a little, are dark maroon, and the body and tail represent a bird. Small white twine is used. By various devices, the hoverering and soaring of a hawk can be admirably imitated. Length of middle cane 20 inches, spread of wings 26 inches; a b, points where the “belly-band” must be attached. Dotted lines show the paper.

Japanese bird-kite.

2. (Nautical.) One of the unusual sails above the royal; sky-sails, moon-rakers, etc.

Kit-ty-sol′.

(Sp. Quitasol.) The Chinese paper parasol.

Klick′et; Klink′et.

（Fortification.) A gate in a palisade for the passage of a sallying party.

Kli-nom′e-ter.

An instrument for measuring the angle of the dip of strata.

Knap′ing-ham′mer.

（Scotch.) The stone-breaker's hammer.

Knapsack.

Knap′sack.

A soldier's or tourist's case or wrapper for clothes, etc., to be carried on the back during a march. See Accouterment.

A tourist's or traveler's satchel. That shown has a pocket A and strap B.

Knead′ing-ma-chine′.

A machine for incorporating dough. It usually consists of certain stirring-blades and stationary arms, and a spiral blade for discharging the homogeneous dough.

The petrisseur, or mechanical bread-maker, of Cavallier & Co., Paris, consists of a strong wooden trough, nearly square, with its two longest sides inclined. The bottom of the trough is semi-cylindri- [1231] cal, and the ends support the axis of a cast-iron roller. A knife-edge is placed above the roller in a longitudinal position, and forms a practical division of the trough space into two semi-cylinders on the line of the axis of the roller. The roller being rotated, the dough is drawn between it and the bottom of the trough, which space is governed by lever adjustment. The knife-edge arrests it above; and when all has passed to one side the motion of the roller is reversed, when it is drawn back again. This is repeated until the materials are perfectly commingled and the quality uniform.

Another English kneading-machine has separate cells and heavy balls. A third has an agitator with a revolving axis and a series of rings angularly attached, and operating in a trough.

The mixing-machine of the ship-biscuit factory of the Victualing Department, Portsmouth, England, is a mixing-trough with a revolving axis furnished with two sets of knives, which mix 280 pounds of flour with 13 gallons of water in 2 1/2 minutes. The kncading-machine is a cast-iron roller weighing 1,500 pounds, which rolls back and forth upon a bench, flattening out the slab of dough, which is again and again doubled and laid in the track of the roller. See biscuit-machine.

Repeated passage between rollers, doubling the sliver between passages, is the ordinary mode of machine kneading. Harrison's biscuit-machine (English) operates thus (see biscuit-machine), and so do the American cracker-machines (which see). The hard-baked, unfermented cake called a biscuit by the French, English, and seafaring people generally, is a cracker among the landsmen of the United States, where it assumes many forms and is variously qualified as to ingredients, consistence, etc., c. g. sugar, water, butter, soda crackers.

Cracker-dough was formerly kneaded by an instrument called a break. It was a lever, pivoted at one end to a ring in the wall, and operating on a semicircular bench on which the dough was laid. The man who operated it was called a breakman, and brought his weight to bear on the lever, giving it and himself a dancing motion as the break traversed in its curved path, giving a succession of radiating impressions upon the slab of dough beneath it.

Boat-knees.

Knee.

1. (Shipbuilding.) A compass-timber. A naturally grown bent piece used to secure parts together, acting as a brace and tie. The back or outside bent portion is fayed to the parts to be united.

The exterior angle of a knee is the breech; the interior angle is the elbow or throat.

The square knee has a right angle.

The knee without a square has an obtuse angle.

The knee within a square has an acute angle.

The knee derives its specific name from its position, or the parts to which it is accessory, as, —

Cheek-knee; a compass timber at the head; also known as, —

Head-knee; a molded timber fayed edgeways to the cutwater and stem.

Hanging-knee; one fayed to the side, in a vertical position. The knee up and down.

Lodging or deck-beam knees; fayed to the side horizontally to secure the deck beams.

Dagger-knees, i. e. diagonal knees; fixed obliquely to avoid a port.

Standard-knee; one arm bolted to the deck, and the other against the ship's side.

The carling-knee is in the angle formed by the junction of a carling with a deck beam.

Heel-knee; a compass timber which connects the keel and stern-post.

Transom-knee; helm-post knee, etc.

2. (Carpentry.) A piece of wood having a natural bend, or sawed to shape and fitting into an angle as a brace and strut.

Steigh-knee.

3. An elbow piece which connects parts as that shown in Fig. 2759, in which the side plates are let into the pieces of timber and bolted thereto. The flanges lap around the edges.

4. A piece framed into and connecting the bench and runner of sled or sleigh. It is usually mortised into the respective parts, but in the example the knee is sunk in the sockets of the metallic blocks.

Metallic knee.

Fig. 2760 shows a hollow metallic knee c secured by a straining-bolt C and screw-bolts D to the bench B and runner A.

5. An elbow or toggle-joint.

Knee-cap.

（Harness.) A padded or leather cap secured by straps over the knees of racing, bunting, and other valuable horses when at exercise, to protect the part against abrasion in case of an accidental fall.

It is made of fabric, leather, caoutchouc, guttapercha, compressed cork in a double pad, etc.

Knee-joint.

A joint consisting of two pieces articulated endwise to each other, like the human knee. A toggle-joint. See toggle.

Knee-joint press.

One in which power is applied by means of a double knee-joint articulated at the top to the upright framework, and at the bottom to a cross-head, from which proceeds the shaft which applies the force, and which works through a guide. At the junction of the branches the articulations are made with masses of metal forming screwnuts, through which passes a horizontal screw, righthanded for one half its length, and left-handed for the other half. This screw is operated at first by means of a set of crank-handles at one end of it; and when the resistance becomes very great, by means of a counterpoised ratchet lever, which is shown in the middle of the frame. The force applied in this way is very great, since the operator can act on the lever with his whole weight.

Knee-stop.

（Music.) A lever operated by the knee to work the swell of a cabinet organ.

Knee-swell.

（Music.) An arrangement in an [1232] organ by which a greater or lesser amount of wind may be turned on to the reeds to vary the loudness of the tone.

Knife.

1. A cutting — implement having a blade sharpened on the edge, and distinguishable from a sword, a colter, and other things, by its form and uses.

Ancient knives.

The earliest forms of knives are made of flints (a, b, e, f, g, Fig. 2762), and after the introduction of bronze (c) they were still retained for the performance of religious observances. This is shown by the use of a “sharp stone” in performing the operation of circumcision, as recorded in Exodus IV. 25, where Zipporah operated upon her child in conformity to the Jewish law. Herodotus says that an Ethiopic stone was used for making the incision in the body of persons brought to be embalmed, in order to remove the intestines. Diodorus Siculus says that “it was not lawful to use metal.” In the Berlin Museum are two flint knives (a, b) of ancient Egypt, which, no doubt, were used in their religious observances; for the embalming of bodies was of this character, and was under the control of the priests.

c is the knife as represented in the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

d shows an old Egyptian butcher with his dismembering-knife, and his steel stuck into his belt.

e f g are from Assyrian knives in the British Museum.

In the Egyptian museum of the late Dr. Abbott, New York City, are several of the Egyptian knives of Ethiopic stone. The operation of circumcision is now performed in Barbary with an ordinary pair of scissors.

The knives of ancient Egypt were usually of bronze, though blades of iron and steel were not unknown. Those of the latter metal have seldom, if ever, come down to our times, as they so readily rust and fall to pieces. They are, however, clearly distinguished from the bronze by being colored blue in the paintings of Byban el Molouk, the bronze being red or brown. Blue swords (steel) are shown in the paintings of Thebes.

These old knives had tangs like our case-knives, and for the same purpose.

Among the first mentions of knives is that of Abraham, who took his knife to slay his son on Mt. Moriah. The history of edge-tools would include the history of the knife, and would carry one back to the Lacustrians and other remote inhabitants of the globe. History opens with men using knives of metal, but still retaining the flint knife for sacrificial occasions, as in Egypt, Mexico, and among the Hebrews. Other isolated races contented themselves with shells, as among the Caribs; Obsidian among the Peruvians, Mexicans; flint in ancient Europe and many other places. The first metallic knives were made of copper, and these were afterwards hardened by the addition of tin, making bronze. From the time of Osirtasen and Jacob down to the time of the Caesars and Pliny, bronze maintained its ascendency, but eventually gave way to iron and steel.

The Mexicans had no iron tools; the material was bronze or obsidian, known by them as itztli. Of this they made knives, razors, and serrated swords.

The knife of the Tahitians, previous to the advent of Europeans, was splinter of bamboo. All the tools of the islanders were of bone, wood, shell, or stone. Metal was unknown, and iron was at first supposed to be a very hard wood. The first nails they received were planted in the gardens, in the hope that they might sprout.

The pruning-knives of the Feejees, when first discovered, were of tortoise-shell on wooden backs. Their hoes were a bone from the back of a turtle, a plate of tortoise-shell, or an oyster-shell. With their tortoise-shell knives they dexterously cut up their bakolo (long pig), as they call a baked human carcass, to distinguish it from short pig, the swine, whose meat it is said to resemble.

Whittling is not a modern or merely American pastime: —

A Shefeld thwitel bare he in his hose.
Chaucer.

Stow says that one Matthews on the Fleet Bridge was the first in England who made fine knives, and that he obtained an act, 1563, against the importation of foreign ones.

Clasp or spring knives came to England from Flanders, and were common in 1650.

In the manufacture of pocket-knives, a bar of [1233] steel destined to furnish a number of blades is heated to redness. A length is cut off, and the forger speedily motals this, that is, shapes it roughly into the form of a pocket-knife blade. Another heating is then required to fit the end for being fashioned into the tang, and another before the operation of smithing, the last stage of which is the stamping of the mark of the thumb-nail to facilitate opening. The tang is then ground and the blade marked with the name of the firm. The slight bulge on the reverse side caused by this operation is removed by fire or the grindstone. The blade is then hardened by heating it to redness and then plunging it into water up to the tang. Then follows the tempering to a light straw color. After this the various kinds of blades undergo sundry grinding operations to fit them for being hafted. Twelve distinct processes have by this time been gone through, and many more are necessary before the knife is completely finished, although the number of hands which it has yet to pass through depends in a great measure on the finish to be given to the handle, and the quality of the blade.

For varieties of knives, see under the following heads: —

Amasette.	Dirk-knife.
Amputating-knife.	Dissecting-knife.
Arteryotome.	Doffing-knife.
Balance-knife.	Double-knife.
Bark-knife.	Drawing-knife.
Beam-knife.	Edge-tools.
Bill.	Entereotome.
Bistoury.	Erasing-knife.
Board-cutting knife.	Fish-knife.
Bowie-knife.	Fleshing-knife.
Bread-knife.	Flint-knife.
Bronchotome.	Floor-cloth knife.
Budding-knife.	Folder.
Butcher-knife.	Fruit-knife.
Butteris.	Gardener's knife.
Butter-knife.	Glazier's knife.
Cane-knife.	Grafting-knife.
Cane-stripping knife.	Grainer.
Can-opening knife.	Hack.
Canvas-cutter.	Hacking-out knife.
Carving-knife.	Half-moon knife.
Case-knife.	Ham-knife.
Cataract-knife.	Hay-knife.
Catling.	Heading.
Catty.	Hoof-paring knife.
Cephalotome.	Howel.
Cheese-knife.	Hysterotome.
Chondrotome.	Jack-knife.
Chopping-knife.	Jigger.
Cionotome.	Keratome.
Cirsotome.	Kiotome.
Clasp-knife.	Knife-cleaner
Cleaver.	Knife-edge.
Cleaving-knife.	Knife-file.
Clipper.	Knife-polisher.
Coreotome.	Knife-rest.
Cork-cutter's knife.	Knife-sharpener.
Corn-knife.	Lancet.
Corn-stripping knife.	Leather-knife.
Costotome.	Ledger-blade.
Cradle-seythe.	Machete.
Craniotome.	Meat-knife.
Cream-slice.	Meatus-knife.
Currier's knife.	Metrotome.
Cutlery.	Microtome.
Cystitome.	Mincing-knife.
Cystotome.	Moon-knife.
Desk-knife.	Neurotome.

Opening-knife.	Slicker.
Oyster-knife.	Sorghum-knife.
Palette-knife.	Spatula.
Paper-knife.	Splitting-knife.
Parallel-knife.	Sportsman's-knife.
Paring-knife.	Spring-blade knife.
Pen-knife.	Steel.
Pharyngotome.	Stopping-knife.
Plow-knife.	Striking-knife.
Pocket-knife.	Stripping-knife.
Pruning-knife.	Swing-knife.
Putty-knife.	Synosteotome.
Race-knife.	Syringotome.
Raising-knife.	Table-knife.
Razor.	Tenotomy-knife.
Rhinoplastic knife.	Tobacco-knife.
Round knife.	Trachitome.
Rubber-knife.	Tonsilitome.
Saddler's-knife.	Trimmer.
Scalpel.	Unhairing-knife.
Seythe.	Urethratome.
Serpette.	Uterotome.
Shave.	Valentin's knife.
Shoe-knife.	Welt-knife.

2. A blade in a machine, as in a straw-cutter, ragengine, and what not.

Knife-board.

（Domestic.) One with powdered bath-brick to clean knives upon.

Knife-cleaner.

Knife-clean′er.

（Domestic.) An implement for cleaning knives. In the example, the frame is clamped by a set screw to a bench or table, and the cylinder is rotated by driving wheel and pinion; the guard holds a supply of polishing material, and the knife lies on a block which is pressed by a spring against the cylinder.

Knife-edge.

A sharpened steel edge resting against a horizontal surface, the two serving as a means of suspending a scale beam, or the scales from the beam, of a delicate balance, so as to obviate friction as much as possible.

Mowing-knife grinder.

Knife-file.

A file with a very acute edge, the cross-section being an isosceles triangle with a short base. Known also as a feather-edge file. It is used [1234] in cutting narrow notches, and in making an entering kerf for saws and for files with broader edges. Also in beveling or chamfering the sides of narrow grooves.

Knife-grind′er.

1. A grindstone or emerywheel for grinding knives. See Grindstoine; emery-wheel; tanite; lap; glazer, etc. See list under grinding and polishing.

2. A machine for special service, as in the example, which is a stone for grinding the knives of mowers and reapers. It has a holder set at such an angle with the frame, and also at such an inclination as to present the triangular knife-sections to the grinding face of the stone.

Knife-polisher.

Knife-pol′isher.

（Domestic.) A machine for cleaning the rust and stain from table-knives. In the example the knife blade is slipped between a pair of disks, which are revolved by the crank. The disks are covered with a felted fabric, composed of linen and wool. The fabric is made by enclosing a linen bat between two bats of wool in the process of felting.

B is a bevelfaced grindstone for sharpening knives.

Knife-rest.

A little pillow of metal or glass to rest the blade of a knife upon, at table. Balance-handle knives have rendered it unnecessary except with carvers.

Knife-sharpener.

Knife-sharp′en-er.

（Domestic.) a. A steel. b. An implement for sharpening table-knives by drawing them between two steel edges. In Fig. 2766 it consists of two screw-threaded rolls set in a frame, secured in a handle, and between which the knife is to be drawn.

Knife-sharpener.

In Fig. 2767, there are two inclined jaws with a plate which crosses them obliquely. The middle plate is adjustable between the oblique side slots, and forms one side of each cutting jaw.

Knife — tool.

A graver shaped like a knife.

Knight.

（Nautical.) A wooden block with a sheave abaft the fore or the main masts, and known respectively as the fore-knight and main-knight.

Knight′head.

（Shipbuilding.) One of the first cant-timbers on each side of the stem, which rise obliquely from the keel and pass on each side of the bowsprit, to secure its inner end.

Knit′ting-burr.

A wheel having wings arranged radially and diagonally across its face, and adapted to operate upon the yarn and the fabric. There are several kinds, as follows: —

A loop wheel, whose wings are notched, and which take the yarn delivered by the guide, and push it up under the hooks or beards of the needles. A sinker wheel, which presses the yarn into loops between the needles, to insure that there shall be enough to form the proper-sized stitch in the fabric. A landing heel, which raises the loops of the fabric a short distance above the points of the needle-beards while they are closed by the presser. And a stripping or knocking-over wheel, which throws the loops of the fabric entirely over the tops of the needles to complete the stitch. See knitting-machine.

Knit′ting-gage.

The number of loops contained in three inches of breadth.

Knit′ting-ma-chine′.

The art of knitting is modern; it cannot be traced back farther than about A. D. 1500, and is believed to have originated in Scotland shortly previous to that date. It consists in the construction of a looped fabric in which for the first row a succession of loops are cast on or preferably knitted on to a needle, and in succeeding rows each loop is passed through the loop of each succeeding row. It differs distinctly from braiding, netting, and weaving, which is, perhaps, the order of invention; knitting being scores of centuries later than either of the others.

Braiding is synonymous with plaiting, and is found among the most barbarous nations; none so ignorant that they cannot plait strips of hide or of bark, or braid a number of vines together to make a band. This is one degree of advance upon what nature provides them ready made, a rope of twisted tendrils or vines which, in reaching after a support, have mutually embraced and climbed upward. The natives of Tahiti, when discovered by Cook, were very skillful in making mats, which were plaited so as to resemble a woven fabric, and in other countries such are farther embellished by tufts. The process of making, however, was not by warp and weft, — was not wearing, — but was by braiding or plaiting a given number of strands arranged on two sides of a square, like the crosses we used to make of strips of differently colored papers when at school.

Netting is quite another matter, and is a fabric whose meshes are made over a mesh-stick and knotted at the intersections; as Dr. Samuel Johnson learnedly defines: “Network. Anything reticulated or decussated at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections.”

The width of the mesh-stick determines the size of the meshes, which are knotted upon it. References to netting are frequent in the Hebrew chronicles, the Book of Job, the Prophets, in Homer, Virgil, and elsewhere. Oppian distinguishes many kinds. They are frequently shown in the Egyptian tombs and temples. See net.

Wearing involves a machine, though this is sometimes of an extremely simple kind. It involves a beam or a means of stretching out the yarns into a flat row; also some means of dividing the yarns into a series above and one below, the space between being the shed into which the weft is laid; the upper and lower sets of yarns, changing places, lock the weft, and form another shed for a second weft thread, and so on. See loom; also, for list of parts and appliances, see weaving. [1235]

Knitting consists in making a fabric by enchaining a single thread. It is thought to have originated in Scotland about A. D. 1500. It was in use for superior articles of house in England and France in the first half of the sixteenth century. Knitted silk stockings were worn by Henry II, of France, 1547, and by Queen Elizabeth in 1560. About this time knitted worsted stockings were made by William Rider of London, after the pattern of some imported from Mantua. Silk and worsted stockings were imported from Spain and Italy into England during the reign of Henry VIII. Spain was always famous for its sheep and wool. (See merino.) In 1530 the word knit was common in England, and occurs in Palgrave's grammar. In 1577 the country folks knitted their own stockings.

In 1589, William Lee, M. A., of Cambridge, England, invented and made a model of a knittingframe. He applied to Elizabeth for help, and then to Henry IV. of France, who promised it. The assassination of Henry threw him into poverty and obscurity, in which he died. His workmen, with their stocking-frames, settled in Derbyshire and started a factory, which soon threw the hose of woolen cloth and leather entirely out of the market. Queen Elizabeth refused a patent to William Lee on account of the value of his invention; as it would interfere with the employment of a great number of her subjects, and to make the stockings for a whole people was too large a grant for any individual. About the same style of remark as was urged by Jefferson against one of Oliver Evans's patents, the “hopper-boy,” so called.

Cottom stockings were first made by hand about 1730. The Derby ribbed stockings were patented by Jeremiah Strutt, in 1759.

The knotter frame patented by Horton, 1776. Of a Chinese village called “the old Duck,” the Abbe Hue writes: “What struck us most in this place was that the art of knitting, which we had imagined unknown in China, was here carried on very busily; and, moreover, not by women, but by men. Their work appeared to be very clumsy; the stockings they made were like sacks; and their gloves had no separation for the fingers. It looked very odd, too, to see moustachioed fellows sitting before their doors spinning, knitting, and gossiping like so many old women.” — Travels in Tartary.

Lamb's knitting-machine.

Lamb's knitting-machine (Fig. 2678) is given as an example of that class which employs straight rows of needles in contradistinction to the machines using a circular system of needles, and to the singleneedle machine. In the Lamb machine, a tubular web is produced by the operation of two straight parallel rows of needles, widening and narrowing being accomplished by increasing or diminishing the number of needles in action.

The frame is attached by thumb-screws to the edge of a table, and has its two upper sides inclined towards each other, their upper edges being separated far enough to allow the fabric produced to pass down between them. Supported by the needle-bed is a carriage, reciprocated by means of a crank. Through the arch that passes over the top of the machine is a horizontal rod upon which moves a slide that carries the guide for delivering the yarn into the hooks of the needles. Parallel grooves or channels are cut across the bed in which the needles are placed. In these grooves the needles can be moved their entire length, and can thus be brought into operation for widening, or thrown out of operation for narrowing, without removing them from the machine.

The needles employed are self-knitting, being constructed in such a manner that when fed by the yarn and carried an inch forward and back they form the loops by their own action. The lower ends of the [1236] needles have an upright shank, extending above the face of the needle-bed, and are operated upon by cams that are attached underneath the center of the carriage in such a manner as to move the needles forward and back. There are two sets of these cams, one for each row of needles.

B is a representation of one of the sets of cams, which consists of the plate a, the two wing-cams c c, and the V-shaped cam b, which is held in place by the screws that pass through the washer d, in the diagonal slot of the plate a. As the carriage to which these cams are attached is drawn back and forth over the needle-bed by the crank, the needles are carried up on one side of the V-shaped cam in the groove or space between that and the wing-cams, the yarn-guide at the same time delivering the yarn into the hooks of the needles, which are then drawn down by the wing-cam on the other side of the Vcam, thus forming the loops.

The slide a is made to shift by its lower projection coming in contact with adjustable cam-stops, that are placed at the ends of the needle-bed. When the plate comes in contact with the right-hand camstop, the screw through the washer d is forced up the diagonal slot, and brings up the V-shaped cam, thus closing the space between it and the wing-cams. When closed, the needles pass below the cam without operating. By the adjustment of the cam-stops either or both of the cams may be left open or closed at the same time, so as to operate the two rows of needles separately, alternately, or together; thus forming three entirely distinct webs, — tubular web, plain flat web, and ribbed flat web.

Bickford knitting-machine.

As any number of needles can be moved up at the start, or be moved up or down at either end of the rows of needles at any time, so any size of web can be set up and any number of loops can be added to or taken from it at will. By thus knitting the fabric, either tubular or flat, plain or ribbed, in any desired shape, a great variety of staple and fancyknit goods may be produced.

The loops are formed on precisely the same principle as in hand-knitting.

The Bickford knitting-machine (Fig. 2769) is a specimen of the circular system. A bed-plate having a vertically projecting and grooved needle-guiding cylinder or bed i is secured to a table or suitable support. On the bed-plate is a loose ring, provided with a thread-guide for conducting the thread to the needles, and about the needle-cylinder is a revolving cylinder h having an annular groove interrupted by a cam portion (see A) and provided with adjustable cams k m, which govern the downward motion of the needles, and consequently the length of the loops, and raise the needles; and two of these latter cams are needed to provide for reversing the machine for knitting the heel or a flat web. The cam-cylinder is moved by a bevel gear connected to a driving-crank, and when moved continuously in one direction knits a circular web; and this web may be narrowed as desired to fashion the leg by removing needles, and placing their loops on adjacent needles. The needle on the left, at C, is receiving the thread within its hook, and it is subsequently moved by the cam-cylinder into the positions shown to form the thread so taken into a loop. When the heel is to be formed, a portion of the needles are drawn up, thus retaining their loops, and the number of needles left in action correspond with the width of the heel to be formed. The cam-cylinder is now to be reciprocated in opposite directions, and in order to keep the thread-guide in advance of the descending needles sufficiently far, so that the thread will be caught, pins are inserted in the bed-plate, and engage the heel of the threadcarrier, and stop it just before the cam-cylinder is stopped.

Hinckley's knitting-machine.

Fig. 2770 is an example of what is known as the single-needle machine. The loops are formed and held on the teeth of a comb, which is moved along, one tooth at a time, by means of a rack on its rear side, whose teeth are engaged by a fin on a wheel c on one end of a shaft n, that is driven by the main wheel a, one part of the fin being movable, so that it can be swung from side to side, to vary the direction of the motion of the comb by a tri-armed lever located in the wheel c, and which strikes one or the other of the movable stops g.

A single needle b, carrying the yarn, and a looper, are used, the former being shown in the cut as thrown up out of operation, for the purpose of being threaded. [1237] When in operation, it reciprocates in an are under the comb, the slot in its actuating arm engaging a crank-pin on the side of the wheel c. The looper reciprocates in an are above the comb, a pin in its actuating arm projecting into a groove in the side of the wheel.

The needle and looper being in their rearmost position, and there being a loop on each tooth of the comb, the needle advances under the comb and through one of the loops, which it removes from the comb and holds a while. The looper then advances above the comb, and its point enters between the yarn and the side of the needle. The needle then recedes, leaving its yarn in the form of a loop on the looper, and dropping the old loop, and the looper also receding, deposits its loop on a tooth of the comb, the latter being then moved forward one tooth for the formation of the next loop in the same manner.

Circular knitting-machine.

Fig. 2771 is a machine of the ordinary circular kind, and produces a plain tube. The needles are bearded and fixed around the periphery of a rotating cylinder. They have no endway motion, but the stitch is formed as follows, it being assumed that there is already a row of them upon the needles and near their lower ends. The yarn delivered through the eye in the end of the guide a is taken and pushed by the notched wings on the loop-wheel b up under the beards of the needles. The wings of the next or sinker wheel c then press the yarn in between the needles to insure that there shall be a sufficient quantity to form the proper-sized loops. The needle-beards are then pressed in, so that their points enter a depression in the stems, by the presser-wheel d, the yarn being thus inclosed between the beard and the stem, the old loops being at the same time raised, by the landing-wheel c, a short distance above and outside of the points of the beards. The stripping or knocking-over wheel f then throws the old loops entirely over the tops of the needles, and the fabric, with the newly formed row of loops, is pressed down to the lower ends of the needles by the curved cloth-presser g.

B, Fig. 2771, shows a piece of ordinary knitted goods with loops distended.

Flat-web knitting-machine.

Fig. 2772 is a machine of the kind which produces a plain, flat strip of fabric; it is an ordinary straight machine, and operates as follows: —

The meshes being in their extreme forward position, and the last-formed row of stitches being near their rear ends, the guide g2 moves along the front of the machine, laying the yarn on the stems of the needles. The sinkers c are at the same time depressed, one after another, by the cam or slar above them, and depress the yarn into loops between the needles, which latter are then drawn slightly backward so that the yarn may pass under their beards. The presser-bar then descends upon and closes the beards, which then enter the old loops of the fabric, and the sinkers are raised in a body by the lifting bar in their rear (shown below in the sectional view). The needles receding to their extreme backward position, the old loops are thrown over their heads by being drawn against the plates f f. As [1238] the needles move forward, the sinkers are all depressed in a body in front of the fabric, by the bar in front of the sinkers, to keep the loops back on the needle-stems. The needles then move entirely forward, and the looping operations are repeated.

The following are the technical names of the parts employed in knitting-machines: —

Beard; a long flexible hook on the upper end of the needle, and over and under which the yarn is moved to form the loop or stitch.

Dividing (or bar) sinkers; sinkers placed intermediate of the jack-sinkers, and which, after the jack-sinkers have operated, descend in a body to divide the yarn into proper-sized loops between the needles.

Fashioning-needle; one of a series, placed at each or either end of the row of needles, which are brought into or thrown out of operation to fashion, that is, widen or narrow the fabric.

Jack; a lever connected directly to and operating the sinkers.

Knocking-over bar; the bar against which the loops and fabric are drawn as the needles retreat, so that the loops shall be thrown or knocked over the heads of the needles.

Latch; a pivoted piece on the shank of a needle, and which swings forward to cover the hook and allow a loop to pass over its head, or back to uncover the hook, so that it may receive yarn to form a new loop.

Latch-opener; a device operating between the latch and the hook of the needle to throw back a closed latch, so that the yarn shall be surely laid under the hook.

Lead; a block of lead cast around and holding the shanks of two or more needles.

Point-shifter, or tickler; a pointed instrument which takes a loop from one needle and transfers it to another for narrowing the fabric.

Presser; a device which closes or depresses the beards of the needles.

Presser-bar; the bar which carries the presser in a straight machine.

Shifter. See point-shifter (supra).

Shogging; giving endway motion to a bar carrying yarn-guides.

Shifter-bar; the bar which carries the shifters, points, or ticklers.

Sinker; a device which presses the yarn down on to and between the needles.

Slack course; a row of long loops made at the end of a piece of ribbed fabric (a sock-top, for instance), to facilitate its being placed upon the needles of another machine.

Sley; a grooved or partitioned bed or bar in which the needles or sinkers slide.

Slur-cock; a cam which depresses the sinkers.

Spring take-up; a spring-actuated device which bears against the yarn to prevent slackness.

Thread or yarn guide or carrier; a device which delivers the yarn or thread to the needles.

Tickler. See point-shifter (supra).

Welt; a portion of the knit fabric turned over on itself and fastened down, to prevent raveling; resembling a hem in woven fabrics.

Work-roller; the roller upon which the finished fabric is wound.

Besides these are some other terms, some local, probably, some synonyms: —

Beater.	Hook.	Neck.
Bowl.	Knock-off.	Shifter.
Catch-bar.	Jack-sinker.	Slur
Clawker.	Latch-closer.	Warp roller-reel
Fly.	Lifting-bar.	Wiper.

Knit′ting-ma-chine′ jack.

（Knitting-machine.) One of the set of horizontal levers, to whose ends the jack-sinkers are suspended. The jacks are moved in succession by a slur, which traverses beneath their points, thus moving in consecutive order the jack-sinkers which depress the loops between the needles.

Knit′ting-ma-chine′ Nee′dle.

The hooked member of the machine which passes through a previously made loop catches the yarn, and retreats through the loop, bringing the bight of the yarn with it, forming another loop. The essential feature of a knitting-machine needle is that it shall catch and draw the yarn to form the loop, and shall cast it off by allowing it to slip over, at another period of the action. The devices for this purpose are flexible beards and latches.

Knitting-machine needles.

a (Fig. 2773) shows the English knitting-machine needle, which has a hook at one end with a pliable barb, which bends down into a groove in the shank when depressed by a presser-bar. The barbed hook then becomes a closed eye; and if a thread looped over the stem of the needle be drawn forward while the barb is thus closed, it will pass over the barb of the needle and come off at the end. If the thread be drawn forward while the barb is open, it will be caught under the hook. The principal action of the machine depends upon this feature.

b c show two positions of the latch-needle: one with the latch lying back, the hook being in condition to catch the thread; the other showing the hook closed by the latch, which acts as a mousing.

d e are two views of a needle which has a closing slide. The lower view of the two is a section showing the slots which traverse on the pins.

f shows a group of needles with the yarn looped thereon, as when the machine is at work. The needle employed is shown complete at 1. In the other numbers a portion of the lower part is broken away. The needle consists of a body, an angular bent portion or foot r, a hook s, and a latch t. The latter is pivoted to the body of the needle, and works partly in a slot formed in the body. The latch has, moreover, a spoon-shaped end, which, when the latch is closed, as shown in needle 2, meets and partly shuts over the point of the hook s, so that the loop formed on the needle easily slips off when the latter makes its downward movement. The needle 1 has passed up through a loop of the previous row, and the hook s has caught the yarn; the mousing-latch is thrown back, as shown also at b, same figure. The needle 1 descends, drawing with it the yarn, as shown at 2, the position of the previous needle; the loop on the [1239] shank has come against the latch t, and closed it against the point of the hook, so that the hook and its yarn slip through the loop, which is cast off, as shown at needle 3. Presently the needle commences to rise again, as its turn of work recurs, and, as it does so, as shown at needle 4, the loop lying in the hook slips down the shank, capsizes the latch t, and falls over it into the depression in the shank, as shown at needle 1. This is one round of work for a needle. Knitting by machinery is a rapid repetition of these motions.

Knitting-machine needles are made in machines by which the wire is reduced. In Aiken's machine the blanks are clamped in the arbors and brought singly between the grooved rest and rotating cutter, and are reduced by the cutter, which turns in a longitudinal plane, the arbors rotating meanwhile. After the blank has been reduced, it is drawn back from between the rest and cutter, the arbor-wheel is unlocked from the spring detent-pin, and another blank brought into position.

In another machine, for making the tongues of knitting-needles, the machine first farms the bowl and nick of the tongue, and simultaneously forces back the feeder upon the wire. The wire is then moved between the flattening dies; it is then moved to the punching dies, then to the dies rounding the end next the hole. The tongue with the sharp piece projecting from it is then cut off.

Knit′ting-nee′dle.

A plain wire with smoothed ends, used in pairs in hand-knitting of flat goods and in fours for tubular work.

Knit′tle.

1. (Nautical.) A small line composed of two or three yarns laid together and twisted with the finger and thumb against the twist of yarn. Used for miscellaneous purposes on board, such as seizings, lashings, hammock-clues, pointing, grafting, etc.

2. A dram-string of a bag.

Knob.

1. (Glass.) The boss or central bulb of a table of glass when cut for use.

2. The handle on the spindle of a lock or latch.

3. A rounded handle of a door, lock, drawer, etc.

4. (Architecture.) A knop, bunch, or boss.

5. (Ordnance.) The cascabel of a gun.

Knob′bing.

（Masonry.) The rough dressing, or knocking off the projections of stones in the quarry.

Knob′bling-fire.

A sunken refining hearth, of small size, in which crude or partially refined iron is worked into a ball or knob in contact with charcoal and under influence of blast. A bloomary.

Knob-latch.

One in which the bolt is retractable by the knob or rotary handle, in contradistinction to one which is moved by a key. In the example, the latch-bolt C rests upon a horizontal bar h, one end of which is pivoted to the lockcase, while the other, supported by a spring, protrudes through an opening in the edge of the case, so that the bolt can be disengaged from the arms of the hub by simply depressing the end of the bar.

Knock-down.

A piece of furniture or other structure adapted to be disconnected at the joints so as to pack compactly.

The shook may be said to be a knock-down barrel.

Knock-down chairs.

The example shows the parts of chairs down, bundled, and tied. The different figures show respectively a dozen front legs and rounds, as many backs, seats, side rounds; also a chair complete and box to hold a dozen knocked down.

Flour-bolt knockers.

Knock′er.

1. An attachment to an exterior door of a house, to give notice to those within that some one stands without.

2. An attachment in a flour-bolt to jar the frame and shake the flour from the meshes of the boltingcloth. In the example, the knockers are pivoted weighted arms; as the bolt revolves, the weights tilt the arms and strike the boltframe.

Knock′er-off.

（Knitting.) A wheel with projections to raise the loop over the top of the needle and discharge it therefrom. A similar wheel, called a sinker, depresses the yarn between the needles. See bur.

Knock′ing.

（Bookbinding.) Setting even at the edges, by taking a bunch or pile of sheets or leaves and striking an edge on the bench.

Knock′ing-down I′ron.

（Bookbinding.) An iron for pounding down the projecting twines (slips) to which the sheets are sewed, so that they shall not project and mark the back cover.

Knock′ings.

1. (Metallurgy.) The larger pieces of ore and gangue which are picked out of the sieve. The sorting of lead ore by the sieve develops [1240] three qualities, knockings, riddlings, and fell. The former are large scraps, which are picked out.

The riddlngs are what remain in the sieve.

The fell is the smallest, and falls through.

2. (Masonry.) The small pieces broken off from stone by hammering or chiseling. Large pieces are spalls.

Knock-off.

（Knitting-machine.) The piece which, at the proper moment, removes the loops from the tier of needles.

Knock-stone.

（Mining.) A block on which ore is broken.

Knots.

Knot.

1. (Nautical.) a. A device formed by intert wining a rope or cord so as to attach one part of it to another part of itself, to another rope, or to any other object. The kinds of knots employed, especially by nautical men, are too numerous to admit of description, and we content ourselves with exhibiting a few of the more prominent.

Those shown are generally in open position, so as to more clearly explain the way in which the parts of the rope run previous to being drawn taut in order to join them together and prevent slipping.

Some kinds of knots are called hitches and bends, which terms usually indicate that they are chiefly employed for making the rope fast to another object, or for securing two objects together.

1, simple overhand knot.	25, lark's head.
2, slip-knot, seized.	26, simple boat-knot.
3, single bow-knot.	27, loop-knot.
4, square or reef knot.	28, double Flemish knot.
5, square bow-knot.	29, running knot, checked.
6, weaver's knot.	30, crossed running-knot.
7, German, or figure-of-8 knot.	31, lashing-knot.
	32, rosette.
8, two half-hitches, or artificer's knot.	33, chain-knot.
	34, double chain-knot.
9, double artificer's knot.	35, double running-knot with check-knot.
10, simple galley-knot.
11, capstan or prolonge knot.	36, double twist-knot.
	37, builder's knot.
12, bowline-knot.	38, double Flemish knot.
13, rolling-hitch.	39, English knot.
14, clove-hitch.	40, shortening knot.
15, blackwall-hitch.	41, shortening knot.
16, timber-hitch.	42, sheep-shank.
17, bowline on a bight.	43, dog-shank.
18, running-bowline.	44, mooring-knot.
19, catspaw.	45, mooring-knot.
20, doubled running-knot.	46, mooring-knot.
21, double-knot.	47, pigtail, worked on the end of a rope.
22, sixfold-knot.
23, boat-knot.	48, shroud-knot.
24, lark's head.	49, a bend or knot used by

sailors in making fast to a spar or to a buckethandle before casting overboard; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking; the running end, after passing over the head of the animal and through the loop, will not jam therein. 50, a granny's knot. 51, a weaver's knot.

The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in the same direction if the rope were to slip should lie alongside of and touching each other.

The standing-part of one rope and the end of the other should not lie side by side. This feature distinguishes the sheet-bend, bowline-knot, carrick-bend, reef-knot, etc., from the granny's-knot, slipperyhitch, etc.

b. A nautical or geographical mile; 1/60 of a degree of latitude; about 2,025 yards. The English statute mile is 5,280 feet.

A log-line is a knotted cord, the distance between the knots being 1/120 of a nautical mile apart, that is, 50 75/120 feet. The log line is allowed to run out for 30 seconds, which is 1/120 of an hour, so that the distance between knots on the cord bears the same ratio to a degree that the time does to an hour.

Thus if 8 knots on the log-line run through the hand of the seaman while the sand in the 1/2-minute glass is running out, it is an indication that the vessel is traveling 8 nautical miles per hour. See log.

2. (Brush-making.) The brush-maker's term for a tuft of bristles ready for insertion into a hole drilled in the stock.

3. So many skeins. See hank.

Knot′ter.

（Paper-making.) A sieve which detains knots in the pulp, so that they do not pass to the moving wire-plane on which the paper is formed. See paper-machine.

Knot′ting and Stop′ping.

1. (Painting.) A process preliminary to painting, consisting of painting over the knots of wood with red-lead, and the stopping of nail-holes, cracks, and faults with whitelead.

A silver leaf is sometimes laid over the knots in superior work.

2. (Cloth-making.) Removing weft knots and others from cloth by means of tweezers. [1241]

Knout.

The Russian whip for criminals and other offenders.

It has a handle 2 feet long, and a thong 4 feet long terminating in a brass ring. To the latter is attached the tail, 2 feet long, and running from 2 inches wide at the ring to a point. This is soaked in milk and dried to harden it. The tail is changed every sixth stroke.

Knubs.

The offal or waste silk in winding off from the cocoon.

Knuck′le.

1. (Mechanics.) The joint-pieces of a hinge through which the pintle passes.

Knuckle-joint.

Knuck′le-joint.

A joint in which a projection on each leg or leaf of a device is inserted between corresponding recesses in the other, the two being connected by a pin or pivot on which they mutually turn. The legs of dividers and the leaves of butthinges are examples of the true knucklejoint. The term, however, has been somewhat commonly applied to joints in which the motion is not confined to one plane. Such are really universal joints, a form illustrated in the ball and socket and the gimbal. A ginglymus.

The example (Fig. 2778) differs somewhat in character from those just described. In this, designed for coupling the tumbling-rods of thrashers, and for other couplings which require play, the head of the shaft D has projections c which fit in corresponding grooves in the socket A, enabling the rods B D to be turned either to the right or the left, as desired.

Knuckle-joint.

In Fig. 2779 the rings b b are let into annular recesses in the arms c a of the two parts to be coupled, relieving the center-pin from all strain. See coupling.

Knuck′le-shield.

One to save the knuckles in washing and scrubbing. The example shows one made of india-rubber.

Knuck′le-tim′ber.

（Shipbuilding.) A top timber in the fore body, where a reverse of shape causes an angle on the timber.

Knuckle-shield.

Knurl′ing.

Providing with ridges to assist the grasp, as in the knurled (or milled) head of a setscrew.

Koff.

（Vessel.) A twomasted, Dutch fishing-vessel, carrying a sprit-sail on each mast.

Kom′pow.

（Fabric.) A strong, white linen of China.

Kreel.

1. A fish-basket of osiers.

2. A framework fish-trap.

Kris.

A short sword of the Malays. A crease.

Krum-horn.

（Music.) A old musical instrument resembling a cornet.

After a singular change of orthography, it is represented by the cremona stop in an organ.

Kus′si-er.

（Music.) A Turkish musical instrument, having a hollow body, a skin covering, and five strings.

Kutch.

（Gold-beating.) The packet of vellum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten.

The package of gold-beater's skin in which goldleaf is placed for the second beating is called the shoder.

After the second beating, the pieces are cut up and re-arranged in gold-beater's skin, the package being called a mold.

Ky′an-iz-ing.

Named from Kyan, the inventor of the process (1832). To prevent the decay of wood, cordage, or canvas, it is saturated with a solution of corrosive sublimate in open tanks or under pressure.

The timber is prepared as follows: A wooden tank is put together so that no metal of any kind can come in contact with the solution when the tank is charged. The solution consists of corrosive sublimate and water, in the proportion of 1 pound of corrosive sublimate to 10 gallons of water as a maximum strength, and 1 pound to 15 gallons as a minimum, according to the porosity or absorption of the timber subjected to the process.

Oak and fir timber absorb nearly alike, but some other woods, such as beech, poplar, elm, etc., are more porous.

The period required for saturating timber depends on its thickness; 24 hours are required for each inch in thickness, for boards and small timbers.

The timbers, after saturation, should be placed under a shed or cover from the sun and rain, to dry gradually.

In about 14 days timber not exceeding 3 inches in thickness will be perfectly dry and seasoned, and fit for use. Large timbers will require a proportionate time, according to their thickness.

Some processes of similar import may be shortly stated.

In Bethel's process, creosote is employed and forced under heavy pressure into the pores of the wood. (1838.)

Robbins expels moisture by heat and then saturates with coal-tar, resin, or bituminous oils, at 325° Fah. (1865).

Blythe treats with steam combined with hydrocarbon vapor.

Burnett employs chloride of zinc in solution, under pressure. (1838.)

Boucherie used pyrolignite of iron. (1840.)

Payne, sulphate of iron. (1842.)

Margary, acetate or sulphate of copper. (1837.)

Van der Weyde, solution of silicate of potash.

Heinemann: boil wood in alkaline solution, and treat, under pressure and heat, with resin, carbolic acid, and tar.

Nicholson, tar and petroleum.

Behr, solution of borax.

Earl, protosulphate of iron.

Payen, superficial carbonization. See wood, preservation of.

1877.

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Table of Contents:

K.

Ka′jak.

Ka-lei′do-phone.

Ka-lei′do-scope.

Kallif-thor′gan.

Kal′muck.

Kal′so-mine.

Kamp-tu′li-con.

Ka′o-lin.

Kas.

Kathe-tom′e-ter.

Keck′ling.

Kedge.

Keel.

Keel-boat.

Keel-fat.

Keel′son.

Keep.

Keeper.

Keeve.

Keir.

Kel′lach.

Kem′e-lin.

Ke-men′geh.

Kemps.

Ken′net.

Ken′nets.

Kent-bu′gle.

Kent-ledge.

Ke′per.

Ker′a-tome.

Kerb.

Kerf.

Kerf′ing-ma-chine′.

Ke′rite.

Kerite-wire.

Kern.

Ker′sey.

Ker-sey-mere′.

Ker-sey-nette′.

Ketch.

Ket′tle.

Ket′tle-boil′er.

Ket′tle-drum.

Ket′tle-fur′nace.

Ket′tle-stitch.

Kev′el.

Kev′el-head.

Key.

Key-bed.

Key-board.

Key-bolt.

Key-bu′gle.

Key-coup′ler.

Keyed har-mon′i-ca.

Key-fas′ten-er.

Key-file.

Key-groov′ing ma-chine′.

Key-guard.

Key′hole-pro-tect′or.

Key′hole-saw.

Key-mod′el.

Key-pipe.

Key-screw.

Key-seat.

Key-seat Cut′ter.

Key′stone.

Key-valve.

Key-way.

Kib′ble; kib′bal.

Kib′bling-mill.

Ki-bit′ka.

Kick.

Kid.

Kid′der-min-ster Car′pet.

Kid′dle.

Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia
Knight, Ed.