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73 BC (search for this): chapter 1
ment of Verres for plunder and oppression in Sicily. Six Orations (1) Actio Prima: The general charge. (2) De Praetura Urbana: earlier political crimes of Verres. (3) De Jurisdictione Siciliana: his administration in Sicily. (4) De Frumento: peculation and fraud as to the supplies of grain. (5) De Signis: the plunder of works of art. (6) De Supliciis: cruelties of his government. 69Pro M. FONTEIODefence of Fonteius' administration of Gaul during Pompey's campaign against Sertorius, about B.C. 73. 69Pro A. CAECINADefence against Aebutius of Caecina's right to an estate received by inheritance from his wife Caesennia, widow of a rich money-lender, M. Fulcinius. 66Pro LEGE MANILIA, vel De IMPERIO CN. POMPEI Defence of the proposal of Manilius to invest Pompey with the command of the war against Mithridates. Pro A. CLUENTIO HABITODefence of Cluentius against the charge of poisoning his stepfather Oppianicus, brought by the younger Oppianicus, instigated by Sassia, the mother of Clue
70 BC (search for this): chapter 1
began his political career, becoming candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cursus honorum), See p. lix. while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and Cicero's lot See p. lix. assigned him to the province of Sicily under Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment of Verres, in B.C. 70. See pp. 26-28, below. This prosecution he undertook in the interests of his own ambition, in spite of the fact that the Senate was as a class on the side of the accused, who was also supported by many of the most influential men of the state. But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domination of thi
67 BC (search for this): chapter 1
a class on the side of the accused, who was also supported by many of the most influential men of the state. But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domination of this rival in the courts, See p. 303, below. and made Cicero the first advocate of his time. In B.C. 69 Cicero became curule aedile, and in B.C. 67 he was elected praetor with great unanimity. In the latter year began the agitation for the Manilian Law, See p. 66, below. by his advocacy of which Cicero endeared himself to the people and gained the favor of Pompey, whose powerful support was a kind of bulwark against the envious and exclusive nobility. In his praetorship (B.C. 66) he was allotted to the presidency of the Court for Extortion, See p. lxv, N.1 and in this, as in all his public offices, he was honest and unselfish. During
106 BC (search for this): chapter 1
ought. He touched many things which he did not adorn, but there is hardly any kind of intellectual activity that is not conspicuously indebted to his precepts or his example. Cicero's life from his birth to the opening of his political career (B.C. 106-76). Cicero was born at Arpinum, a city with the Roman franchise (which was also the birthplace of Marius), Jan. 3, B.C. 106, of an equestrian family. His grandfather, who had a small estate in that region, was of Volscian stock, and thus belB.C. 106, of an equestrian family. His grandfather, who had a small estate in that region, was of Volscian stock, and thus belonged to the old virile country people of the republic. His grandmother was a Gratidia, closely connected by adoption with the great Marius and with prominent Roman politicians. His father, who was the eldest son, had increased the family estate by agriculture and by the profits of a fulling-mill, so that he was among the richest of his townsmen, and possessed the census of a Roman knight. By his marriage with Helvia, a woman of the nobility, he became connected with many senatorial families.
47 BC (search for this): chapter 1
ublic for lost. See the passages from Cicero's letters quoted in note to The Pardon of Marcellus, sect. 16 (p. 219, l. 4). On account of illness he was not present at the Battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 9, B.C. 48). After the fate of the contest was decided, he refused to continue the struggle or to follow the adherents of the lost cause to Africa, but returned to Italy (September, B.C. 48), to make terms with the conqueror. He remained at Brundisium until Caesar's return from Egypt in September, B.C. 47, when he at once sought an interview. Caesar received him with great kindness and respect, and allowed him once more to return to Rome. From this time until the assassination of Caesar in B.C. 44, Cicero remained for the most part in retirement at his Tusculan villa, absorbed in literary pursuits, though in B.C. 46 he delivered his Oration for Marcellus See pp.213 ff., below. (remarkable for its praise of Caesar), and his Defence of Ligarius, See pp. 225 ff., below. and, in the following y
79 BC (search for this): chapter 1
above the ordinary business and technical level into a question of universal justice and the rights of common humanity. Next year occurred the trial of Sextus Roscius of Ameria for parricide (B.C. 80), a case growing out of the abuses of Sulla's dictatorship. See pp. 1, 2, below (Introduction to the Oration). Cicero showed his courage by undertaking the defence, and his forensic skill by converting his plea into a powerful attack on the accusers in the regular manner of Roman invective. In B.C. 79 he came into still more daring antagonism with Sulla in the case of a woman of Arretium. The oration has not come down to us, but from its boldness it must have added greatly to the orator's fame. The same year—either on account of his health or, less probably, from fear of Sulla—he went to Greece and the East to continue his studies; for at that time such a journey was like "going to Europe" among us. He visited the greatest orators, rhetoricians, and philosophers of the East, especially a
49 BC (search for this): chapter 1
was still endeavoring to secure permission to celebrate his triumph These efforts were unsuccessful. when the great Civil War between Caesar and Pompey broke out (B.C. 49). From the beginning of the Civil War to the Murder of Caesar (B.C. 49-44). Cicero was now in a very difficult position. It became necessary for every man of imB.C. 49-44). Cicero was now in a very difficult position. It became necessary for every man of importance to take sides; yet he could not see his way clear to join either party. For some time he vacillated, while both Caesar and Pompey made earnest efforts to secure his support. His great hope was to mediate between them; and, after Pompey had left Italy, he remained behind with this end in view. Finally, however, he decided for Pompey as the champion of the senatorial party, and set out, though with great reluctance, to join him at Dyrrachium (June 11, B.C. 49). In the camp he found things even worse than he had expected, and he gave up the cause of the Republic for lost. See the passages from Cicero's letters quoted in note to The Pardon of Marcellus,
89 BC (search for this): chapter 1
ius and Aesopus. He practiced many kinds of composition, but his most important means of education, as he tells us, was translation from the Greek. At the age of sixteen (B.C. 90), Cicero received the toga virilis (the "coming out" of a Roman boy), and from that time he devoted himself to law and statesmanship as well as oratory. For this purpose he was put under the charge of Mucius Scaevola, the augur, and later he attached himself to the no less celebrated Pontifex of the same name. In B.C. 89 he served one campaign in the army under Cn. Pompeius Strabo. After this short military experience, he returned with still greater vigor to his literary and political studies. He studied philosophy under Phaedrus and Philo, oratory under Molo of Rhodes, and all the branches of a liberal education under Diodotus the Stoic. When about twenty-five years of age, Cicero began his active career. It was customary to win one's spurs by attacking some political opponent; but this was contrary to Ci
76 BC (search for this): chapter 1
he East to continue his studies; for at that time such a journey was like "going to Europe" among us. He visited the greatest orators, rhetoricians, and philosophers of the East, especially at Rhodes, then a seat of the highest culture. After an absence of two years, he returned to Rome, with an improved style of oratory, and again engaged in law cases, in which he had as opponents his two great rivals Hortensius and Cotta. From the quaestorship in Sicily to the consulship (B.C. 75-64） In B.C. 76 Cicero began his political career, becoming candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cursus honorum), See p. lix. while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and Cicero's lot See p. lix. assigned him to the province of Sicily under Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment of Ver
56 BC (search for this): chapter 1
s gone forever. He had never been a statesman, and now he had not the chance to be even a politician. From Cicero's recall to the breaking out of the Civil War (B.C. 56-49). Upon his return he delivered two famous speeches Post Reditum: 1. (in Senatu); 2. (ad Quirites). (one in the Senate and one before the people), in which he a measure which gave Pompey extraordinary powers over the provincial grain market, for the purpose of securing the city against scarcity of provisions. Next year (B.C. 56) he spoke strongly in favor of continuing Caesar's proconsular authority in Gaul. See the oration De Consularibus Provinciis. With Crassus, the third "triumvir," request of the powerful leaders. He secured the restoration of his property, Pro Domo Sua (B.C. 57). and defended Sestius, Pro P. Sestio, on a charge of assault (B.C. 56). who had been active in his recall. Toward the end of this period he also defended Milo for the murder of Clodius. B.C. 52. For the circumstances, see pp. 169, 1
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