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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
the Moors.1331 Ten cannon prepared for the siege of Cam-bray.1339 The Moors defend Algesiras against Alphonso XI. by means of mortars.1343 Four pieces said to have been used by Edward III. at Crecy.1346 An iron gun with a square bore, for carrying a cubical shot of 11 pounds weight, made at Bruges.1346 Artillery used by the Venetians at the siege of Chioggia.1366 Artillery used by the Turks at the siege of Constantinople.1394 Red-hot balls fired by the English at the siege of Cherbourg.1418 The great cannon of Mahomet II. employed against Constantinople.1453 Louis XI. of France has twelve cannon cast to throw metallic shot, for use as a siege train.1477 Brass cannon first cast in England.1521 Iron cannon first cast in England.1547 Howitzers introduced.1697 Maritz of Geneva introduces the method of casting guns solid and boring them out.1749 Carronades invented by General Melville.1779 For continuation of the subject and details, see ordnance; mortars; projec
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ings of one set were opposite the piers of the other, by which means the force of the waves was thoroughly broken, while still permitting the passage of the current, thus greatly reducing the accumulation of deposits around the base of the structure, and consequent tendency towards filling up the harbor. The piers of the new river-frontage of New York are to be constructed on pillars which allow free course to the water, being intended for wharfage, not wave-breakers. The breakwater of Cherbourg was commenced in 1784. Its total length is 4,120 yards, consisting of two arms, respectively 2,441 and 1,679 yards long, forming an obtuse angle of 169° towards the sea. The average depth of water inclosed is 62 feet at high spring-tides, and the area sheltered is about 1,927 acres, about one third of which has a depth exceeding 27 feet at low-water spring-tides. Cessart's breakwater. Cessart's plan for breakwaters at the latter part of the last century consisted of large truncat
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
points assumes the form of an are of dazzling brilliancy. With 600 Bunsen's cells arranged consecutively, an are 7.8 inches in length was obtained; and when the 600 cells were arranged in six parallel series, a still more powerful light was produced. According to Fizeau and Foucault, the intensity of the electric light with a battery of 46 pairs of Bunsen burners was 235, that of the sun being taken at 1,000, while with 80 pairs it was but 238. During the excavation of the docks at Cherbourg two apparatus of this kind were employed, maintained by a single battery of 50 pairs of Bunsen, affording sufficient light for 800 workmen. The magneto-electric light was applied for illuminating the lighthouse at Dungeness, England, in 1862, and was introduced at La Heve, France, a year or two later. The machines employed at each are very similar in construction and entirely so in principle, the English apparatus being arranged after the following manner: — Eighty-eight bobbins or
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
the waves. Of the first description were the cones of Cessart, placed off Cherbourg. Being destroyed, a break water of coursed masonry on a bank of pierre perdu imitare. Of the fourth description are the solid breakwaters of Plymouth, Cherbourg, Cette, at the mouth of the Delaware, Buffalo, and elsewhere. Sea-walls ar sluices of the northern French ports of Dieppe, Treport, Havre de Grace, and Cherbourg, are good examples of sluices of the latter description. The fresh water of r and Alderney, in England, of Port Vendre, Cette, La Ciotat, Marseilles, and Cherbourg in France, Carthagena in Spain, Pola in the Adriatic, of Algiers and Port Sairica, and Cape Henlopen at the mouth of the Delaware. For the break water at Cherbourg artificial stone blocks of 712 cubic feet each were immersed The fortificaharged at the end of the cylinder. Stone-ves′sel. The breakwater of Cherbourg, France, was commenced in 1786, and was never completed according to the original
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
resistance over the charge of powder; if it could be made as strong as the rock itself, it would be perfection. a. The different materials employed for tamping are: — The chips and dust of the quarry itself. This is what is most commonly used, unless there be stone in it that strikes fire. b. Dry sand poured in loose, or stirred up as it is poured in, to make it more compact. General Burgoyne cites the favorable notice of sand in this connection, in the memoir of the works at Cherbourg, and also by a writer in the Journal of the Franklin Institute. He also cites the experience of General Pasley, of the English Engineers, who condemns sand as utterly unfit. An extended series of experiments were made in the granite of Dalkey, Kingstown Harbor, Ireland, in which sands of various qualities and fineness were tried, as against the baked clay. The results of the experiments were all unfavorable to the sand. c. Clay, well dried, either by exposure to the sun or by a f