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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
asher. The sap advances by a series of zigzags, so directed as not to be exposed to an enfilading fire from the fortress. The approaches and the parallels are made by sapping, and these sunken roads afford the means for conveying ordnance, ammunition, and stores to and from the advanced batteries, and for marching bodies of troops to and fro. Sand-bags, gabions, and fascines are employed as revetments or to crown the parapet formed by the excavated earth. The works in front of Sevastopol consisted of 70 miles of sunken trenches; and no less than 60,000 fascines, 80,000 gabions, and 1,000,000 sand-bags were employed to protect the men working in the trenches and at the different batteries. The double sap has a parapet at each side. Sap-boil′er. A furnace with pans for evaporating the sap of the maple. See evaporator, pages 811-813. Sap-buck′et. （Sugar-manufacture.) A bucket for receiving the sap of the sugar-maple as it runs from the tree. Tin pans, earth<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
ve which commands the airduct. Tre′nail. A wooden pin employed in certain situations in preference to iron or copper bolts. See treenail. Trench. 1. (Fortification.) An excavation to cover the advance of a besieging force. It generally proceeds in a zigzag form, connecting the parallels and advanced batteries, and is 6 to 10 feet wide, 3 feet deep, the earth excavated forming a parapet on the side exposed to the fire of the fortress. 70 miles of trenches were excavated at Sevastopol. See Ap-Proach; zigzag. The approach to fortified places by trenches or parallels was used by Mahomet II. They were mentioned, however, by Caesar in the siege of Marseilles; by Diodorus Siculus in that of Aegina; by Livy; and are represented on the column of Trajan and arch of Severus. 2. A ditch for drainage. Trench-cart. （Fortification.) A cart adapted to traverse the trenches with ordnance, stores, and ammunition. Trench-cav-a-lier′. （Fortification.) A high par