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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 41 9 Browse Search
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 1 17 11 Browse Search
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 2 8 4 Browse Search
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Louis Agassiz: his life and correspondence, third edition 2 2 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: December 15, 1860., [Electronic resource] 1 1 Browse Search
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Browsing named entities in Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight). You can also browse the collection for David Brewster or search for David Brewster in all documents.

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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
horses and passengers, was made by Camus for Louis XIV. when a child. Vaucanson made an artificial duck which quacked, ate, and drank; its food undergoing a change simulating digestion. Vaucanson also constructed a flute-player, 1738. The writing automaton was a pantograph; deceptively worked by a confederate, 1769. The automaton chess-player was also a deception, 1769. Maelzel made a trumpeter in 1809. An automaton speaking several sentences was exhibited in London about 1810. See Brewster's Natural magic. The speaking machine invented by a Viennese, exhibited in Europe many years since, and lately in this country, is not an automaton, but is played by keys. The thorax is a bellows, and the sounds are made by the passage of air past reeds which simulate the larynx, and modulated by artificial tongue, palate, teeth, and lips. The drawing automaton constructed by M. Droz, of the Chaux de Fronds, was a figure of a man the size of life, operated by clock-work and springs,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
n lens. A lens of spherical form having a deep equatorial groove around it in the plane of a great circle perpendicular as to the axis of vision. The groove is of such a depth that the stem connecting the hemispheres has a diameter equal to 1/5 of the focal length of the lens. This lens was invented by Dr. Wollaston, and called by him the periscopic lens; he made it by cementing together by their plane faces two hemispherical lenses with an annular, opaque diaphragm between them. Sir David Brewster improved it by cutting a groove in a whole sphere and filling the groove with opaque matter in order to diminish the quantity of light and prevent the confusion arising from the lateral rays. Cod-line. An 18-thread deep-sea fishing-line. Cod′ling. A balk sawed into lengths for staves. It is cleft or rived into staves by means of a frow and mallet. Coehorns. Coe′horn. （Ordnance.) A small mortar made light enough to be carried by hand, and adapted to throw a shel<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
it the two complementary colors of polarized light. The quality called the dichroism of crystals consists in transmitting different colors when viewed in different directions. There are several varieties of this apparatus invented by Arago and Brewster. As constructed by Brewster, it consists of a tube about two inches long, blackened on the interior, and attached to a ball and socket. The ball contains two prisms of calcareous spar, separated by a film of sulphate of lime, so placed thaBrewster, it consists of a tube about two inches long, blackened on the interior, and attached to a ball and socket. The ball contains two prisms of calcareous spar, separated by a film of sulphate of lime, so placed that each pair of the four images is tinged with the complementary colors. A lens is arranged upon or near the prisms either at front or back. On viewing the sky or any luminous object, four brilliantly colored images of the aperture will be seen, the color of the two middle ones being complementary to that of the outer ones. By moving the ball in the socket the colors will constantly change, and the images will sometimes overlap and sometimes separate, exhibiting a great variety of hues, plea
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
old-leaf electroscope. See electroscope. Sir William Thomson's and Varley's electrometers are the most delicate of all, and are used in reading the insulating power of telegraph-cables. See galvanometer. Electrometers. The strength of the electric force excited by the rubbing of glass, sulphur, amber, wax, resin, etc., was measured by Gilbert by means of an iron needle (not very small) moving freely on a point, versorium electricum; very similar to the apparatus employed by Hauy and Brewster, in trying the electricity excited in different minerals by warmth and friction. E-lectro-mo′tor. An exciter of electric action. An apparatus actuated by electricity and imparting motion to a machine. See electro-magnetic machine. E-lec′tro-neg′a-tive. Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. E-lec′tro-nome. A measurer of electricity. See electrometer. E-lec-troph′o-rus.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
ult to fuse than platinum, and the heaviest of all known substances. It has been used for forming the tips of gold pens. The alloy of iridium and osmium, called iridosmine, is the hardest of all alloys. It forms the point of the everlasting pen, made by Hawkins of England, and is ground by diamond-dust. Ir-i-dos′mine. An alloy of iridium and osmium. The hardest of all known alloys. Iris-cope. An instrument contrived by Dr. Reade for exhibiting the prismatic colors. Sir David Brewster describes it in the Phil. Trans. for 1841 as a plate of polished black glass, having its surface smeared with a solution of soap and dried by wash — leather. On breathing through a tube upon the glass, the vapor is deposited in brilliant colored rings. Iris-diaphragm. I′ris—dia-phragm. （Optics.) A contractile diaphragm, simulating the action of the natural iris, to regulate the size of the aperture in a microscope through which light passes. I′ron. 1. The most
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), K. (search)
eflected from this ball, and when the thin plate is put in vibration, the fine point of light describes various curves, corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations. Ka-lei′do-scope. An optical instrument, invented by David Brewster, 1814-17. An arrangement of mirrors produces a symmetrical reflection of beautiful images, derived from the association of pieces of colored glass, which assume new relations as the tube is slowly rotated. This instrument is first noticedNatural magic, under the name of polyphaton. Kircher describes a similar invention of his own, but the application of two reflectors so inclined to each other as to form symmetrical images, changing as the instrument is rotated, was invented by Brewster. He subsequently found means to obtain multiplied images of such objects as flowers, trees, and even persons and things in motion, and thus the importance of the instrument was greatly increased. For this purpose, he caused the two mirrors t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
The magnifying power of hollow glass spheres filled with water (Seneca, 1, 6) was, indeed, as familiar to the ancients as the action of burning glasses or crystals (Aristoph. Nub. V. 765 [424 B. C.]) and Nero's emerald (Pliny, XXVII. 5). — Humboldt's Cosmos. Layard found in the ruin called Nimroud a planoconvex lens of rock-crystal 1 1/2 inches in diameter and 9/10 of an inch thick. It shows the marks of the lapidary's wheel. It gives a focus 4 1/2 inches from the plane side. Sir David Brewster says, It was used as a lens, either for magnifying or for condensing the rays of the sun. Two glass bowls were found in the same chamber. Before the discovery of the lens, it had been surmised that the minute inscriptions in the cuneiform character must have been executed by the aid of a magnifying-glass. There are other notices of lenses scattered through the pages of antiquity. Pliny mentions that the ancients had globes of glass and crystal, and that Nero used glasses when he
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
thin vein of light perpendicular to the axis of the telescope, so as to make the wires silvery white in a dark field. Brewster proposed to obtain micrometer lines by placing in the field of view the reflected images of a fixed or movable system ofre solid wires or metallic plates placed in the focus of the eye-glass. See Pearson's Practical astronomy, Vol. II.: Brewster's Philosophical instruments. Cavallo's micrometer is a small, semi-transparent scale of mother-of-pearl, about 1/20 oely among the Greeks and Romans. The use of lenses for microscopes long preceded their application to telescopes. Sir David Brewster exhibited one in 1852 which was made of rock crystal, and was found among the ruins of Nineveh. The refractive py of binocular vision by Wheatstone in 1838, and especially after the construction of the lenticular stereoscope by Sir David Brewster in 1852, the idea naturally occurred of applying this principle to microscopes. This was first effected by Profess
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
the case of glass 33°, the complement of which, 57°, is called the angle of polarization. Sir David Brewster, from numerous experiments, deduced the following law: The tangent of the polarizing angled having the least and tin the greatest polarizing angle. This property was discovered by Sir David Brewster. When Huyghens was occupied with the double refraction of light in crystals of Iceland iscovery of this isolated phenomenon was followed by the discoveries of Malus, Arago, Fresnel, Brewster, and Biot. Malus, in 1808, discovered polarization by reflection from polished surfaces; and Aosphere, and the position of the four neutral points of polarization, which Arago, Babinet, and Brewster discovered. Thus man makes for himself as it were new organs which, when skillfully used, openee from defects, and having but slight spherical aberration. Buffon first suggested the idea. Brewster made them. See burning-glass; burning-mirror, pages 410, 411; Mir-Ror, page 1452. Polyzonal
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
72. 138,637GoodrichMay 6, 1873. 139,700Allerton et al.June 10, 1873. 149,714BrewsterApr. 14, 1874. 150,668Allerton et al.May 12, 1874. 158,565BarnesJan. 12, 1875cate combination of magnetic needles. Invented by Lebaillif, and described by Brewster in his Treatise on magnetism. Side-round. （Joinery.) A joiner's plane as contrived by Wheatstone in 1838; the lenticular was subsequently devised by Brewster, and is that now in general use. Brewster's lenticular stereotype consists Brewster's lenticular stereotype consists of a pyramidal box, blackened on the inside, and having a lid for the admission of light, when the pictures are opaque. The box is open below, in order to let the liNumerous minor improvements have since been made on the original instrument of Brewster. Stereoscopes are also made on a larger scale, to hold from 48 to 600 pictu A combination of two semi-lenses used in the lenticular stereoscope of Sir David Brewster. The two are placed at such a distance apart that each eye views the o
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