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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Niagara, Fort (search)
s, and were extinguished by great exertions. Meanwhile the garrison returned the assault gallantly. Newark was set on fire by shells several times; so, also, were buildings in Fort George, and one of its batteries was silenced. Shots from an outwork of Fort Niagara (the Salt Battery) sunk a British sloop in the river. Night ended this furious artillery duel. Early in October, 1813, General McClure, of the New York militia, was left in command of Fort George, on the Niagara River. In November the startling intelligence reached him from the westward that Lieutenant-General Drummond was approaching with a heavy force of white men and Indians. McClure's garrison was then reduced to sixty effective men, and he determined to abandon the post and cross over to Fort Niagara. The weather became extremely cold, and on Dec. 10 he attempted to blow up the fort while his troops were crossing the river. He also wantonly set on fire the village of Newark, near by, and 150 houses were speed
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Non-importation acts. (search)
ance of many extravagant customs which involved large expenditures of money, and needed lessons of strict economy were learned. An act of Congress became a law April 18, 1806, prohibiting the importation from Great Britain or her dependencies, or from any other country, of the following articles of British manufacture: all articles of which leather, silk, hemp, or flax, and tin and brass (except in sheets), were of chief value; woollen cloths, where the invoice prices should exceed 5s. sterling a yard; woollen hosiery of all kinds; window-glass, and all the manufactures of glass; silver and plated ware; paper of every description; nails and spikes; mats and clothing ready made; millinery of all kinds; playing-cards; beer, ale, and porter; and pictures and prints. To give time for intermediate negotiations, the commencement of the prohibition was postponed until the middle of November next ensuing. In December the act was further suspended until July following. See embargo acts.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), North Carolina, State of (search)
ington, on the Pamlico River, were surprised by Confederate cavalry at early dawn on Sept. 5, who swept through the village almost unopposed. They were supported by two Confederate gunboats on the river. The garrison, after a sharp street-fight for nearly three hours, expelled the assailants, killing 33 and wounding 100. The Nationals lost 8 killed and 36 wounded. Foster was reinforced later, and determined to strike some aggressive blows that might intimidate his antagonists. Early in November he made an incursion in the interior and liberated several hundred slaves. With a larger force he set out from Newbern, Dec. 11, to strike and break up the railway at Goldsboro that connected Richmond with the Carolinas, and form a junction with the National forces at Suffolk and Norfolk. His passage of a large creek was disputed by General Evans and 2,000 Confederates, with three pieces of artillery. They were routed, and Foster passed on, skirmishing heavily. When near Kinston he enco
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), State of Oregon, (search)
al government until 1848, when Congress created the Territory of Oregon, which comprised all the United States territory west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains and north of the forty-second parallel. The territorial government went into operation on March 3, 1849, with Joseph Lane as governor. In 1853 Washington Territory was organized, and took from Oregon all its domain north of the Columbia River. In 1857 a convention framed a State constitution for Oregon, which was ratified, in November of that year, by the people. By the act of Feb. 14, 1859, Oregon was admitted into the Union as a State, with its present limits. Many Indian wars have troubled Oregon, the last one of importance being the Modoc War, 1872-73 (see Modoc Indians). Population in 1890, 313,767: in 1900,413,536. See United States, Oregon, in vol. IX. Territorial governors. George Abernethyappointed1845 Joseph Lane to 1849 J. P. Gaines to 1849 Joseph Lane to 1853 George L. Curry to 1853 John W. Davis
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Pan-American conference. (search)
Pan-American conference. By act of the United States Congress in 1888 arrangements were made for a conference at Washington between representatives of the United States and other countries in America. The conference assembled accordingly, Oct. 2, 1889, and was attended by envoys from Brazil and from Spanish America generally, as well as from the United States. Secretary of State Blaine presided. The delegates made a tour through the country, and settled down to work at Washington in November. Such subjects as banking, monetary union, commercial extension, and arbitration were discussed. In April, 1890, ten of the nations signed an international arbitration treaty. Secretary Blaine, who was deeply interested in the matter and in the extension southward of the United States' interests, recommended an intercontinental railway. President McKinley, in his message to Congress in 1899, suggested that the various American republics, constituting the International Union, be invite
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Pensacola. (search)
ry appeals to the prejudices of the French and the discontent of others; and he told his troops that they were called upon to make long and tedious marches in the wilderness and to conciliate the Indians. At this juncture Jackson acted promptly and effectively, without the advice of his tardy government. He caused a beatup for volunteers, and very soon 2,000 sturdy young men were ready for the field. After they arrived Jackson took some time to get his forces well in hand; and early in November he marched from Fort Montgomery, which was due north from Pensacola, with 4,000 troops—some Mississippi dragoons in the advance—and encamped within two miles of Pensacola on the evening of Nov. 6. He sent word to the Spanish governor that he had come, not to make war on a neutral power, nor to injure the town, but to deprive the enemies of the United States of a place of refuge. His messenger (Major Pierre) was instructed to demand the surrender of the forts. When Pierre approached, unde
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Philippine Islands, (search)
awyers, doctors, and priests. They are well-informed and have accumulated property. The bibliography of the Philippines is said to number 4,500 volumes, the greater part of which has been written by Spanish priests and missionaries. Climate. The climate is one of the best known in the tropics. The thermometer during July and August rarely went below 79° or above 85°. The extreme ranges in a year are said to be 61° and 97°. There are three well-marked seasons—temperate and dry from November to February, hot and dry from March to May, and temperate and wet from June to October. The rainy season reaches its maximum in July and August, when the rains are constant and very heavy. The total rainfall has been as high as 114 inches in one year. Yellow fever appears to be unknown. The diseases most fatal among the natives are cholera and small-pox, both of which are brought from China. Mineral wealth. Very little is known concerning the mineral wealth of the islands. It i<
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Pierce, Franklin 1804-1869 (search)
as admitted to the bar in 1827, and made his permanent residence at Concord in 1838. He was in Congress from 1833 to 1837; United States Senator from 1837 to 1842; served first as colonel of United States Infantry in the war against Mexico, and as brigadier-general, under Scott, in 1847, leading a large reinforcement for that general's army on its march for the Mexican capital. In June, 1852, the Democratic Convention nominated him for President of the United States, and he was elected in November (see cabinet, President's). President Pierce favored the pro-slavery party in Kansas, and in January, 1856, in a message to Congress, he denounced the formation of a free-State government in Kansas as an act of rebellion. During the Civil War ex-President Pierce was in full sympathy with the Confederate leaders. He died in Concord, N. H., Oct. 8, 1869. Special message on Kansas. On Jan. 24, 1856, President Pierce sent the following message to the Congress on the affairs in Kansas:
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Pizarro, Francisco 1476- (search)
isoner. With 177 men Pizarro went with pretended friendship to the successful Inca., in September, 1532, and treacherously made him prisoner. The Inca's army fled in dismay. Atahualpa offered for his own ransom to fill the room he was in with gold. The precious metals and golden ornaments of the temples, worth, when melted down, more than $17,000,000, were laid at Pizarro's feet, when the treacherous Spaniard caused his royal captive to be murdered, Aug. 29, 1533. Marching to Cuzco, in November, Pizarro proclaimed the half-brother of the dead Inca, Manco Capac, his successor, and then founded a new capital nearer the coast, now Lima. The new Inca escaped, rebelled, slaughtered many Spaniards, and laid siege to Lima, which they soon raised. A dispute between Pizarro and Almagro led to open warfare. Almagro was defeated and slain in 1538. The empire of the Incas lay prostrate at the feet of the Spaniards, with Pizarro as ruler. The latter married a daughter of Atahualpa. The
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Porter, Fitz-john 1822- (search)
ted the siege of Yorktown, Va., and was one of McClellan's most efficient commanders during the Peninsular campaign ending with the battle of Malvern Hill (q. v.). For services in that campaign he was promoted to major-general of volunteers. Temporarily attached to the Army of Virginia (Pope's), and formal charges having been made against him, he was deprived of his command. At the request of General McClellan, he was restored, and accompanied that general in the campaign in Maryland. In November he was ordered to Washington for trial by court-martial, on charges preferred by General Pope, and on Jan. 21, 1863, he was cashiered for violation of the 9th and 52d Articles of War. In 1870 he appealed to the President for a reversal of this sentence, and in 1878 a commission of inquiry was instituted to determine whether there was new evidence in his favor sufficient to warrant ordering a new trial. He was finally in 1886 restored to his rank of colonel and retired. After leaving the a
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