1-219. The wounding of Menelaus.

1-84. Council of the gods. Preparations for a breach of the truce.

cf. oi( de\ qeoi\ pa\r *zhni\ kaqh/menoi a\sterophth=| (lightener）

qeoi/: in appos. with oi(. § 24 k.

h)goro/wnto: were in assembly, sc. during the events narrated in the preceding Book; cf. 10-12. The gods assembled in the great hall of Zeus, like retainers in the hall of their feudal lord. For the form, see § 29 c.

xruse/w| ktl.: a more definite statement of pa\r *zhni/ above. The pavement of the great hall was covered with plates of gold. cf. ‘and the floor of the house he overlaid with gold, within and without,’ 1 Kings vi. 30, of Solomon's temple. See on 1.426.

meta/: adverbial, in their midst. § 37 a.

sfi/si: dat. of interest, for them.

*(/hbh: only here in Homer as cup-bearer; but she renders other services to the gods in 5.722, 905. She does not appear as wife of Heracles in the Iliad, but in Od. 11.603 (a late passage), as in Pindar and other poets.

ne/ktar e)w|noxo/ei: cf. oi)noxo/ei ne/ktar *a 598, i(/ppoi boukole/onto g 221, ‘weekly journal’ (diurnus, i.e. ‘daily’). The original meaning of the compound verb was overlooked. The syllabic augment is used since oi)=nos began with *v. § 25 h; G. 104, N. 1; H. 359.

toi/: ou(=toi, § 24 i.

xruse/ois: disyllabic by ‘synizesis.’ § 7.

depa/essi: de/pasi, § 18 c, d; cf. e)pe/essi 6.

deide/xato: were pledging. Cf. plhsa/menos d' oi)/noio de/pas dei/dekt) *)axilh=a *i 224. The gods ‘drank each other's health.’ For the omission of the augment, see § 25 a. For the ending, see § 26 t.

au)ti/ka: at once, straightway; sc. after the close of the single combat described in *g. For the omission of a conjunction, see § 2 n.

*kroni/dhs: for the ‘patronymic,’ see § 21 e.

e)reqize/men: e)reqi/zein, § 26 j. This he does esp. by the proposition of 18.

parablh/dhn: Zeus teasingly compares Aphrodite's constant care of Paris with the neglect of Menelaus by Hera and Athena. For the ending, see § 38 c.

doiai/ [du/o]: emphatic, in contrast with the single defender of Paris, 10.

*menela/w|: dat. with a)rhgo/nes ei)si/, which is equiv. to a)rh/gousi. cf. *e 511, *trw/essin a)rwgoi/ *f 428.

qea/wn: for the uncontracted form, see § 16 d.

8 = 5.908.

*)argei/h: Argos was the chief seat of Hera's worship. cf. o(/de | *(/hras o( kleino\s nao/s Soph. El. 8. cf. also 52.

*)alalkomenhi/s: of Alalcomenae, a Boeotian town where Athena was worshipped with special distinction from the earliest times. These epithets of the two goddesses,—*)alalkomenhi/s reminding of defence and protection (a)lalkei=n),—serve to strengthen the contrast with the ‘smile-loving’ Aphrodite, 10, h(=| ou) de/dotai polemh/ia e)/rga *e 428. Observe the ‘chiasmus’; see § 2 o.

a)ll' h)= toi: but truly.

no/sfi: sc. *menela/ou.

kaqh/menai: implies inactivity, in contrast with parme/mblwke.

ei)soro/wsai: closely connected, as cause, with te/rpesqon, delight in looking on.

tw=|: that one, i.e. Paris. The mention of his name is unnecessary, since the gods have been watching the single-combat.

au)=te: on the other hand.

filommeidh/s: by assimilation for filo-smei-dhs. See § 12 e.

parme/mblwke: from parablw/skw. See §§ 11 a, 12 g.

au)tou=: from himself, from his body. Const. as ablatival gen. with a)mu/nei. See § 3 d; cf. *zeu\s kh=ras (fates) a)/munen| paido\s e(ou= *m 402 f. For au)to/s referring to a man's body, cf. au)tou\s de\ e(lw/ria teu=xe ku/nessin *a 4. See § 2 v.

kai\ nu=n: introduces a special instance under the general statement of ai)ei/. cf. *a 107, 109, *e 603 f.

e)cesa/wsen: sc. qana/toio (cf. h)e/ min e)k qana/toio saw/somen *x 175) or pole/moio.

o)io/menon ktl.: cf. *o 728, u 21.

ni/kh: sc. e)sti/. cf. the words of Agamemnon, ni/kh me\n dh\ fai/net' a)rhifi/lou *menela/ou *g 457.

*menela/ou: for the gen., see G. 169, 1; H. 732 a.

14 = 14.61, cf. r 274, n 365, y 117.

o(/pws ktl.: how this shall be, i.e. what we shall do. Cf. 2.252. Zeus does not here indicate his preference,—still less his determination. He does not assume that the articles of the truce of *g are to be carried out. A loophole of escape has been left since the oath ran (3.281 ff.) ‘if Menelaus shall slay Alexander,’ and this condition had not been literally fulfilled.

ta/de e)/rga: the ‘hiatus’ is merely apparent. See §§ 9 f., 14 a; cf. 18.

cf. Od. 24.475 f., with teu/ceis for o)/rsomen, and ti/qhsqa for ba/lwmen. These verses explain the second ‘hemistich’ of 14.—h)/, h)=: see § 3 m a.

po/lemon ktl.: cf. 82, 18.242. For the use of nearly synonymous nouns, see § 1 s, and on 3.2.

o)/rsomen: aor. subjv., cf. ba/lwmen. For the short mode vowel, see § 27 a.

filo/thta: contrasted by its position before the verse-pause, with po/lemo/n te above.

ba/lwmen: bring, cause. Cf. ti/qhsin 83.

ei) d' au)= ktl.: Zeus is not serious in this proposition. He knows what the answer of the goddesses will be; and, as for himself, his promise to Thetis, that he would secure honor and satisfaction for Achilles, can be kept only by the continuance of hostilities. He is merely teasing (e)reqize/men 5) Hera and Athena. Hence he grants Hera's wish for the destruction of Troy more willingly than appears on the surface.

to/de: i.e. the latter of the alternatives presented above,—peaceful reconciliation.

pa=si: made prominent before the verse-pause. Obs. the same position of pa/ntes 29.

fi/lon ktl.: Hera cannot be expected to listen quietly to this.

h)= toi me/n: correl. with de/ 19. cf. 3.168 f.

me/n: long by ‘position.’ See §§ 41 m, 14 a.

oi)ke/oito: may be inhabited, may still stand, or (more freely) men may still dwell in the city of Priam. cf. oi( d' a)/lloi ... nai/oite *troi/hn *g 73 f. Trisyllabic by ‘synizesis.’ § 7 a. *pria/moio: *pria/mou, § 17 a.

*)argei/hn: a standing epithet of Helen, because of her former Peloponnesian home. cf. 2.161.

a)/goito: may take home as his wife. Obs. the force of the mid. voice. cf. 3.72, 404.

20-25 = 8.457-462.

e)pe/mucan: e)pi/ here signifies thereat, at his words.

*)aqhnai/h ktl.: in appos. with ai(.

Parenthetical.

plhsi/ai: sc. a)llh/lais.

ai(/ g' h(/sqhn: equiv. to h(/menai.

kaka\ de\ ktl.: an independent, instead of a participial (mhdo/menai), clause. See § 3 t.

*trw/essi: Aeolic form for *trwsi/. § 18 c.

*)aqhnai/h: prominent by its position before the pause.

a)ke/wn: seems strictly a participle, but it became stereotyped, and is here used as an adverb. a)ke/ousa is used 1.565, 569. For an adv. with h)=n, cf. 277, 319, *a 416, *z 131.

ou)de/ ti ei)=pen: freq. in Homer, the last clause of the verse repeats the meaning of the earlier clause in more definite, or at least in different, form.—Athena was too angry to speak.

This verse is nearly parenthetical. The beginner will be greatly helped if he learns to notice how often the second half of a verse or one or more verses are parenthetical—used to give life to the picture, without adding anything necessary to the information of the hearer.

skuzome/nh ktl.: const. closely with a)ke/wn h)=n.

de/: a causal particle would have made the relation of the clauses more distinct. See § 3 q.

xo/los ktl.: cf. Od. 8.304.

xo/los: a burst of anger, while ko/tos is a grudge, and mh=nis is enduring wrath. The Attic o\rgh/ is not found in Homer.

h(/|rein: the impf. is more descriptive than the aor. would be. Athena was growing more and more angry. cf. ou)de/ min u(/pnos| h(/|rei *w 4 f.—For the n-movable, see § 12 n.

*(/hrh|: for the dative, see § 3 g a.

ou)k ktl.: i.e. her wrath ‘boiled over.’

proshu/da: sc. mi/n.

25 = *a 552, *q 462, *c 330, *p 440, *s 361. This sent. and the following are exclamatory.

poi=on: predicate. See H. 1012 a. “What is this which,” etc.

pw=s ktl.: a question of surprise, equiv. to the prosaie assertion, ‘it is in no way possible,’ ‘it cannot be.’

alion, a)te/leston: in vain, ineffectual. Pred., after qei=nai make (§ 2 v). cf. ou)/ toi e)/peiq' a(li/h o(do\s e)/ssetai ou\d) a)te/lestos b 273.

po/non: amplified by 27 f.

i(drw=: i(dro/a, i(drw=ta, § 18 e.

o(/n: acc. of kindred meaning. G. 159; H. 715b. The article would be needed here in prose. o(/n is long by ‘position,’ since i(/drwsa (doubtless, Eng. sweat) began with a consonant. cf. me/n 18.

mo/gw|: equiv. to moge/ousa, cf. ta\ qe/san moge/ontes *)axaioi/ *m 29.

kame/thn de\ ktl.: a ‘paratactic’ independent clause, in close connexion with mo/gw|. cf. nou=son a\na\ strato\n w)=rse kakh\n, o)le/konto de\ laoi/ *a 10; see § 3 n, q.

lao/n: soldiery, sc. that of the Achaeans who went to Troy. The prime author of the expedition is picturesquely represented as herself driving through Greece, rousing the people to avenge the indignity wrought by Paris.

kaka/: as a calamity. In appos, with the whole sentence. cf. Hector's words to Paris, gunai=ka a)nh=ges ... patri/ te sw=| me/ga ph=ma (bane) 3.48 ff. The plural may indicate the separate woes which the war occasioned. cf. o(/t' e)s *au)li/da nh=es *)axaiw=n| h)gere/qonto (gathered), kaka\ *pria/mw| kai\ *trwsi\ fe/rousai *b 303 f.

toi=o/ te paisi/n: and to his sons. toi=o here, like Attic au)tou= refers to the preceding noun; cf. 6.283. Obs. the repetition of the name, instead of the pronoun, in 31, 35, 47.

29 = *p 443, *x 181.

e)/rde: the position is prominent. Concessive, but in an angry tone: “You may do it.” But a warning is added at once, in which, for emphasis with reference to 17, the neg. is placed first: “but by no means.”

qeoi\ a)/lloi: in appos. with pa/ntes, which has the emphatic position before the verse-pause (cf. 17).

30 = *a 517, *h 454.

th/n: const. with prose/fh.

me/ga: adverbial, with the participle. See § 38 b.

o)xqh/sas: inceptive aor., bursting into a rage, in a fit of vexation.

nefelhgere/ta: cf. 5.522. Zeus is the god of all atmospheric and heavenly phænomena. See on 2.146; cf. 75.—For the ending -ta, see § 16 b.

daimoni/h: the connection alone determines the tone and meaning of this adjective. cf. 2.190, 200. Here, strange goddess.

ti/: in what, how?

se/: direct obj. of r(e/zousin, of which kaka/ is cognate accusative. See G. 165; H. 725.

*pri/amos ktl.: here and 35 with reference to Hera's words, 28.

o(/ te ktl.: equiv. to o(/ti te ktl., that thou dost. Cf. 1.244.

cf. *a 129, *b 133.

su/ ge: thou, i.e. with thy fierce anger.

ei)selqou=sa: entering the conquered city.

w)mo\n ktl.: “eat alive.” A vivid representation of fierce rage and passionate longing for revenge. cf. w)mofa/gos as an epithet of wild beasts. cf. 22.347, where Achilles wishes that his soul would urge him w)/m' a)potamno/menon kre/a e)/dmenai of Hector; 24.212 f., where old Hecaba would fain eat the liver of Achilles; tou/tous, h)/n pws dunw/meqa, kai\ w)mou\s dei= katafagei=n Xen. An. iv. 8. 14; ou)de/na du/nasqai kru/ptein to\ mh\ ou)x h(de/ws a)\n kai\ w)mw=n e)sqi/ein au)tw=n Xen. Hell. iii. 3. 6; ‘If the men of my tabernacle said not, “Oh that we had of his flesh! we cannot be satisfied,”’ Job xxxi. 31; non media de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis urbem odiis satis est Verg. v. 785 f.

w)mo/n: predicate.

xo/lon ktl.: cf. Od. 3.145.

Obs. the ‘asyndeton.’ See § 2 l, m.

e)/rcon ... e)qe/leis: cf. n 145, p 67, w 481, *x 185.

mh\ ktl.: not a final sentence, but an independent ‘prohibitory’ clause, added to the principal sentence, for which it gives the reason. “Do as you please, since I will not allow this matter to be the cause of a quarrel on Olympus.”

tou=to/ ge nei=kos: this strife, at least. In a contemptuous tone. Contention over human affairs was unworthy of the gods; cf. ei) dh/ sfw (i.e. Zeus and Hera) e(/neka qnhtw=n e)ridai/neton w(=de *a 574. Hence the contrast with me/g' e)/risma 38. But see on 17.

met' a)mfote/roisi: an emphatic repetition of soi\ kai\ e)moi/, which is itself a poetic h(mi=n.

39 = *a 297, *e 259, *i 611, *p 444, 851, *f 94, etc. A formula to call attention to the following words.

e)ni/: e)n, § 37 d a.

memaw/s: eagerly. Const. with e)qe/lw. cf. 5.143.

th/n: added impressively, in appos. with po/lin. “That one, I mean, in which (o(/qi),” etc. Thus the article introduces the rel. clause; cf. 5.320, 332.

toi/: const. with e)ggega/asin, as ethical dative.

mh\ diatri/bein: do not attempt to check.

to\n e)mo\n xo/lon: that wrath of mine. Cf. 40.

e)a=sai: sc. to fulfil my desires.

dw=ka: I granted, sc. to satisfy thy anger. The aor. is used as freq. of an act which has just preceded. The perf. might be used in English.

e(kw\n ktl.: a much-quoted ‘oxymoron.’ “Freely, yet with unwilling heart.” e(kw/n is the opposite of bi/h|. Zeus pretends that only for the sake of Hera he consents to the sack of Troy, which had been long ago decreed.

ai(\ ga/r: the rel. clause precedes the demonstrative (ta/wn ktl. 46) with some emphasis. cf. 6.421.

ga/r: introduces the explanation of a)e/konti/ ge qumw=|.

u(p' h)eli/w|: cf. 5.267.

a)stero/enti: for the epithet, see § 1 p.

naieta/ousi: (dwell) are. This verb retains in the Mss. and current texts its uncontracted and unassimilated form. See § 29 b; cf. 6.370, 497.

po/lhe: po/leis, § 18 q.

ta/wn: of these; partitive gen. with the superlative idea in peri\ tie/sketo. Or, what is after all not very different, peri\ tie/sketo may be understood as having comparative force.

peri\ kh=ri: exceedingly in heart, with my whole heart.

tie/sketo: was honored; nearly equiv. to the perf., has been honored. The ‘iterative’ idea is here lost. See § 36 a.

i(rh/: obs. the Homeric gender of *)/ilios. § 2 x.

47 = 165, *z 449, *q 552.

e)ummeli/w: for the inflexion, see § 17 c; unless it is from e)umme/lios. For the ‘possessive’ compound, see G. 132, 3; H. 586.

= 24.69 f.

daito\s e)i/shs: the language of human life is applied to the life of the gods. That feast was ‘equal’ in which each had a fair share. See on 1.468.

loibh=s ktl.: in explanatory appos. with daito/s. The sacrifice is a feast to which the gods are invited. This invitation lays the divinities under obligations to confer favors in return; cf. Od. 1.60 ff.

to/: refers to loibh=s ktl., but is attracted to the number of the pred., ge/ras. See H. 631; cf. G. 135, N. 4.

h(mei=s: emphatic, we gods.

50 = *a 551, *p 439, *s 360, g 309.

bow=pis: an epithet almost peculiar to Hera. See on 1.551.

These verses are simply introductory to the principal thought, in 53.

h)= toi me/n: the corresponding clause begins with a)lla/ 57. “I will yield in other cases, but you must allow me to carry out my purpose with regard to the destruction of Troy.”

polu/: adverbial, far.

*)/argos: see on *)argei/h 8.

eu)rua/guia: freq. in Homer three nouns are so placed in a verse that while but one has an adj., this adj. with its noun fills the second ‘hemistich.’ See on 2.498.

*mukh/nh: for the singular, see § 19 j.

ta\s diape/rsai: concessive. “These you may sack.” For the inf. as imv., cf. diatri/bein 42. In this verse has been found a reference to the conquest of these cities in the Dorian invasion of Peloponnesus.

ta/wn ktl.: ‘asyndetic’ repetition of the preceding verse. See § 2 m.

ta/wn: the gen. depends on pro/sqe. Before these, i.e. for their protection.

i(/stamai: the pres. is used as if the time were already at hand.

megai/rw: synonymous here with fqone/w. sc. ta\s diape/rsai.

fqone/w: subjv. with ei) (§ 3 c a), in future sense.

ou)k: not mh/, since with ei)w= [e)a/w] it forms but one idea, forbid, seek to prevent. Cf. ei) ... ou)k e)qe/lwsin *g 289.

a)nu/w: present, in fut. sense, shall accomplish. Nearly equiv. to a)nu/saimi.

e)pei\ h)=: since truly, because.

fe/rteros: cf. 1.281, 545 ff.

a)lla\ xrh\ ktl.: after stating her concessions, 53 ff., Hera defines her claim and rights.

e)mo/n: made emphatic by the following pause.— qe/menai [qei=nai] ktl.: cf. 26.

ge/nos: descent, race. Cf. et mi genus ab Iove summo Verg. vi. 123.

moi/: not e)moi/, since the stress rests on ge/nos.

presbuta/thn: i.e. timiwta/thn, most honored. Hera is called pre/sba qea/ *e 721. Predicate “My rank is the most exalted of all the daughters of Cronus.” See on 6.185.

= 18.365 f.

a)mfo/teron: used adverbially to introduce the rest of the verse. cf. 145, 3.179.

geneh=|: causal, “because of my descent,” parallel to the clause ou(/neka ktl.— cf. ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, Iovisque| et soror et coniunx Verg. i. 46 f.

ke/klhmai: am called, i.e. am. This use of ‘verbs of calling’ is freq. in classi cal writers as well as in the Bible. cf. a(/gion tou= *kuri/ou klhqh/setai St. Luke ii. 23, 3.138.

su\ de\ ktl.: still dependent on ou(/neka. This takes the place of a rel. clause explaining the sh/ of 60. “The wife of thee who dost rule.” su/ thus repeats the thought of sh/, and naturally has the first place in the clause. See on 6.127; cf. 9.437 ff.

me/n: correl. with de/ 64.

u(poei/comen: prob. aor. subjv. (‘hortatory’), although it may be fut. repeating the promise of Hera, 53 f., and that of Zeus, 37 f.

Parenthetical and subordinate.

soi\ ... e)moi/: explains a)llh/loisin. Obs. the ‘chiasmus.’ § 2 o.

e)pi\ e(/yontai: will assent. No opposition could avail against Zeus and Hera united.

qa=sson: ocius, right soon, “the sooner the better.”

*)aqhnai/h|: Athena not infreq. acts as Hera's subordinate. cf. *a 195, *b 156 ff., *e 713, *q 351.

e)pitei=lai: for the inf. as imv., cf. diape/rsai 53.

peira=n: parallel to e)lqei=n.

u(perku/dantas: exulting, sc. in consequence of the success of Menelaus in the single combat with Paris.

a)/rcwsi pro/teroi: shall be the first to begin. Cf. pa/mprwtos u(fai/nein (weave, frame) h)/rxeto mh=tin| *ne/stwr *h 324.

pro/teroi ktl.: cf. o(ppo/teroi pro/teroi u(pe\r o(/rkia (contrary to the compacts) phmh/neian (commit a hostile act) 3.299.

68 = 16.458.

ou)d' a)pi/qhse: for the ‘litotes,’ see § 2 r.

path\r ktl.: cf. 1.544, divom pater atque hominum rex Verg. i. 65, pater deum hominumque Livy i. 12, divumque hominumque parentem Ovid Met. xiv. 807.

69—*e 713, *f 419; cf. *q 351, *t 341.

au)ti/ka: for the ‘asyndeton,’ cf. 5.

e)/pea: cognate accusative.

meta\ ktl.: into the midst, etc. This explains e)s strato/n. cf. 103, 1.222.

= 66 f.

73 = *t 349, *x 186, w 487.—w(\s ei)pw/n: saying this, by these words.

pa/ros memaui=an: Athena was eager to go, even before she received instructions to do so, since she was of one mind with Hera. cf. 20 ff.

74 = *b 167, *x 187, *w 121, a 102, w 488; cf. *a 44, *h 19, *c 225, *t 114.

bh=: e)/bh, § 25 b.

a)i/casa: starting up. —This was Athena's third descent during the action of the Iliad.

oi=on: masc., pred. with a)ste/ra. —“Like the star which Zeus sends.” The rapidity of Athena's course, and perhaps, the brilliancy of her appearance, are likened to a meteor. cf. u)/rousen *)apo/llwn,| a)ste/ri ei)do/menos me/sw| h)/mati: tou= d' a)po\ pollai\| spinqari/des (sparks) pwtw=nto, se/las d' ei)s ou)rano\n i(=ken Hom. Hy. Ap. 440 ff.

h(=ke: gnomic aor., freq. in comparisons. § 2 k.

*kro/nou pa/is: see on nefelhgere/ta 30.

pa/is: for the disyllabic form, see § 6 a. Only six times in Homer must the nom. of this word be a monosyllable.

te/ras: pred., as a portent.

eu)re/i: broad, far-stretching.

law=n: soldiers, as usually in Homer.

lampro/n: the thought is amplified by the rest of the verse. See § 1 h.

tou=: ablatival gen. with a)po\ i(/entai.

i(/entai: for the pres., cf. 278, 423, 5.903.—Homeric usage does not compel the belief that the poet thought of Athena as actually emitting sparks. This verse is intended simply to enliven the mention of the meteor. See § 2 e.

tw=| e)ikui=a: like to this (sc. a)ste/ri). This resumes the thought of 75, after the two ornamental verses.

e)ikui=a: tetrasyllabic. See § 31 g.

h)/icen: used of the beginning of the motion, while e)/qore, 79, marks its close.

cf. 3.342 f.—me/sson [me/son]: substantival.

qa/mbos ktl.: cf. *y 815, *w 482, g 372. This refers to the astonishment of the army at the sudden appearance of Athena; but she is not recognized as a goddess, since immediately on reaching the earth she assumes the human form.

Obs. the ‘chiasmus.’

e)uknh/midas: the greave, about the lower leg, seems to have been one of the most characteristic parts of the Achæan armor. Perhaps, however, the Trojans too wore greaves, but the epithet did not fit into the verse in connexion with them.

81 = *b 271, *x 372, q 328, k 37, n 167, s 72, 400, f 396.

ti\s: represents public opinion.

ei)/pesken: for the form, see § 36 b.

i)dw/n: casting a glance.

cf. 15 f.—All onlookers knew that this appearance was a portent, but they could not interpret it.

h)= r(a: surely, as we see. Inference from the phenomenon. The first horn of the dilemma is considered the more probable.

kako/s: destructive, evil.

ti/qhsin: cf. qei=nai 26.

84 = 19.224.

a)nqrw/pwn: limits tami/hs pole/moio arbiter of war. a)nqrw/pois might have been used.

85-147. Athena persuades the Trojan archer Pandarus to shoot an arrow at Menelaus, but she herself keeps the son of Atreus from serious hurt.

a)/ra: “as I said,” referring to 81.

a)ndri/: the final vowel is long before an initial *v. See §§ 14 a, 18 a; cf. po/sei+ w(=| *e 71.

*trw/wn: the rhvthm of the verse connects this with o(/milon.

*laodo/kw|: named only here. Ten of his brothers are mentioned in the Iliad. See on 2.822.—The phrase reminds one of (*laodi/kh|) *)anthnori/dao da/uaoti *g 122.

cf. 5.168.

*pa/ndaron: cf. Pandare, qui quondam iussus confundere foedus

a)nti/qeon: without any indication of moral quality. cf. a)mu/mona 89.

dizhme/nh: the goddess seeks, like any mortal.

ei)/ pou e)feu/roi: if haply she might find. This explains dizhme/nh. A wish from the heart of Athena. cf. *n 760, e 439.

89 = 5.169.

eu(=re: for the ‘asyndeton,’ cf. 327, *b 169, *e 355. The emphasis upon this word makes less noticeable the absence of the conjunction. The way is prepared for eu(=re by e)feu/roi 88.

a)mu/mona ktl.: cf. *s 55, *f 546.

a)mu/mona: blameless, i.e. of noble birth, or of great physical strength or beauty. See on a)nti/qeon 88.

90 = 201.

a)mfi/: sc. e(/stasan, from e(stew=ta [e(stw=ta].

a)spista/wn: i.e. heavy-armed. Equiv. to Attic o(plitw=n. See on korusth/n 457.

law=n: in appos. with a)spista/wn.

*ai)sh/poio: cf. 2.825.

92 = *e 123, *s 169, *x 215, 228; cf. 203, *n 462, *c 356, *p 537, etc.

proshu/da: cf. 24.

A mere introduction to the request. The following verse repeats the thought definitely.

h)= ... pi/qoio: cf. *h 48, *c 190.

ti\: cognate acc., at all.

pi/qoio: potential opt., without a)/n. See G. 224 N. 1; H. 872 e.

tlai/hs ktl.: forms, with ‘chiasmus,’ the conclusion to the wish of 93, which is expressed in interrogative form. “If you would follow my advice, you would then,” etc. Cf. ou)k a)\n dh\ mei/neias a)rhi/filon *mene/laon ;| gnoi/hs oi(/ou fwto\s e)/xeis qalerh\n para/koitin *g 52 f.

*menela/w|: const. with the following e)pi/, at Menelaus. See § 3 h b.

proe/men: proei=nai, § 34 e.

*trw/essi: “in the eyes of the Trojans.” cf. *b 285, h)= ga/r ke/ sfi ma/la me/ga ku=dos a)/roio *i 303, tw=| me e)/a kle/os e)sqlo\n e)ni\ *trw/essin a)re/sqai *r 16, nu=n dh\ nw=i e)/olpa ...| oi)/sesqai me/ga ku=dos *)axaioi=si proti\ nh=as *x 216 f. H. 771. Or, the dative may here be the ‘agent,’ with the passive idea which is implied in the verse.

de/: may have the third place in the clause, when the first two words are closely united.

ma/lista: the following ‘hiatus’ is justified by the pause. See § 9 b.

basilh=i: prince. So Nausicaa is called basi/leia, z 115.

ton=: const. with para\ fe/roio.

dh/: surely.

pa/mprwta: first of all, chiefly.

ai)/ ken ktl.: equiv. to e)a\n *mene/laos tw=| be/lei sou dmhqh=|. A picturesque paraphrase for death.

*mene/laon: receives prominence from the following verse-pause. He is the special enemy of Paris, whom he has just overcome, 3.340-382. Obs. the repetition of the name in 100.

a)rh/ion: const. with ui(o/n.

sw=| ... dmhqe/nta: parenthetical. In thought, antecedent and subordinate to e)piba/nta.

purh=s ktl.: cf. pollou\s de\ purh=s e)pe/bhs' a)legeinh=s *i 546.

e)piba/nta: supplementary partic. after i)/dh|. Pred. with *mene/laon as subject.

a)legeinh=s: a)lgeinh=s.

*menela/ou: partitive gen. with o)i/steuson. G. 171, 1; H. 739.

*)apo/llwni: Apollo was the patron-god of Lycia, and god of the bow.

lukhgene/i: the root luk is the same as that of lux. The sun-god Apollo is ‘child of the light.’ cf. ai)qrhgenh/s as epithet of Boreas, 15.171; and luka/bas year, Od. 14.161. In this epithet is prob. also a reference to Apollo as the Lycian (*au(kios) god.

102 = 120, 23.864, 873.

a)rnw=n e(kato/mbhn: Homer does not hold strictly to the original meaning of ‘hecatomb.’ cf. 1.65 f., 6.93, 115.

prwtogo/nwn: first-born. Cf. ‘All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the Lord thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep. Thou shalt eat it before the Lord thy God year by year in the place which the Lord shall choose, thou and thy household. And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the Lord thy God.’ Deuteronomy xv. 19-21.

103 = 121.

i(erh=s ktl.: explains oi)/kade. cf. 70, 180.

a)/stu^: for the final vowel, retaining its short quantity before *zelei/hs, see § 41 i e.

*zelei/hs: this use of the gen. with a)/stu is familiar enough in English, e.g. ‘city of Boston.’ See G. 167 N.; H. 729 g; cf. 406.

tw=| ktl.: cf. soi\ de\ fre/nas a)/froni pei=qen *p 842. For the dat., see § 3 g a.

a)/froni: since he suffered himself to be deceived by the promise, 95 ff.

au)ti/ka: cf. 5.

e)su/la: sc. from its case, though some understand it ‘from his shoulder.’

i)ca/lou: quickspringing, agile.

ai)go/s: the capra ibex, or ‘steinbock.’ cf. Od. 14.50.—Gen. of material with to/con. The full expression would have required kera/wn. cf. i(ma/ntas boo/s *y 684.

a)gri/ou: introduces the following story, since the ‘steinbock’ cannot be taken by pursuit, but only by ambush. See § 1 h.

o(/n: obj. of beblh/kei. This const. is the easier since the second hemistich of this verse and 107 are parenthetical.

u(po\ ste/rnoio: below, on the belly. The goat stood on a higher position than the hunter. For the gen., cf. u(p' a)nqerew=nos e(lou=sa *a 501 (of Thetis supplicating Zeus).

tuxh/sas: hitting. Cf. *(ippo/maxon ba/le doupi\ kata\ zwsth=ra tuxh)sas *m 189. § 3 v.

dedegme/nos: lying in wait. Cf. to/coisi dedegme/nos a)/ndras e)nai/rw (slay) *q 296, *o 745. prodokh=|sin contains the same root.

beblh/kei ktl.: cf. e)/blhto pro\s sth=qos *p 753, *o 250. This is a more definite statement of u(po\ ste/rnoio above.

u(/ptios: upon his back. Predicate; see § 38 a. Ammals thus wounded generally fall in this way.

tou=: const. with e)k kefalh=s. cf. tou= d' a)po\ me\n kefalh=s ko/ruq) ei(/leto *o 125.

e(kkaidekadwra: the horns were marked with rings which made the hand-breadths or palms more distinct.

pefu/kein: had grown, were.

a)skh/sas: skilfully working. Cf. o( d' e)/peita boo\s ke/rasin peri/xeuen (sc. xruso/n）| a)skh/sas g 437 f. Const. with h)/rare, skilfully joined,—uniting the butt-ends of the horns by a metal piece (ph=xus *l 375).

keraoco/os te/ktwn: mentioned only here in Homer. te/ktwn was not yet restricted to the sense of ‘carpenter’; cf. te/xnh.

h)/rare: sc. a)llh/loiin.

pa=n: refers to to/con, the product of the work which has been described: cf. to\ me/n 112.

leih/nas: i.e. he smoothed off the rings of the horns. cf. lei=os, lēvis.

xruse/hn: disyllabic. cf. xruse/ois 3.

korw/nhn: the hook at one end of the bow, to receive the loop of the string which was fastened to the other end of the bow.

kai\ ... kate/qhke: cf. *w 271, i 329, *z 473.

kai/: returns to the story of 105.

to/: sc. to/con. See on pa=n 111.

kate/qhke: Pandarus laid the bow down, since he wanted to take an arrow from his quiver.

tanussa/menos: when he had strung it.—poti\ gai/h| a)gkli/nas [a)nakli/nas]: subord. to tanussa/menos. To string the bow required much exertion, and one end of the bow (naturally) was rested on the ground.

pro/sqen: in front, before him, sc. in order that the Greeks might not see that Pandarus was stringing his bow and preparing to shoot.

sxe/qon: held. Cf. 1.219.

de/: “while.” See § 3 q.

pri/n: adverbial, anticipating the conj. pri/n 115. See G. 240, 1; H. 955 a; cf. *e 218, 288, *a 97, *b 354 f.

a)nai+/ceian: sc. as the Greeks would have done, if they had seen what this Lycian archer was about. The forces were seated, cf. 3.326.

a)rh/ioi ktl.: cf. *l 800, *p 42, *s 200, g 317, *f 376, y 220.

blh=sqai: for the aor. mid. as passive, see § 32 d; cf. blh/menos 211. blhqh=nai is not used in Homer.

cf. dixit et aurata volucrem sagittam| deprompsit pharetra cornuque tetendit Verg. xi. 858 f.

fare/trhs: from the quiver. Ablatival gen. with su/la.

ptero/enta: prob. so called because of the feathers with which it was winged. cf. 5.171, (*lu/kioi) ei=xon o)istou\s kalami/nous (of reed) a)pte/rous Hdt. vii. 92.

melaine/wn: darkness was always hateful to the Greeks, and associated with death. cf. qana/tou me/lan ne/fos *p 350. See on 461.

The Epic poet gives many details, it is true, but he does not need to say that Pandarus took the bow from the ground. Similarly 2.55, the poet neglects to mention that Agamemnon rose to address the council; but the king must have risen, for he seats himself at 2.76.

kateko/smee: i.e. brought into the right posi tion, fitted the arrow to the string.

pikro/n: biting, bitter.

119-121 = 101-103.

e(/lke: is followed by a pause, and the two accs. are to be construed with labw/n.

neu=ra: equiv. to neurh/n 123. § 19 i.

Mark the ‘chiasmus.’—This verse explains the preceding e(/lke, and gives the result of that action. cf. 5.417.—Statius translates, cornua contingit mucrone et pectora nervo Thebaïd ix. 866.—When the bow-string is drawn back to the breast, the iron arrow-point (si/dhron) is brought near to the bow. cf. Vergil's far inferior imitation, et duxit longe, donec curvata coirent| inter se capita et manibus iam tangeret aequis,| laeva aciem ferri, dextra nervoque papillam| extemplo teli stridorem audiit xi. 860 ff.

si/dhron: only here in Homer of an arrow-point.

kuklotere/s: circular, round. Proleptic. The bowman bent the bow until it formed a sort of circle,— e)/teinen w(/ste kuklotere\s ei)=nai.

li/gce: ‘onomatopoetic,’ representing the sound to the ear. cf. 420, e)/klagcan d' a)/r) o)istoi/ *a 46, effugit horrendum stridens adducta sagitta Verg. ix. 632.—For the ‘personification,’ cf. E 99, w)/|xeto kh=la qeoi=o *a 53; Aristotle Rhet. iii. 11. Observe the triple division of the verse, and the double ‘chiasmus.’ bio/s and neurh/, i)/axen and a)=lto receive prominence from the order of words.

o)cubelh/s: cf. o)cu\ pa/gh be/los 185.

meneai/nwn: cf. (dou=ra) lilaio/mena xroo\s a)=sai (glut themselves) 11.574.

‘Apostrophe’ to Menelaus. The poet seems to be led partly by the convenience of the verse, for Menelaus and Patroclus in the Iliad and ‘the divine swine-herd’ Eumaeus in the Odyssey are most frequently thus addressed by him, while the more distinguished characters are never so apostrophized. cf. 146, *h 104, *n 603, *y 600. But no one should fail to notice the tender interest which seems to be implied in such an ‘apostrophe’ here. cf. Milton's address to Eve: ‘O much deceived, much failing, hapless Eve,| Of thy presumed return! event perverse!| Thou never from that hour in Paradise| Found'st either sweet repast or sound repose,’ Par. Lost ix. 404 ff.—se/qen [sou=]: const. with lela/qonto.

lela/qonto: 2d aorist. § 25 j.

a)qa/natoi: in appos. with qeoi/, and added here for the sake of contrast with prw/th ktl.

prw/gh: first of all, chiefly. Cf. pa/mprwta 97. Athena comes to the aid of Menelaus because she favors the Greeks, and had not intended that the leader should be seriously harmed.

a)gelei/h: the giver of booty (lhi/s). A standing epithet of Athena as goddess of war. cf. *e 765, *z 269, *)aqhnai/h| lhi/tidi *k 460.

toi/: const. with a)/munen, as dat. of interest.

pro/sqe: see on 54.

sta=sa: taking her stand.

be/los ktl.: cf. 1.51. For the quantity of the ultima of be/los, see § 41 m.

e)xepeuke/s: cf. pikro/n 118.

to/son me/n: so far, indeed. This is made definite by the contrast which follows in 132; cf. *s 378, *x 322, *y 454. Athena warded off the arrow only in so far as she guided it to a spot where the armor was thickest (double) and thus afforded the best protection.

xroo/s: body, Attic sw/matos. § 2 v.

w(s o(/te: does not correspond to to/son, but introduces an independent comparison, which illustrates the loving watchfulness of the goddess. The phrase has lost its original force (as the mother when), and is used almost exactly like w(s. § 2 j. Cf. w(s d' o(/te ti/s te dra/konta i)dw\n pali/norsos a)pe/sth *g 33, ‘As when a prowling wolf| ... Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold,| ... So clomb this first grand Thief into God's fold,’ Milton, Par. Lost, iv. 183 ff.; ‘As when to them who sail| Beyond the Cape of Hope,’ etc., ib. iv. 159 ff.; ‘As when a vulture on Imaus bred

paido/s: from her child. Ablatival genitive.

e)e/rgh|: for the subjv., cf. 141, *e 598, *z 507, *b 147; see G. 233 N. 2; H. 914 *b b.—o(/te le/cetai [o(/tan le/chtai]: sc. pai=s. cf. le/xos couch.

u(/pnw|: to sleep; as a ‘dat. of approach.’ cf. ko/lpw| *z 136.

au)th/: h( (Athena) is still the subject, but this subj. is made prominent in contrast with the more negative act of 130.

o(/qi: thither where.

zwsth=ros: a leather belt, faced with metal, which bound the cuirass. The clasps (o)xh=es) or buckles seem to have been at the side, where both front and back plates of the cuirass met. zw/nh is a woman's girdle.

133 = Od. 3.415.—su/nexon [sunei=xon]: joined, met. Intrans., cf. g 478. e)/xw and its compounds are often intrans. in Attic, but rarely in Homer.

diplo/os ktl.: i.e. the arrow was met by the double cuirass, since it hit where the front and back pieces met and overlapped.

e)n: const. with e)/pese, equiv. to e)ne/pese. cf. 217; *q 485, *l 297, *p 276, *f 9.

a)rhro/ti: well-joined, closely fitting.

di_a/ for the length of the penult, see § 41 q.

e)lh/lato (e)lau/nw): for the tense, cf. h)rh/reisto 136.

136 = *g 358, *h 252, *l 436.

h)rh/reisto (e)rei/dw): was forced, by the violence of the shot. Almost like an aorist.

mi/trhs: a broad band of metal, doubtless lined with soft cloth, worn about the body, protecting the lower abdomen below the rather short breastplate. The arrow hit where cuirass and mitra lapped. cf. 187, 216, 5.857, 707.

e)fo/rein: [e)fo/rei] for the final n, cf. h(/|rein 23.

e)/ruma: pred. as a protection.

e(/rkos ktl.: cf. 299, 5.316. For the ablatival gen., see § 3 d.

h(\ ... e)/ruto: parenthetical.

oi(=: dat. of interest; not elsewhere found with this verb.

plei=ston: adv., most, chiefly. Cf. 19.287.

e)/ruto: warded off, sc. o)isto/n. cf. 5.538.

ei)/sato: aor. of ei(=mi, § 34 f. This repeats h)rh/reisto, after the rel. clause.

kai\ th=s: this too, sc. mi/trhs.

a)kro/taton: const. with xro/a, the outer flesh. Cf. a)/krhn r(ino/n (skin) Od. 22.278.

e)pe/graye: cf. e)pigra/yai te/rena (tender) xro/a nhle/i xalkw=| *n 553.

fwto/s: of the man, i.e. Menelaus. Equiv. to Attic au)tou=. This noun is not necessary, but is in the Epic manner of fulness. cf. tw=| (sc. e)/gxei) da/mnhsi (overcomes, sc. Athena) sti/xas a)ndrw=n| h(rw/wn, toi=si/n te kote/ssetai *q 390 f.

e)/rreen: e)/rrei, from r(e/w.

w)teilh=s: only here and 149 for e(/lkos, of a wound inflicted by a missile. cf. 190, 217. It is used strictly of a wound from a weapon held in the hand. cf. ou)ta/zw.

e)le/fanta: ivory. The elephant is not mentioned in Homer.

foi/niki: evidently some variety of red; but it is impossible to determine the exact shade and tint, whether crimson or purplish.

mih/nh|: stain, paint. The ivory was striped with red. cf. Indum sanguineo veluti violaverit ostro| siquis ebur Verg. xii. 67 f.

142-145. These verses simply give life to the picture. See § 2 e.

*mh|oni/s: in apposition with gunh/.

*ka/eira: fem. of *ka/r.

parh/ion: cheek-piece, cf. pareia/ cheek. These thin plates of colored ivory were used as ornaments for the bridle, much as rosettes and the like are used now. Attic fa/lara. cf. fa/lara e)/xontos peri\ tw=| i(/ppw| *i)dai/ou tou= grafe/ws pa/gkala Xen. Hell. iv. I. 39. For a similar use of ivory, cf. 5.583.

i(/ppwn: equiv. to i(/ppeion.

qala/mw|: store-room. Cf. 6.288.

pole/es: polloi/, § 20 f.

h)rh/santo: ‘gnomic’ aorist. § 2 k. Cf. 75.

fore/ein: sc. for their horses. cf. *zeu\s *(/ektori dw=ken (sc. ph/lhka, helmet）| h(=| kefalh=| fore/ein *p 799 f.

basilh=i: in contrast with pole/es.

a)/galma: w(=| tis a)ga/lletai.

a)mfo/teron: cf. 60.—‘Chiasmus’ again.

e)latg=ri: in Homer, as it happens, only of the driver in a chariot race; cf. *l 702, *y 369. cf. e)lau/nw and i(pphla/ta 387.

toi=oi: pred., as such, thus. See § 38 a; cf. 280.—mia/nqhn [e)mia/nqhsan]: an isolated form in Homer. Possibly mi/anqen should be read (§ 26 v), with the ultima treated as long before the verse-pause; possibly the form follows the analogy of the dual (cf. h(/sqhn 21). But diele/ghn is found in dialectic inscriptions for die/legon (3d pl.).

te i)de/: a freq. hiatus, justified by the verse-pause. cf. 382, 6.469.

u(pe/nerqen: picturesque Epic detail, contrasting sfura/ with knh=mai. cf. *e 122, *b 218.

148-219. Agamemnon's distress at the hurt of Menelaus. The surgeon Machaon is summoned.

148 = 11.254.

r(i/ghsen: inceptive aor., cf. gh/qhsen 283, *g 259.

neu=ron: i.e. the thong which bound the arrow-point to the shaft.

o)/gkous: the three barbs, cf. 5.393.

e)kto/s: sc. w)teilh=s.

e)o/ntas: connected in thought with both nouns, though it agrees only with the nearer.

a)/yorron: cf. a)/yorroi proti\ *)/ilion a)pone/onto *g 313; but this is adv., again. The ultima is long before oi(=. § 41 m.

qumo/s: courage, in contrast with r(i/ghsen 150.

toi=s: i.e. Menelaus and those about him. Dat. of interest. G. 184. 3 N. 2.

baru/: strictly a cognate acc. with stena/xwn, but used adverbially. See § 38 b.

xeiro/s: gen. of the part touched. G. 171. 1; H. 738.

fi/le: for the long penult, cf. dia/ 135, fi/le *e 359, fi=lai *e 117, e)fi/lato *e 61.

kasi/gnhte: the final syllable is treated as long before the pause. § 41 p.

qanaton: pred. with o(/rkia e)/tamnon. cf. kaka/ 28.

e)/tamnon: The victim's throat was cut. cf. *g 292, *t 197, 266. See on 2.124. cf. foedus icere, ferire foedus.—“The truce which I made was death to thee.”

oi)=on: agrees with se/, obj. of prosth/sas.—“Placing thee before all, to fight,” sc. in the single combat with Paris.

pro/: does not suffer elision. § 10 b.

w(/s: thus, refers to the content of 156, and explains 155.

kata\ pa/thsan: trod under foot, trampled upon, broke. Equiv. to Attic katapath/santes. § 3 t.

pista: a standing epithet of oaths, even when they are broken.

ou) me/n pws: (but) surely in no way, by no means. Const. with a(/lion. ‘Adversative asyndeton,’ § 2 m, me/n being nearly equiv. to the Attic me/ntoi.

a(/lion: predicate, of no effect.

o(/rkion: only here in the singular. This with the ai(=ma, spondai/, and deciai/ formed the o(/rkia of 157.

159 = 2.341.

a)/krhtoi: the wine for solemn libations was not mixed with water, as was usual for drinking.

e)pe/piqmen: for the form, see § 31 c.

*)olu/mpios: in the sing. always refers to Zeus, who was the special guardian of oaths and treaties. cf. *dio\s o(/rkia *g 107.

ou)k e)te/lessen: cf. ou)k ei)w= 55. The neg. is closely connected with the verb. cf. ou)k a)te/leston 57, 168.—“Left unfulfilled,” sc. o(/rkia, without punishing the offenders in accordance with the imprecation of 3.298 ff.

e)k: to the full. Const. with telei=.

de/: in ‘apodosis.’ cf. 262; see § 3 n. “Yet.” cf. a)lla/ *a 82.

kai\ o)ye/: concessive. Even though late.

su\n mega/lw|: with heavy loss, grievously. The notion of ‘accompaniment’ is here passing over into that of ‘manner.’ For the neuter adj. as subst., cf. e)s me/sson 79. cf. su\n kakw=| mega/lw| oi( nikw=ntes a)palla/ssontai Hdt. vii. 9. 2.

a)pe/tisan: gnomic aor., parallel to the pres. telei=. cf. raro ... scelestum

In explanatory appos. with su\n mega/lw| 161.

kefalh=|si: heads, lives. The men of a sacked town were slain; their wives and children were reduced to slavery. cf. 237239, 9.593 f.

163-165 = 6.447-449, where they seem better placed. Here the verses show pious confidence in the just retribution of the gods. In *z, they are the expression of Hector's dreadful foreboding.

163 = Od. 15.211.

to/de: refers to the next verse.—The following hiatus is merely apparent.

e)/ssetai: prominent at the opening of the verse, marks the confidence of Agamemnon's prediction.

o)lw/lh|: nearly equiv. to a future. See § 3 b.—Ille dies veniet quo Pergama sacra peribunt.— Scipio is said to have repeated this verse at Carthage, thinking of Rome, in view of the transitoriness of human glory.

165 = 47.

sfi/: for the dat. after e)pi/, cf. *menela/w| 94.

u(yi/zugos: high-throned, explained by ai)qe/ri nai/wn. Epithet of Zeus as the most exalted ruler. cf. daimo/nwn se/lma (bench) semno\n h(me/nwn Aesch. Ag. 192 f.

ai)qe/ri: the peaks of Olympus tower above the clouds. See on 1.44, 195.

au)to/s: himself. Zeus will not entrust to others the punishment for such base treachery. cf. the ‘prayer of St. Chrysostom,’ au)to\s kai\ nu=n (thyself now also) tw=n dou/lwn sou ta\ ai)th/mata pro\s to\ sumfe/ron plh/rwson.

e)pissei/h|sin (e)pi-sei/w): for the mode, cf. o)lw/lh| 164. For ss, see §§ 12 b, 41 j a fin. sei/w is to seu/w, as plei/w to ple/w or pleu/w.

e)remnh/n (e)/rebos): gloomy, dark, as causing fear and destruction. cf. fqisi/mbroton ai)gi/da l 297. The aegis was prob. a symbol of the thunder cloud.

ai)gi/da: cf. 5.738 ff., 2.447.

th=sde: i.e. the present.

a)pa/ths: gen. of cause. cf. xwo/menon gunaiko/s *a 429, kou/rhs xwo/menos *b 689, th=s a)xe/wn *b 694.—ta\ me\n ktl.: resumes the thought of 161, and prepares the way for the contrast of 169.

ou)k a)te/lesta: i.e. surely accomplished. cf. 57. Agamemnon seems not to be thinking chiefly of the destruction of Troy by the Achaeans, since he contemplates the humiliating withdrawal of their army on the death of Menelaus. He trusts in the justice of Zeus that the Trojans shall be punished in the future.

169-182. Agamemnon's first thought was of the danger to which his brother was exposed by entering into a single combat with one of this perfidious people. He now vividly and affectionately depicts the results of Menelaus's death.—“The Trojans will be punished, but of what advantage is that to me?”

se/qen: ‘objective gen.’ with a)/xos, grief for thee.

ai)/ ke: e)a/n.—po/tmon ktl.: fulfil the destiny, equiv. to po/tmon e)pi/sph|s *z 412.—For the fulness of expression, see § 1 s.

kai/: and, adds a further result of the leader's death.

e)le/gxistos: most disgraced. From e)/legxos shame, as e)/xqistos from e)/xqos. § 22 b.

poludi/yion: cf. *)/argos a)/eide, qea/, poludi/yion, the beginning of the ‘cyclic’ Thebaïd; o(/tan pot' *)/argous diyi/an e)/lqw xqo/na Eur. Alc. 560. The eastern part of the plain of Argos and the whole region of Mycenae are ill supplied with water. Hence arose the myth of the artificial conduits of Danaüs, on Egyptian models, and the story of the occupation of his daughters the Danaïds in Hades.

mnh/sontai ktl.: the expedition had been undertaken in order to regain Helen for Menelaus. On the latter's death, the Greeks would remember the claims of their own families, and would return.

cf. 2.160 f.—ka/d [kata/]: const. with li/poimen.

eu)xwlh/n: pred., as a triumph, a boast. For the const., cf. 75 f., 137, 197.

li/poimen *(ele/nhn: really gives the cause for e)le/gxistos i(koi/mhn 171.

se/o: sou=, § 24 a.

pu/sei (pu/qw, puteo): “will cover.”

e)n *troi/h|: in the Troad. The Greeks who fell before Troy were, naturally, buried at once. Only 7.334 f. (doubtless interpolated) is mention made of the possibility of taking the bones back to Greece.

a)teleuth/tw| ktl.: “with our end unachieved.”

e)piqrw/skwn: sc. in mockery. cf. dum Priami Paridisque busto| insultet armentum Hor. Carm. iii. 3. 40 f.

*menela/ou: the name shows more feeling than the pron. sou= would have done. See on *a)xillh=os poqh\ i(/cetai *a 240 (Achilles's own words). The epithet is added in a sort of contrast with the contempt implied in e)piqrw/skwn.

ai)/qe: introduces a wish. G.251, 1; H. 870 a.

e)pi\ pa=si: in every case, always.

xo/lon: see on 23.—For the irony of the wish, cf. ai) ga\r dh\ tossou=ton o)nh/sios (enjoyment) a)ntia/seien| w(s ou(=to/s pote (sc. Odysseus) tou=to (sc. to/con) dunh/setai e)ntanu/sasqai f 402 f.

kai\ nu=n: now too, with reference to e)pi\ pa=si 178.

a(/lion: pred. with strato/n. cf. 158.

kai\ dh/: and already, explains 179.

oi)ko/nde: see on i(erh=s 103.

su\n keinh=|sin nhusi/: with empty ships, i.e. without Helen and the spoils of war, and with heavy loss. cf. ai)sxro/n toi dhro/n te me/nein keneo/n te (empty-handed) ne/esqai *b 298, oi)/kade nisso/meqa (sc. the comrades of Odysseus) kenea\s su\n xei=ras e)/xontes k 42.

lipw/n: cf. 175.

a)gaqo/n: generally with boh/n (war-cry), as epithet of Menelaus. cf. 220.

w(/s: repeats w(=de 176.

to/te ktl.: cf. *q 150, *z 282, *r 417. Formula of a wish for speedy death. cf. sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Verg. iv. 24, eu)/xomai muri/as e)me/ ge kata\ gh=s o)rguia\s gene/sqai Xen. An. vii. *i 30, ou) be/ltio/n e)stin u(po\ th\n *xa/rubdin kai\ to\n *kwkuto\n kai\ muri/as o)rguia\s kata\ gh=s du=nai, h)\ pesei=n ei)s toiou=ton bi/on Julian Orat. vi. 198 c.

eu)rei=a: a standing epithet.

qa/rsei mhde/ ti: with a second imv., as *k 383, *w 171.—pw/ [pw/s]: at all. Cf. 234, 3.306.

deidi/sseo: frighten, sc. by thy anxiety. Not intrans., as 2.190.

‘Causal asyndeton.’

ou)k e)n kairi/w|: not in a vital spot. The Homeric heroes knew well what wounds were likely to cause death.

pa/gh (ph/gnumi): e)pa/gh.

pa/roiqen: local.

zwsth/r: cf. 132.

panai/olos: all-gleaming, from the bright metal plates.

zw=ma (zw/nnumi): the lower part of the cuirass about which the girdle was drawn. Obs. the suffixes of zw=-ma and zws-th/r. G. 129, 2; 129, 4; H. 550; 553, 1. This is called qw/rhc, less definitely, in 133 ff.

mi/trh: see on 137.

th/n: h(/n.

ka/mon [e)/kamon]: wrought. Cf. 5.338, 735.

188 = *a 130, 285, *b 369, *k 42.

The rhythm of the verse accords with the anxiety of Agamemnon.

fi/los: as vocative. H. 707.

w)=: between the adj. and its substantive. cf. diotrefe\s w)= *mene/lae *k 43.

e(/lkos: placed first in the verse, since the healing of the wound is the only care, now that the king knows that the arrow hit no vital part.

e)pima/ssetai (mai/omai, mas): shall probe, shall heal.

fa/rmaka: herbs, drugs. Cf. vi/z' u(/dati liarw=| (warm), e)pi\ de\ r(i/zan (root, wort) ba/le pikrh/n,| xersi\ diatri/yas (rubbing it fine), o)dunh/faton (painkilling), h(/ oi( a(pa/sas| e)/sx' o)du/nas *l 846 ff.—pau/sh|si [pau/sh|]: free, sc. se/. For the mode, cf. e)pissei/h|sin 167.

o)duna/wn: ablatival. cf. 5.909.

h)=: he spoke. The subject of this verb is regularly continued as the subj. of the following.

*talqu/bion: Agamemnon's principal herald. cf. *a 320, *g 118, *h 276, *t 196, 250, 267, *y 897.

qei=on: cf. kh/rukes, *dio\s a)/ggeloi h)de\ kai\ a)ndrw=n *a 334.

o(/tti ta/xista: w(s ta/xista, quam celerrime.

*maxa/ona: cf. 2.731 f., 11.505 ff., 833 ff. Machaon and his brother Podalirius were the only professional surgeons in the Achaean camp, but both were leaders in battle as well as surgeons. The best surgery of those days was rude, and every man knew the elements of the art.

fw=ta: in appos. with *maxa/ona, and further explained by the rest of the verse. cf. 5.649.

*)asklhpiou=: Asclepius clearly is not a god in Homer's time, but only a skilful pupil of Chiron.

i)/dh|: examine.

*mene/laon ktl.: cf. 98, 115, 205.

o)isteu/sas: nearly equiv. to o)istw=|.

to/cwn: for the gen. with ei)dw/s skilled in, cf. 310, *e 11, 549, *z 438, ku/ne ei)do/te qh/rhs *k 360.

*luki/wn: i.e. the army of Sarpedon, as the most important of the Trojan allies. cf. 6.78. See on 2.876.

tw=| ... pe/nqos: in appos. with the whole sent.; cf. 28, 155.—‘Chiasmus.’

tw=|: him, sc. balo/nti.

a)/mmi: h(mi=n, § 24 a.

198 = 12.351.

oi(=: const. with a)pi/qhsen.

bh= [e)/bh]: set out.

kata\ lao/n: marks no definite direction. cf. 126, 209, kata\ nh=as *b 47.

201-203. cf. 90-92.

*tri/khs: cf. 2.729, where this name is spelt *tri/kkh. A city in Western Thessaly, with one of the oldest sanctuaries of Asclepius.

i(ppobo/toio: Thessalian horses and cavalry were always noted for their excellence.

cf. 3.250.—This verse has a vigorous movement. The pause after the first syllable gives an ‘anapaestic’ (march) rhythm to the rest of the verse.

o)/rso: 2d aor., while o)/rseu 264 is the 1st aorist. § 35.

205-207 = 195-197.

i)/dh|: here is middle, but i)/dh|s is read by some.

208 = *l 804, *n 468; cf. *b 142, *g 395, *z 51, r 150.

tw=|: for the dat., see § 3 g.

o)/rinen: aroused, moved, touched, used of pity, anger, and terror.

ba/n [e)/bhsan]: sc. Machaon and the herald.

kata/, a)na/: clearly do not indicate opposite directions. a)na\ strato/n differs only metrically from kata\ strato/n in such expressions, and the second ‘hemistich’ here is in appos. with kaq' o(/milon.

o(/qi: cf. 132.

*mene/laos ktl.: “was the wounded Menelaus.”

blh/menos: “who was wounded,” nearly equiv. to beblhme/nos. For the passive meaning, see on blh=sqai 115.

au)to/n: himself, the principal personage at this time.

a)ghge/rato: from a)gei/rw. § 25 k. Cf. stant lecti circum iuvenes Verg. x. 837.

o(/ssoi ktl.: optimi quique.

kuklo/se: in（to) a circle, in a ring.

o( de/: i.e. Machaon. Here begins the ‘apodosis.’ cf. 161, 221.

pari/stato: stepped to his side. Nearly like pare/sth. cf. 233, *b 244, *e 570.

i)so/qeos fw/s: always, as here, at the close of the verse, and in appos. with the subj. of the verb.

a)rhro/tos: cf. 134.

pa/lin: const. with e)celkome/noio although a pause intervenes. This is added as a more definite statement of e)c.—a)/gen [e)a/ghsan, from a)/gnumi]: the barbs broke as they were pulled back against the metal belt. This reminds the hearer how serious the wound would have been if the arrow had not been guided by Athena to a well protected spot.

cf. 186 f.

i)/den: cf. i)/dh| 205.

e)/mpese: cf. 134.

e)kmuzh/sas: Machaon sucked out the blood, which was generally wiped or washed off, as *e 416, 798, *l 830, 845 f., or checked by a charm (e)paoidh/), as Od. 19.457.

e)pi/: adv. with pa/sse. cf. *e 401, 900, *l 515, 830.

a(/ra: marks the progress to the next step in the action. cf. the prose use of e)/peita or ou(/tws after a participle.

ei)dw/s: as a skilled man, skilfully. Cf. a)skh/sas 110.

oi(=: ‘dat. of interest’ (cf. tw=| 208) with patri/, which is an indirect object. cf. 5.116.—Equiv. to a(\ tw=| patri\ e)/dwke *xei/rwn.

fi/la frone/wn: (thinking loving thoughts), with friendly heart. Cf. e)u\ frone/wn *a 73, a)gaqa\ frove/wn a 43.

*xei/rwn: the wise centaur (dikaio/tatos *kentau/rwn *l 832) of Mt. Pelion, the teacher of Asclepius and Achilles, and the kind friend of Peleus. Later stories made him the trainer of the Argonaut Jason and many other heroes. Homer nowhere indicates that Chiron was a quadruped, as he was acc. to the later myths.

220-421. Renewed preparations for battle. Agamemnon visits the various divisions (e)pipw/lhsis). This forms a supplement to the picture of the Achaean army which is given in Books A and B.

220-250. Agamemnon orders the advance of the army.

221 = 11.412; cf. 17.107.

e)pi/: const. with h)/luqon, came on.—The Trojans move first. This may be simply from the Greek point of view. But they see that the conflict is inevitable, and prefer to ‘take the offensive.’

oi( de/: i.e. the Achaeans.

au)=tis: they had laid off at least their shields and helmets, at 3.114, on the cessation of hostilities, to witness the single combat.

kata/: const. with e)/dun [e)/dusan], donned.

mnh/santo ktl.: i.e. they were eager to fight. cf. *q 252, *c 441, *o 380, xa/rmhs| *trw=es mimnh/skonto *n 721 f., a)lla\ mnhsw/meqa xa/rmhs *o 477, *t 148, x 73, *mene/laos a)nw/gei *)axaiou\s| no/stou mimnh/skesqai g 141 f. To ‘remember the return’ is to enter upon it; to ‘remember flight’ is to take flight.

bri/zonta: sleepy, sluggish.

i)/dois: videres. Potential of the past. See G. 222, N. 3; H. 896; cf. 3.220.

Note the cumulation of synonymous expressions.

ou)k e)qe/lonta: unwilling, disinclined. This ou)k balances the neg. in the preceding ou)de/.

kudia/neiran: this epithet is applied to the a)gorh/, in 1.490.

i(/ppous me/n: correl. with au)ta\r o( 231.

poiki/la xalkw=|: bright with the bronze plates with which the chariot was decorated. cf. *e 239, *k 322, 393.

tou\s me/n: repeats the me/n of 226. cf. 5.842, 844.

a)pa/neuqe: at one side, i.e. behind the line of combatants.—e)/xe [ei)=xe]: coincident in time with e)pepwlei=to 231. Impf. of continued action.

fusio/wntas: snorting in their impatience.

*eu)rume/dwn: only here in Homer. Acc. to Paus. ii. 16. 5, he was slain with Agamemnon at Mycenae. Nestor's charioteer has the same name, *q 114, *l 620.

polla/: urgently, earnestly. Cognate acc., as adv., with e)pe/telle. cf. *e 197, *z 207.—parisxe/men [pare/xein]: sc. i(/ppous kai\ a(/rmata. To keep near at hand, ready to receive him in any emergency, but of course behind the line of battle.

o(ppo/te ken: o(/tan.

gui=a: hands and feet. In appos. with mi/n.

la/bh|: subjv., though after a secondary tense, preserving the form of the original command. cf. 334.

pole/as: cf. pole/es 143.

dia/: const. with pole/as. dia/ and a)na/ do not suffer ‘anastrophe.’ § 37 c. This may have been in order to avoid confusion with *di/a (*zeu/s) and a)/na (voc. of a)/nac).

koirane/onta: commanding, going as commander. Cf. 250.

au)ta/r: see on 226.

pezo/s: pred. with e)w/n, on foot.

e)pepwlei=to ktl.: cf. au)to\s de\ (sc. Agamemnon) kti/los (ram) w(\s e)pipwlei=tai sti/xas a)ndrw=n *g 196. Hence comes the Greek title of this Fifth Book.

kai/ r(a: and so, proceeding to the details of koirane/onta.

ou(\s me\n speu/dontas: contrasted with ou(\s au)= meqie/ntas 240. The contrast of the partics. is strengthened by their position before the verse-pause.

i)/doi: ‘iterative’ optative. See G. 233; H. 914 *b; cf. 240, *b 188, *k 489. This corresponds to the ‘iterative’ impf. qarsu/neske 233 (§ 36).

taxupw/lwn: a standing epithet of the *danaoi/, as i(ppo/damoi is of the *trw=es.

parista/menos: cf. 212. For the metrical quantity of the ultima, cf. me/n 18.

pw/: cf. 184. meqi/ete: cf. *m 409, *n 116. mh/ shows this to be imv. here.

a)lkh=s: ablatival gen. of separation. cf. 240, 351, 6.330.

e)pi\ yeude/ssi: on the side of liars, i.e. of the Trojans who have broken their oaths. cf. e)parh/gein and e)parwgo/s.

yeude/ssi (yeudh/s): equiv. to yeu/sth|sin.—e)/ssetai [e)/stai]: for the elision, cf. fai/netai 278.

cf. 67, 72, 271, 3.299.

tw=n: this is followed by a more exact division into two classes, introduced by h)= toi and au)=te. “Their own bodies will lie unburied; their wives and children will be carried into captivity.”

au)tw=n: contrasted with a)lo/xous and te/kna.

gu=pes e)/dontai: cf. au)tou\s de\ e(lw/ria teu=xe ku/nessin| oi)wnoi=si/ te dai=ta *a 4 f., *p 836, *s 271, *x 42. See on 1.4.

gu=pes: in ‘chiastic’ relation to h(mei=s 238. cf. 5.235 f.

fi/las: a standing epithet, even on an enemy's lips. See on 313.

a)/comen: sc. as captives. See on 162.

nh/essin: nausi/n, § 18 c.

e(/lwmen: aor. subjv., equiv. to fut. perfect.

cf. 6.330.

meqie/ntas: see on 232, 234.

stugerou=: the Homeric epithets of war represent it as a hated thing.

cf. 15.210.

neikei/eske (neike/w): cf. qarsu/neske 233. For the length of the antepenult, see § 29 i.

e)legxe/es: coward caitiffs. Cf. e)le/gxea *b 235.

se/besqe: sc. a)llh/lous. cf. 5.530.

ti/fq) [ti/ pote] ou(/tws: this second question explains the former. “Do you feel no shame in standing thus inactive?”

e(/sthte: an isolated perfect form, for e(/state. Some read e)/sthte, and illustrate the use of the aorist by *ai)nei/a ti/ su\ e)/sths g 179.

teqhpo/tes: dazed. Cf. 21.29.

nebroi/: the Homeric personification of cowardice. cf. the Eng. ‘hare.’— cf. kuno\s o)/mmat e)/xwn kradi/hn d' e)la/foio (deer) 1.225.

ai(/ t' e)pei\ ou)=n: cf. 3.4.

pole/os: broad.

pedi/oio: local gen., on the plain.

qe/ousai: const. closely with e)/kamon, weary with running.

meta\ fresi/: much like e)ni\ fresi/. fre/nes are attributed to a brute animal, also *p 157, *r 111. The word is used primarily in an anatomical sense.

w(/s: resumes ou(/tws 243.

h)=: doubtless. A sarcastic suggestion.

*trw=as: const. primarily with me/nete. The inf. is added in explanation; cf. ti/s e)/ridi cune/hke ma/xesqai *a 8. But this comes near to the const. of acc. with infinitive.

e)/nqa: cf. o(/qi 132. The clause is equiv. to nhw=n.

ei)ru/atai [ei)/runtai]: lie drawn up.

e)u/prumnoi: only here, but it is a fitting epithet, since the ships were drawn up on shore with their bows toward the sea, and the sterns were a prominent part of the camp. cf. i(/stato nei=kos e)pi\ prumnh=|si ne/essin *n 333.

u(pe/rsxh| xei=ra: a poetic figure of protection. cf. *e 433, *i 420, *w 374, o(\s *xru/shn a)mfibe/bhkas *a 37, and the Old Testament figures.—“You seem inclined to do nothing for your own safety, but to leave all to Zeus.”

cf. 230 f.

251-421. Agamemnon visits the several divisions of his army. Five corps are enumerated: I. Idomeneus, 251271; II. The Ajaxes, 272-291; III. Nestor, 292-325; IV. Menestheus and Odysseus, 326-363; V. Diomed and Sthenelus, 364-418.

e)pi\ *krh/tessi: at the Cretans, i.e. to the place where the Cretans were. cf. 273.—The Cretans stood in the line on the right of the Lacedaemonians (Menelaus), and on the left of the Salaminians (Ajax). cf. 3.230, where Idomeneus is noticed immediately after Ajax.

ou)lamo/n: connected with ei)/lw press, throng, and like it with initial *v.

qwrh/ssonto: sc. when Agamemnon reached them.

‘Asyndeton.’ An amplification of 252.

*)idomeneu/s: cf. *a 145, *b 405, 645 ff. Idomeneus was one of the older leaders, and was highly esteemed by Agamemnon. See on 1.145.

e)ni\ proma/xois: equiv. to prw/tas, corresponding to puma/tos 254. sc. w)/trune fa/laggas.—sui+\ ktl.: for the comparison of a hero to a brute, see on 2.480, where Agamemnon is likened to an ox. Ajax also is likened to a wild boar, 17.281, and even to a stubborn ass, 11.558. cf. 5.783.

a)lkh/n: warlike spirit, in general.

cf. 283, 311, *q 278, *k 190.

gh/qhsen: inceptive. Joy entered his heart. Cf. r(i/ghsen 148.

meilixi/oisin: cf. 241, kertomi/oisi (cutting) proshu/da *a 539, o)neidei/oisin *x 497, e)pe/essi malakoi=si *a 582.

257-263: These verses simply prepare the way for 264. cf. 8.161 ff., 9.53 ff.

cf. 8.161.

peri/: exceedingly, adv., with ti/w, forming a superlative idea which is followed by the partitive gen., *danaw=n. cf. 46, 375, *a 258, *e 325, *h 289, *i 38, peri\ pa/ntwn ti=on e(tai/rwn *s 81, peri\ d' ai)/sula (dreadful deeds) r(e/zeis| a)ndrw=n *f 214. G. 191, VI. 5. 1; H. 803, 1 b.

“Both in action and in the council, in war and in peace.” cf. *a 145, *b 405.

daiti/: illustrates a)lloi/w| e)/rgw|. For the elision of the final i, see § 18 a; cf. 5.5. For the retraction of the accent of the elided syllable, see § 10 d; cf. po/ll) 229.

o(/te ke/rwntai: a)/n is not needed in these cond. rel. clauses of Homer. G. 233; 223 N. 2; H. 914 a. cf. 261 f., 263, 130 f.

gerou/sion: equiv. to gero/ntwn. cf. gerou/sion o(/rkon oath of the senators 22.119. Aldermanic, i.e. the wine offered to the ge/rontes.

ke/rwntai: pres. subjv. mid. of ke/ramai (kera/nnumi). Mix for themselves, though the service was performed by subordinates.

ei) pi/nwsin: for the lack of a)/n, see § 3 c a; cf. 259 f.

ka/rh komo/wntes: for the epithet, see on 2.11.

*)axaioi/: i.e. the ‘elders’ or princes assembled in Agamemnon's tent. *)axaioi/ differs only metrically from *danaw=n 257 and *(argei/wn 260.

daitro/n: measured portion, mess. Cf. ‘And he took and sent messes unto them from before him; but Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of theirs,’ Genesis xliii. 34.

de/: in apodosis, cf. 161.—plei=on [ple/wn]: full. Contrasted with daitro/n.—For the same honor, cf. *q 162, *m 311.

pie/ein: follows the verse-pause, explanatory of the first hemistich. To this is added a general clause.

a)nw/gh|: subjv., as following a principal tense. In the parallel passages, the opt. is required, after a secondary tense. cf. *q 189, q 70.

a\ll' ... polemo/nde: cf. 19.139.

a)lla/: introduces an exhortation, breaking off from what has preceded. —o)/rseu [o)/rseo, o)/rsou]: cf. o)/rso 204.

oi(=os: such as.

pa/ros: at other times.

265 = 13.221, 259, 274, 311.

ma/la me/n: cf. 318.

e)ri/hros: helpful, trusty. From e)ri and h)=ra (in e)pi\ h)=ra fe/rwn *a 572).

to\ prw=ton: first, once. Cf. e)c ou(= dh\ ta\ prw=ta diasth/thn *a 6.

u(pe/sthn (u(fi/sthmi): equiv. to u(pesxo/mhn, which the heroic verse would not admit. cf. u(pe/sxeto kai\ kate/neusen w 335, for the third person; u(po/sxeo kai\ kata/neuson *a 514.

kate/neusa: a nod was the solemn confirmation of a promise. See on 1.514.

su/n: const. with e)/xeuan, confuderunt, confused, broke. Cf. confundere foedus, quoted on 88.—Note the variety of expressions for the breach of truce. cf. 67, 157, *dio\s o(/rkia dhlh/shtai *g 107, u(pe\r o(/rkia phmh/neian *g 299.

ge/: gives emphasis to the whole clause.

e)/xeuan: for the 1st aor. without s, see § 30 i.

*trw=es: added with considerable feeling. cf. e)/rde 29.

au)=: in turn, on the other hand; cf. 417.

kh/dea: griefs, sc. for the death of loved ones.

o)pi/ssw: hereafter.

See on 236.—This repeats the thought of 269, but lays stress on pro/teroi, instead of on *trw=es.

272-291. The Ajaxes.

kh=r: cf. 326, *s 557, xwo/menos kh=r *a 44; see § 1 v.

cf. 251.

*ai)a/ntessi: the two Ajaxes (Telamonian Ajax, 2.557, and the lesser, Locrian, Ajax, 2.527) stood side by side in battle. cf. 12.343 ff., 13.43 ff., 701 ff., 16.719 ff.

tw/: sc. *ai)/ante.

korusse/sqhn: cf. qwrh/ssonto 252.

de\ ne/fos: for the short vowel treated as long before ne/fos, see § 41 j, k.

ne/fos pezw=n: cf. *y 133, kua/neon *trw/wn ne/fos *p 66, yarw=n (starlings) ne/fos *p 755, a)mfi\ de\ pto/lin ne/fos| a)spi/dwn pukno\n fle/gei Eur. Phoen. 250 f., insequitur nimbus peditum Verg. vii. 793, rex peditum equitumque nubes iactat Livy xxxv. 49, ‘So great a cloud of witnesses,’ Hebrews xii. 1.—This incidental metaphor suggests the following comparison.

w(s o(/te: introduces a comparison, as 130, but here is joined with the indicative. See on 130.

a)po\ skopih=s: where the goats feed on the rocky slope.—The goatherd and his flock are not necessary to the comparison, but are introduced in order to enliven and give a touch of human interest to the scene, just as landscape painters are wont to introduce some bit of life. § 2 e. Cf. 455, pa/nta de/ t' ei)/detai a)/stra, ge/ghqe de/ te fre/na poimh/n *q 559, x 306.

e)rxo/menon ktl.: coming over the sea, toward the on-looker.

u(po\ ktl.: driven by the blast of Zephyrus. This wind came to the plain of Troy from the cold mountains of Thrace, and was to the Homeric poet no mild ‘Zephyr,’ but a blustering, stormy wind. See on 2.147.

tw=|: i.e. the goatherd.

a)/neuqen e)o/nti: for the adv. const. with e)o/nti, see on dh/n *z 139; cf. w(/s 319.— The poet takes his stand with the herd. See on e(/kaqen de/ te fai/netai au)gh/ *b 456.—mela/nteron ktl.: this seems to be a combination of two expressions, mela/nteron h)/ and me/lan h)u/te ktl.

fai/netai: for the elision of ai, see § 10 a; cf. e)/ssetai 235.

i)o/n (ei)=mi): repeats e)rxo/menon.

a)/gei: brings. su\n lai/lapi would give nearly the same sense, but without so much animation.

This verse only completes the picture. It has no place in the strict comparison.

r(i/ghsen, h)/lase: gnomic aorists, cf. 143.

u(po\ spe/os: under (cover of) a cave, into a cave.

toi=ai: as such, i.e. so dark and threatening. This refers to w(s 275, and is explained by 282. cf. toi=oi 146.

e)s: for its position between adj. and subst., see § 1 l.

pukinai/: puknai/. cf. 392.

pefrikui=ai: bristling. Restless movement is implied in the verb. cf. *h 62, e)/fricen ma/xh e)gxei/h|sin *n 339, fri/ssousin a)/rourai *y 599, horrentia pilis agmina Hor. Sat. ii. *i. 13, sparsis hastis longis campus splendet et horret Ennius Sat. 15; h(/ te fa/lagc h( *makedonikh\ puknh\ kai\ tai=s sari/ssais (pikes) pefrikui=a Arrian Anab. iii. 14. 3, ‘Bristled with upright beams innumerable| Of rigid spears, and helmets thronged, and shields,’ Milton Par. Lost vi. 82 f.; ‘horrent arms,’ ib. ii. 513.

284 = 337, *k 191, d 77, k 430. cf. 369, 1.201, etc.

sfe/as: monosyllabic. § 7 a.

285 = 12.354.

sfw=i: acc. obj. of o)trune/men.

ga/r: introduces the next verse, cf. *m 326, *w 223, a 301.

au)tw/: yourselves, of your own impulse.

288 = *b 371, *h 132, *p 97, d 341, h 311, r 132, s 235, w 376. An appeal to the three chief divinities in an ardent wish.

pa=sin: emphatic. Masc., not neuter. For the dat., cf. tw=| 208.

290 = 2.373.

tw=|: in that case, then.

291 = *b 374, *n 816.

xersi\n u(/po: for u(po/ with the dat., in its transition from local to causal sense, see § 3 h g.

292-325. Nestor.

292 = 364; cf. *s 468, r 254.

e)/nqa: then. A particle of transition in the story.

e)/tetme: equiv. to eu(=re.—ligu\n ktl.: cf. 1.248.

*puli/wn: see on 2.591.

a)gorhth/n: equiv. to Attic r(h/twr.—Nestor, the oldest and wisest of the Achaeans, brought against Troy a larger force than any other chieftain, except Agamemnon. See 2.591 ff. He stood with his Pylians on the right of the Locrians, and on the left of the Athenians; cf. 273, 327.

ou(/s: possessive pronoun.

ste/llonta: marshalling. Cf. kosme/w, Attic ta/ssw.

These Pylians do not appear elsewhere, except possibly Alastor in 13.422. Nestor's sons, Antilochus and Thrasymedes, are not named here.

a)mfi\ ktl.: const. with e(ta/rous 294.

*)ala/stora: the preceding hiatus is justified by the verse-pause.

i(pph=as: knights, horsemen,— but on chariots, not as cavalry. sc. e)/sthse from 298; cf. 253 f.—Nestor was a skilled tactician, 2.362 ff., 553 ff., and here are found the beginnings of Greek military tactics.

pole/as ktl.: in appos. with pezou/s. Many brave men. Cf. *w 204, 520, w 427.

e(/rkos ktl.: to be a defence, etc. Cf. 137. Const. with both i(pph=as and pezou/s.

e)/men: ei)=nai, § 34 g.

kakou/s: worthless, unwarlike,—without moral quality.—This passage was often used as an illustration by the ancient rhetoricians: weak arguments were to be sandwiched between the stronger arguments which should begin and close the speech.—cf. kai\ ga\r e)n tw=| pole/mw| tou/s te prw/tous a)ri/stous dei= ta/ttein kai\ tou\s teleutai/ous, e)n me/sw| de\ tou\s xeiri/stous i(/na u(po\ me\n tw=n a)/gwntai, u(po\ de\ tw=n w)qw=ntai Xen. Mem. iii. *i. 8.

ou)k e)qe/lwn: invitus. cf. 224.

a)nagkai/h|: of necessity. a)nagkai/h: a)na/gkh: : *)aqhnai/h: *)aqh/nh.

i(ppeu=sin me/n: implies a pezoi=s de/, which is not given.—a)nw/gein [h)nw/gei]: plpf. as imperfect.

sfou/s: sfete/rous, § 24 a.

e)xe/men: check, so as not to advance beyond the line of battle.

klone/esqai: be disordered.

o(mi/lw|: local, in the throng.

mhde/ tis: and let no one. This is in close connexion with 302 (as if that had been sfou/s tis e(/kastos i(/ppous e)xe/tw), and forms the transition to direct discourse, which is elsewhere introduced by some formula. cf. h(=s a)/r' a)nw/gein| toceu/ein: “o(\s me/n ke ba/lh|” ktl. *y 854 f., parh/ggeilen au)toi=s perime/nein th\n e)paggeli/an tou= patro\s h(\n h)kou/sate/ mou Acts i. 4.

i(pposu/nh|: “skill in fighting on chariots.” Horsemanship was as important an accomplishment for the Homeric heroes as for the knights of the Middle Ages. —h)nore/hfi [a)ndrei/a|]: for the ending, see § 15 a.

oi)=os: i.e. as pro/maxos, explained by pro/sq' a)/llwn. cf. 3.16, 22. —In general, the Homeric heroes fought independently and severally, and made hardly an effort to maintain a regular line.

pro/sqe: local, cf. propa/roiqen o(mi/lou makra\ biba/nta (striding) 3.22.

mhde\ ktl.: nor let him draw back, sc. behind the line.

a)lapadno/teroi ktl.: sc. otherwise, if this order is not obeyed.

ga/r: introduces the reason for the command.

a)po\ w(=n o)xe/wn: on his chariot, cf. *e 13, *o 386, e)pista/menoi a)f' i(/ppwn ma/rnasqai i 49 f. For oi(=s u)/xesin a)po\ tou/twn k(/khtai. In contrast with oi)=os pro/sq' a)/llwn.

w(=n: possessive pron., as is indicated by the preceding ‘apparent hiatus.’ See §§ 9 f, 14 a; cf. ou(/s 294.

e(/tera: i.e. hostile.

i(/khtai: reach, sc. with the spear, when the enemy approached so near.

e)/gxei ktl.: cf. *e 851, memaw=tes o\rekth=|sin meli/h|sin *b 543.

e)pei\ h)=: cf. 56.

ou(/tws: in contrast to 303 f.

oi( pro/teroi: as subst., those men of old. Cf. *e 637, *i 524, *y 332.

e)po/rqeon: trisyllabic.

Explanatory of w(=de 308.

to/nde: i.e. that which has been described.

no/on: plan, rule.

qumo/n: will, purpose.

pa/lai: long ago. Const. with ei)dw/s. Nestor was no novice in war.

pole/mwn: for the gen., see on to/cwn 196; cf. sciens pugnae Hor. Carm. i. 15. 24.

See on 255.

See on 1.201. This formula is repeated no less than fifty times in Homer. See § 1 w.

fwnh/sas: lifting up his voice.

ei)/qe: const. with e(/poito—qumo\s ktl.: cf. 360, q 178, l 566, u 9, 217, y 215.

qumo/s: spirit.

fi/loisin: a standing epithet of words which denote relationship, or a part of the human body, or the mind.

gou/nata: the knees were to the Homeric warriors the seat of physical strength. In them, physical weakness is early shown. cf. Eng. ‘weakkneed.’ See on 5.176; cf. o(ppo/te min ka/mato/s te kai\ i(drw\s gou/naq' i(/koito *n 711, bla/betai de/ te gou/nat) i)o/nti *t 166, ka/matos d) u(po\ gou/nat) e)da/mna *f 52. Hector as a suppliant begged Achilles u(pe\r yuxh=s kai\ gou/nwn *x 338.

e(/poito: kept pace with, “did the bidding of,” the spirit.—bi/h kti.: cf. *h 157, *l 670, *y 629, c 468, 503.

o(moi/ion: generally understood as common, which comes to all alike. Most freq. as an epithet of war and strife (444). The form o(moi=os is never so used. The meaning which is given above is unsatisfactory, since not all men live to old age or engage in war.

o)/felen ktl.: of an unattainable wish. G. 251, 2, N. 1; H. 871 a.

e)/xein: sc. gh=ras.

su/: sc. o)/feles.

kourote/roisi: const. with meta/ in metei=nai.

317 = *q 151, *i 162, *k 102, 128, 143, *l 655, *c 52, etc.

i(ppo/ta: i(ppeu/s. For the ending, see § 16 b; cf. i(pphla/ta 387, nefelhgere/ta 30.

ma/la me/n: cf. 266.

w(\s e)/men: toiou=ton ei)=nai. “That I were so strong as I was when,” etc. —For w(/s with e)/men, cf. a)/neuqen 277.— For similar memories of Nestor, see 7.132 ff., 11.670 ff., 23.629 ff.

*ereuqali/wna: an Arcadian champion, whom Nestor slew in battle on the banks of the Celadon,—a river which the Phoenicians called Jardanus (cf. ‘Jordan’). The story is told in full in 7.132 ff.

kate/ktan: for the form, see § 35.

Non omnia possumus omnes. This maxim appears in fuller form, a)ll' ou)/ pws a(/ma pa/nta dunh/seai au)to\s e(le/sqai *n 729, cf. ou) pa/ntessi qeoi\ xari/enta didou=sin q 167. cf. non omnia nimirum eidem di dedere Livy xxii. 51, Maharbal to Hannibal.—“No man has at the same time the wise experience of old age and the fiery vigor of youth.”

Asyndeton, since this is an illustration of the preceding principle. § 2 m.

ei) ktl.: conditional only in form. “As I was then,” etc. Cf. ei) de\ su\ kartero/s e)ssi kti. *a 280, ei)/ tis ou)=n para/klhsis e)n *xristw=|, ei)/ ti paramu/qion a)gaph=s, ei)/ tis koinwni/a pneu/matos ... plhrw/sate/ mou th\n xara/n St. Paul, Ep. Philip. ii. 1.—e)/a [h)=n]: the quantity of the ultima is uncertain; it is treated as long before the verse-pause. cf. 5.887.

nu=n au)=te: but now. au)=te in this use hardly differs from au)ta/r. cf. 1.237.

o)pa/zei: attends, like a companion, or even like a pursuing enemy. cf. *q 103. gh=ras is personified.

kai\ w(/s: “even though so old and infirm.”

boulh=| kai\ mu/qoisi: cf. n 298, p 420.

to/: see on to/ 49.

ai)xma/s: acc. of ‘kindred formation.’ cf. 27. The Attic would use the article ta/s.

oi(/ per: they who, i.e. since they, giving the reason for the preceding clause.

o(plo/teroi: i.e. more vigorous. —gega/asin [gego/nasin]: are.

bi/hfin: cf. h)nore/hfi 303.

326 = 272.

326-363. Menestheus and Odysseus.

For the ‘asyndeton,’ cf. 89.

*petew=o: for *petea/oo. See § 17 c.

*menesqg=a: this Athenian leader was said to be the best kosmh=sai (marshal) i(/ppous te kai\ a)ne/ras a)spidiw/tas, *b 554, but he and the Athenians have no prominence in the action of the Iliad.

a)mfi/: sc. e(/stasan.

*)aqhnai=oi: the Athenians stood on the right of the Pylians, and on the left of the Cephallenians.

mh/stwres (mh/domai) ktl.: cf. *e 272, *z 97.

au)ta/r: “while.” § 3 q.

o(: short before plhsi/on. § 41 i b.

polu/mhtis: for the epithets of Odysseus, see § 4 c; cf. 358.

*)odusseu/s: in appos. with o(. cf. *)aqhnai/h ktl. 20. —The hero of the Odyssey; one of the shrewdest of the Achaean leaders.

pa/r: at his side, near at hand. § 37 b.

*kefallh/nwn: the common name for the subjects of Odysseus.

e(/stasan: contrasted with ki/nunto (cf. Attic e)kinou=nto), and so followed by an explanation, with ga/r.

sfi/n: i.e. Menestheus and Odysseus. Nearly equiv. to Attic au)tw=n, with lao/s. cf. tw=| 208.

a)kou/eto: mid., only here in Homer.

a)uth=s: i.e. the token of the beginning battle.— These Cephallenians were at a considerable distance from the centre of action.

i(ppoda/mwn: knightly. ‘Horsetamers’ has indeed the same root (dam-), but has very different associations.

oi( de\ ktl.: gives the result of the preceding clauses. Since the cry of battle had not been raised, and the strife was only just beginning, these were waiting.

o(ppo/te: for the time when. Cf. de/gmenos o(ppo/te nau=fin a)formhqei=en *)axaioi/ *b 794, of the Trojan scout.

pu/rgos: tower, i.e. column, as 347. cf. ta/cis, ta/gma.

a)/llos: clearly these Cephallenians do not expect to be the first to begin the conflict.

*trw/wn: gen. after a ‘word of aiming.’ cf. *menela/ou 100, w(rmh/qh d' *)aka/mantos *c 488 rushed at Acamas.

a)/rceian: for the pl. after a ‘collective word’ (pu/rgos), cf. w(\s fa/san h( plhqu/s *b 278. G. 135, 3; H. 609.

cf. 255, 368.

nei/kessen: for the ss, see § 12 a.

See on 284.

ui(e/: the final syllable of the voc. is not infreq. treated as long, cf. 155, *e 359, *p 21; this is generally to be explained by a following pause. Here, ui(o/s might be read, cf. fi/los 189. § 41 p.

kakoi=si do/loisi: cunning, instead of brave strength.

kekasme/ne: from kai/numai.

kerdaleo/fron: cf. 1.149.—The character of Odysseus in post-Homeric times was largely in accordance with these epithets. cf. the words which are put into his mouth, o(/tan ti dra=s ei)s ke/rdos, ou)k o)knei=n pre/pei Soph. Phil. 111.—Obs. the alliteration (k). § 2 a.—Not a word is said here about Menestheus, 327; nor does that chief make any reply.

kataptw/ssontes: cf. 224, 5.254, 476.

a)fe/state: stand aloof, sc. ma/xhs.

Chiastic arrangement of clauses: meta\ prw/toisi e)o/ntas answers to mi/mnete d' a)/llous, and 342 to a)fe/state 340.—me/n [mh/n]: emphasizes the preceding word. cf. *n 47, *o 203, *t 92. Contrasted with nu=n 347.

e)o/ntas: attracted from the case of sfw=in to the acc. which already in Homer's time was most freq. with the infinitive. cf. *a 541, *b 113, *e 716.

342 = *m 316.—e(sta/men [e(sta/nai]: stand ready.

kaustei/rhs (kai/w): cf. de/mas (like) puro\s ai)qome/noio *l 596, ma/xh e)noph/ te dedh/ein *m 35, *)idomenh=a i)/don flogi\ ei)/kelon a)lkh/n *n 330, flogi\ ei)/kelon *(/ektora *n 688, ei) puri\ xei=ras e)/oike g 372. The same figure is prob. in dh/ion 281.

prw/tw: emphatic.

a)koua/zesqon: perh. a reference to a)kou/eto 331. Here followed by two gens.; cf. ke/klute/ meu mu/qwn k 189, but the examples are not strictly parallel.— Sarcastic. “When I invite you to a feast, you are ready enough to listen and come.”

ge/rousin: cf. 259 f. The number of the Gerontes in the Achaean camp is uncertain; prob. only six besides the Atridae. cf. 2.404 ff. Menestheus was not one of these, but doubtless often other chiefs were invited to these feasts, cf. 10.217.

e)fopli/zwmen *)axaioi/: the dinners given by the commander-in-chief were in the name and at the expense of the whole army. cf.261, 8.161 ff., 17.249 f.

fi/la: pred. to kre/a and ku/pella. The inf. e)/dmenai is added in explanation. cf. ai)ei/ toi ta\ ka/k' e)sti\ fi/la fresi\ manteu/esqai *a 107.

o)ptale/a: the Homeric heroes eat no boiled, but only roast, meat. Plato in his Republic, III. 404 c, calls attention to the fact that Homer does not make his Greeks take kettles to Troy.

oi)/nou: const. with ku/pella.

o)/fr' e)qe/lhton: as long as you like. Cf. 263.

nu=n de/: contrasted with 341. “But the fact is.”

fi/lws: gladly, h(de/ws, a)spasi/ws q 450. A reference to fi/la 345. Only here in Homer, see § 38 h. Cf. angustam amice pauperiem pati Hor. Carm. iii. 2. 1.

kai\ ei) ktl.: this clause is obj. of o(ro/w|te [o(ra/oite, o(rw=|te].

u(mei/wn: u(mw=n, § 24 a. Gen. with propa/roiqe.

maxoi/ato: ma/xointo, § 26 t.

349 = 14.82; cf. 411, 5.251, 888.

u(po/dra: (perh. from under the brows), askance, fiercely. Found only with i)dw/n, and always after the first trochee of the verse. cf. torva tuentem Verg. vi. 467.

350 = 14.83; cf. 25, a 64, g 230, e 22, t 492, f 168, y 70.

fu/gen: escaped.

se/, e(/rkos o)do/ntwn: i.e. thy teeth. e(/rkos is in appos. with se/, cf. gui=a 230. — cf. ‘slide through my infant lips;| Driving dumb silence from the portal door,’ Milton Vacation Exercise 4 f.; ‘Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue,

pw=s dh/: how, pray; with what right. “What do you mean by saying that we” etc. This is equiv. to the assertion, “What you say is absurd and false.” — pole/moio meqie/men [meqie/nai]: sc. h(me/as. cf. 240. — o(ppo/te e)gei/romen [e)gei/rwmen]: “whenever we shall rouse.” A rejoinder to 344. — Rarely does a new sent. begin, as here, at the bucolic diaeresis, except when the topic is changed, as A 348, 430.

352 = 19.237; cf. *q 110, 516, *t 318.

e)pi/: upon, against. See § 3 h b.

e)gei/romen ktl.: cf. *b 440, *q 531, *s 304.

353 = 9.359. The first half-verse also *q 471, w 511. — A poetic and picturesque way of saying, “I will fight bravely.” See on 98.

o)/yeai: in contrast with fh/|s 351, — prominent at the head of the apodosis.

h)/n ktl.: Odysseus heaps up synonyms in his vexation.

*thlema/xoio ktl.: as a third person might speak of Odysseus, instead of e)me/. cf. Odysseus's oath, mhd' e)/ti *thlema/xoio path\r keklhme/nos ei)/hn 2.260. Some have found here in the name *thle/-maxos a play upon pro-ma/xoisi. — mige/nta (m<*>/gnumi): aor. partic., without reference to time ‘prior to the action of the principal verb.’ Inceptive aorist.

su\ de\ ktl.: this repeats the thought of the question in 351.

a)nemw/lia: predicate. a)nemw/lia/ e)sti tau=ta a(\ su\ ba/zeis.

cf. *q 38, *k 400, x 371.

xwome/noio: supplementary participle. For the gen. with gnw= [e)/gnw], cf. 310, 2.348, the Attic gen. with ai)sqa/nomai, ou)de\ trape/zh|| gnw/thn a)llh/lwn f 35 f., gnwso/meq' a)llh/lwn kai\ lw/ion (better) Od. 23.109. The gen. ‘expresses Agamemnon's observing a fact about Ulysses, viz. that he was angry.’

pa/lin ktl.: retractavit, took back what he had said, i.e. he spoke in another tone; cf. 359. cf. palina/greton *a 526, pa/lin e)re/ei *i 56 gainsay.

358 = *b 173, *q 93, *i 308, 624, *k 144, *y 723, and 15 times in the Odyssey. — Contrast 339. — Agamemnon replies in the same number of verses as Odysseus had used; see on 412. — Obs. that Menestheus is not mentioned here; see on 339.

neikei/w: [neikw=]: for the form see on 241. “I do not mean to rebuke.”

periw/sion: unduly, beyond measure.

keleu/w: urge.

cf. 313.

h)/pia: kindly, friendly, — not hostile. sc. e)moi/. — ta\ ktl.: “we agree in what is to be done.”

a)ll' i)/qi: this is on its way to become a mere interjection like a)ll' a)/ge 418, but its literal force may be preserved here, sc. ei)s ma/xhn. cf. *z 341, *g 432.

tau=ta: i.e. what has been said. It is explained by the following clause

o)/pisqen ktl.: “we will make all this right hereafter; we have no time now for explanations and apologies.” Cf. *z 526, x 55.

ta\ de\ pa/nta: sums up again the preceding clause.

metamw/nia qei=en: give to the winds.

qei=en: cf. qei=nai 26.

364-418. Diomed and Sthenelus.

364 = 292.

cf. 89 f., 327 f., 5.376. — The Argives (in the narrow sense of the term) under Diomed stand on the right of the Cephallenians. cf. 8.91 f., 11.312-401.

*diomh/dea: tetrasyllable, by synizesis. cf. *tudh= 384. For Diomed's forces, see 2.559-568. He brought 80 ships to Troy and was one of the mightiest heroes, good both in counsel and in action. The Fifth Book and a large part of the Sixth Book are devoted to his exploits (*diomh/dous a)ristei/a). He voices the sentiments of the Greeks, in 7.399 ff.; he was the first to stay his horses and recover from the rout, 8.254 ff.; he (like Odysseus, see on 350) rebukes Agamemnon's lack of confidence, 9.31 ff., cf. 9.695; he goes with Odysseus by night into the Trojan camp, and slays the Thracian king Rhesus, 10.219 ff.; he is wounded by Paris in the third day of battle, 11.369 ff., but recovers in time to take part in the games in honor of Patroclus in which he gains the first prize in the chariot race, Od. 23.499 ff., and contends with Telamonian Ajax in heavy armor, 23.812 ff.

366 = 11.198.

e)/n te ktl.: but one thought. “On his chariot drawn by horses.” cf. 5.794.

kollhtoi=sin: firmly-joined, well built.

pa\r de/ oi(: while at his side, i.e. as h(ni/oxos qera/pwn. The charioteers of princes were of noble families and on most intimate relations with the chiefs. The qera/pwn corresponded in general to the knight's esquire in the Middle Ages.

*sqe/nelos: short form for *sqene/laos, which has the same meaning as *dhmosqe/nhs.

*kapanh/ios: of Capaneus. See § 21 k. The adj. is equiv. to a gen., as in *nhlhi/y ui=(i 2.20.

cf. 336 f.

to\n me/n: i.e. Diomed, the principal personage.

369 = 312.

ui(e\ ktl.: cf. 2.23, 11.450. — The very address indicates the contrast which is developed in the following verses. Hence *tude/i 372, with emphasis, instead of patri/.

o)pipeu/eis: scan.

pole/moio gefu/ras: the bridges of war, or, better, the dikes of war. This expression has been explained in many ways. Perhaps it is best taken as to\ metai/xmion, the space between the two lines of battle, with the armies like a raging river on either side.

me/n: mh/n, cf. 341.

fi/lon h)=en: h(/ndane, was pleasing. Cf. *a 107, 541, *e 891, *h 31, *r 556, a 82, i 211.

ptwskaze/men: subject. — “Tydeus was not wont to skulk.”

polu\ pro/: far in advance.

dhi/^oisi: either h is shortened before i (§ 5 g), or i is pronounced as y (§ 7 a).

ma/xesqai: sc. fi/lon h=)en from the negative clause above.

i)/donto: for the voice, see § 32 a. No distinction is perceptible between this and i)/don (1st pers.) below.

poneu/menon: equiv. to maxo/menon, in battle. po/nos in Homer is used chiefly of the toil of war. For the contraction (eo to eu), see §§ 6 b, 29 g.

ga/r: introduces the reason why Agamemnon introduces the testimony of others, instead of speaking for himself.

375 = Od. 4.201.

peri/: see on 257.

g)= toi: believe me. —The fol lowing incident shows the warlike spirit of Tydeus.

a)/ter pole/mou: apart from war, i.e. not as an enemy but as a friend, with an entreaty (379).

cei=nos: as a guest.

*polunei/kei: ill-fated son of the ill-fated Oedipus. His brother Eteocles had driven him from Thebes, and he came as a suppliant to Argos just when Tydeus came thither, as an exile from his Aetolian home (cf. 399). The Argive king, Adrastus, received the two princes and gave to each a daughter in marriage. Adrastus and Tydeus then aided Polynices to raise the armies (lao\n a)gei/rwn) of the ‘Seven against Thebes.’

cf. 3.187.

oi(/ r(a: i.e. Tydeus and Polynices.

e)strato/wnto: were on the expedition. Const. with pro\s tei/xea.

r(a/: points back to e)strato/wnto.

ma/la: for the length of the ultima, see § 41 j a.

do/men: dou=nai, § 26 j.

oi( de/: i.e. the people of Mycenae, where Thyestes (2.106 f.) then ruled.

e)/qelon: were minded.

e)ph/|neon ktl.: cf. 23.539.

e)/treye: turned aside, dissuaded, sc. the Myceneans from their purpose to take part in the war. cf. ou)k a)/n me tre/yeian o(/soi qeoi/ ei)s' e)n *)olu/mpw| *q 451.

parai/sia: opposed to e)nai/sima. Very likely, lightning on the left side. cf. 2.353.

oi( de/: a return to the oi( of 378.

w)/|xonto: were gone. For the following hiatus, cf. 147.

pro/: adv. with e)ge/nonto, made more definite by o(dou=, came forward on the way.

*)aswpo/n: acc. of ‘limit of motion.’ See § 3 i; G. 162; H. 722. This const. is freq. with i(/kw, i(ka/nw, i(kne/omai, but rare with bai/nw, ei=)mi, e)/rxomai. The Asopus is a Boeotian river, forming ‘the boundary between the territories of Thebes and Plataea.’ Here the Argive army halted and sent Tydeus as ambassador (a)ggeli/hn) to present their claims to the king, Eteocles. cf. 5.803, and Diomed's prayer to Athena: spei=o/ moi (attend me), w(s o(/te patri\ a(/m' e(/speo *tude/i di/w|| e)s *qh/bas, o(/te te pro\ *)axaiw=n a)/ggelos h)/|ein.| tou\s d) a)/r) e)p) *)aswpw=| li/pe xalkoxi/twnas *)axaiou/s,| au)ta\r d meili/xion (peaceful) mu=qon fe/re *kadmei/oisin *k 285 ff. cf. also 3.205 f., for a similar embassy of Odysseus and Menelaus.

lexepoi/hn: grass-bedded, grassy.

e)/nq' au=)te ktl.: apod. to 382.

a)ggeli/hn: equiv. to a)/ggelon.

e)pi/: const. with stei=lan. sc. to Thebes.

*tudh=: *tude/a. See § 6 c, and cf. the synizesis of *diomh/dea 365.

*kadmei+/wnas: equiv. to *kadmei/ons, 388, 391. cf. *darda/nioi, *b 819, and *dardani/wnes *h 414. See § 21 h. The Cadmeans were named from the mythical founder of Boeotian Thebes. cf. *)erexqei+/dai as a freq. poetic appellation for the Athenians.

*bi/hs ktl.: a periphrasis for “the mighty Eteocles.” See § 2 s; cf. 5.638, 781. Eteocles is not mentioned elsewhere in Homer. The Theban nobles were assembled, after the fashion of the heroic times (cf. 1 ff.), feasting in the palace, when Tydeus came and was invited to join in the banquet. cf. 5.805.

ou)de/: not even.

cei=nos: guest, i.e. stranger.

i(pphla/ta: cf. i(ppo/ta 317.

o(/ ge: resumes Od. 4.385.

prokali/zeto: called forth, challenged, sc. to the athletic games which followed the feast (cf. Od. 8.98 ff.).

pa/nta: neuter, cognate acc., in all things, in every contest. Cf. 5.807.

e)ni/ka: was victor.

cf. *e 808, *f 289.

e)pi/rroqos: cf. e)pita/rroqos *e 808. This aid of Athena does not detract from the glory of the achievements, since only the brave are thus helped by the gods.

xolwsa/menoi: sc. at the stranger's success.

ke/ntores (kente/w goad) ktl.: elsewhere they are called plh/cippoi. cf. 5.102.

pukino/n: crowded, i.e. strong. cf. 281, *z 187, dei/sht' *)argei/wn pukino\n lo/xon *w 779.

lo/xon ei(=san (i(/zw): cf. 6.189.

a)/gontes: intransitive. It is not strictly ‘pleonastic,’ but serves to fill out the picture. See on i)w/n *a 138.

kou/rous: in appos. with lo/xon.

In appos. with h(gh/tores. The names have a bloody sound.

*ai(moni/dhs: reminds of Antigone's cousin and lover, Haemon.

me/n: cf. 341.

kai\ toi=sin ktl.: “he overcame these too (as well as his opponents in the games, 389), and slew them.”

e)fhken: the perf. passive of e)fi/hmi is e)fh=ptai, cf. 6.241.

pa/ntas ktl.: cf. 6.190.

e(/na d' oi)=on: one alone, sc. to bear the tidings of the disaster. cf. ou)ke/t' e)/peit) o)i/w (I think) ou)d' a)/ggelon a)pone/esqai| a)/yorron proti\ a)/stu *m 73 f.

*mai/ona: acc. to Statius, in his Thebaïd, Maeon was an augur and priest of Apollo. A scholiast conjectured that he was a herald, and thus his person was inviolable.

a)/ra: resumes e(/na ktl. above.

qew=n: a general expression, instead of *zhno/s. cf. 408, 157, 6.183.

tera/essi: cf. depa/essin 3.

piqh/sas: listening to, obeying. Portents warned Tydeus not to slay Maeon. cf. 381.

*ai)tw/lios: Tydeus was son of Oeneus, king of Calydon in Aetolia. See on 377.

to\n ui(o/n: “this son of his.”

cf. 5.800. —ei(=o [ou(=, au(tou=] xe/rha: inferior to himself. Predicate. “The son whom he begot is inferior in bravery, although better in the council.”

ma/xh|: local, in battle. Obs. the ‘chiasmus’ again; cf. 197, 416.

cf. *a 511, *e 689, *z 342, *q 484, *f 478, u 183.

ai)desqei/s: abashed. Obs. the correspondence of this, at the opening, to ai)doi/oio at the close of the verse, and the spondaic rhythm.

e)niph/n: for the acc., see G. 158 N. 2; H. 712; cf. 5.530.

yeu/deo: yeu/dou, § 26 p.

sa/fa: being contrasted with yeu/deo, must mean trustworthy, true.

h(mei=s: WE, whom you call cowards.

toi/: “let me tell you,” “you ought to know.”

me/ga: far, adv. with a)mei/nones. me/ga strengthens all degrees of comparison; see on 1.78. — cf. Tydides melior patre Hor. Carm. i. 15. 28, ou(/tws h(mei=s polu\ belti/ous tw=n a)ndrw=n eu)xo/meq' ei=)nai Aristoph. Thesmophor. 810. Diomed and Sthenelus had both been among the ‘Epigoni’ who had taken Thebes, ten years after the first disastrous expedition in which the fathers of both had served as commanders. The first Theban expedition is barely alluded to elsewhere in Homer, and the poet only in this passage mentions the war of the ‘Epigoni.’

h(mei=s: emphatic ‘anaphora’ of the subject, with explanatory asyndeton.

kai/: const. with ei(/lomen. “We not merely (like our fathers) besieged Thebes, but also captured it.”

*qh/bhs: for the gen., see on 103. For the sing., see on *mukh/nh 52.

e(/dos: cf. naieta/ousi 45.

pauro/teron: smaller, sc. than our fathers. cf. pau=ros de/ oi( (i.e. Nireus) ei(/peto lao/s *b 675.

a)gago/nte: dual, since Sthenelus thinks only of himself and Diomed.

u(po\ tei=xos: up under the wall, i.e. to the foot of the wall. cf. u(po\ *)/ilion h)=lqen *b 216. Possibly with reference to the height of the Cadmean citadel.

a)/reion: comp., better, i.e. stronger. Cf. 15.736. In sharp contrast with pauro/teron at the beginning of the verse.

cf. 390, 398.

peiqo/menoi: cf. piqh/sas 398. This is in close connexion with the principal thought, ei(/lomen 406. cf. h(mei=s de\ mega/loio *dio\s peiqw/meqa boulh=| *m 241.

a)rwgh=|: instrumental, by the aid.

cf. au)tw=n ga\r sfete/rh|sin ktl. a 7, of the comrades of Odysseus; Od. 10.437.

a)tasqali/h|sin: blind follies, contrasted with 408. The leaders of the first expedition against Thebes were represented as being for the most part hot-headed, self-willed, impious men, — esp. Capaneus, the father of Sthenelus. cf. (*kapaneu\s) pu/rgois d' a)peilei= dei/n) a(\ mh\ krai/noi tu/xh:| qeou= te ga\r qe/lontos e)kpe/rsein po/lin| kai\ mh\ qe/lontos fhsi/n: ou)de\ th\n *dio\s| e)/rin (i.e. lightning) pe/doi skh/yasan (falling) e)mpodw\n sxeqei=n.| ta\s d' a)strapa/s te kai\ kerauvi/ous bola\s| meshmbrinoi=si (mid-day) qa/lpesin prosh/|kasen Aeschylus Septem 409 ff., Soph. Antigone 126 ff. In return for his boasting, Capaneus was struck and slain by the lightning of Zeus.

tw=|: therefore.

mh/ pote: never.

moi/: “I beg of you.”

o(moi/h| timh=|: in like honor, i.e. in so high honor, sc. with us, — while Agamemnon had counted the fathers worthy of far higher honor than the sons.

e)/nqeo: 2d sing. aor. imv. with mh/. Not the Attic usage. cf. mh\ katadu/seo *s 134, mh/ tis a)kousa/tw p 301, mh\ xo/lon e)/nqeo qumw=| w 248.

cf. 349.

cf. 1.565.

te/tta: “old fellow,” in an affectionate, though reproving, tone. Nothing indicates that Sthenelus was actually older than Diomed.

siwph=| h(=so: sit in silence, keep quiet. The literal meaning of h(=so is not to be pressed, since e(stew=te 366 shows that they were standing. — The whole speech of Diomed shows self-restraint and prudence. The poet thus reminds the hearer that the hero was distinguished a)gorh=|. This speech has the same number of verses as that of Sthenelus, 404 ff. See on 358, 3.161, 301.

*)agame/mnoni: for the dat. after a word of opposition, see G. 186, N. 1; H. 772.

o)tru/nonti: pred. partic. with nemesw=. Equiv. to o(/ti o)tru/nei. cf. 5.872, nemessh/saito/ ken a)nh\r| ai)/sxea po/ll' o(ro/wn (if he should see) Od. 1.228 f.

tou/tw|: the prominence of this and its repetition two lines below mark the identity of the person chiefly interested. In English, the first clause would be subordinate. “As glory will attend him in the one case, so grief will come upon him in the other case.” Only the second of these clauses has any independent force in the connexion here; 415 f. are simply for contrast. cf. 6.227-229.

ku=dos: is emphatic in itself, and opposed to pe/nqos by the position of each, before the verse-pause.

au)=: cf. 270.

pe/nqos: sc. e)/ssetai.

*)axaiw=n: prob. gen. of cause, but it may be gen. absolute. § 3 f.

418 = 5.718, cf. 24.618.

a)ll' a)/ge: cf. a)ll' i)/qi 362.

qou/ridos: cf. qou=ros as an epithet of Ares, 5.30.

419 = 16.426, cf. *g 29, *e 111, 494, *z 103, *l 211, *m 81, *n 749. Diomed enters the battle as a ‘hoplite.’

deino/n: adv., cognate acc. cf. 425, 6.470.

e)/braxe: cf. e)/klagcan d' a)/r) o)istoi/ . . . au)tou= kinhqe/ntos *a 46 f., arma| horrendum sonuere Verg. ix. 731 f.

o)rnume/nou: as he started.

u(po/: const. with ei(=len. This refers to the weakness of his knees; see on 314. cf. u(po/ te tro/mos (trembling) e)/llabe gui=a *g 34, tro/mos u(ph/luqe gui=a *u 44.

talasi/frona/ per: even a stout-hearted man.

ken ei(=len: would have seized, sc. if he had been there. cf. 539. In prose, this might have been stated as a consequence, “so that,” etc.

Here ends the *)epipw/lhsis of Agamemnon. That he returns at once to his special division, is assumed.

422-456. Both armies advance and the battle begins. This scene could follow immediately either 2.483 or 2.785. The single combat of Menelaus and Paris, with its accompaniments, has been little more than an episode.

w(s d' o(/te: introduces a comparison. cf. 130, 141, 275. It is here used with the pres. ind., of an ordinary occurrence. cf. 452, *l 492, *p 364, *t 357, *f 12, *y 692, 760.

poluhxe/i: cf. qa/lassa/ te h)xh/essa *a 157, polufloi/sboio qala/sshs *a 34.

ku=ma: collective; one ware as a representative of all. cf. fluctus uti primo coepit cum albescere vento,| paulatim sese tollit mare et altius undas| erigit, inde imo consurgit ad aethera fundo Verg. vii. 528 ff., id. Georg. iii. 237 ff.

e)passu/teron: in quick succession, one after another. Cf. *e 141, *a 383. This is the point of comparison, and has the same position in the verse as e)passu/terai 427.

*zefu/rou ktl.: see on 276.

u(/po: for the accent, see § 37 c. For the const., see § 3 f g.

po/ntw|: on the high sea. Local, like xe/rsw| 425.

me/n te: correl. with au)ta/r. cf. 442, *g 330, *l 476, 481, a 215.

koru/ssetai: lifts its head. Lit. puts on its crest, in which is contained another metaphor.

e)/peita: secondly, next.

424-426 are not necessary for the comparison, but give it great animation.

r(hgnu/menon: cf. Eng. ‘breaker,’ ‘Break, break, break.’

mega/la: cf. deino/n 420.

a)/kras: headlands. Cf. oi( de\ cu/nisan mega/lw| a)lalhtw=| (cf. 436).| ou)/te qala/sshs ku=ma to/son boa/a| poti\ xe/rson,| ponto/qen o)rnu/menon pnoih=| *bore/w a)legeinh=| *c 393 ff.

kurto/n: curved, beetling. Const. with i)o/n moving.

korufou=tai: towers aloft.

a)poptu/ei ktl.: the third scene in the life of the wave. cf. h)i/ones (shores) boo/wsin e)reugome/nhs (vomiting) a(lo\s e)/cw *r 265.

a(lo/s: salt sea.

*danaw=n: const. with fa/lagges.

ki/nunto: cf. 332.

oi(=sin: his own men. See on w(=n 306. cf. toi=sin e(/kastos a)nh\r shmaine/tw, oi(=si/ per a)/rxei *b 805.

e(/kastos: each leader acted independently. See on 304.

h(gemo/nwn: reserved for this place, in contrast with oi( d' a)/lloi, sc. *danaw=n.

i)/san: h)=|san, § 34 f.

ke fai/hs: you would have said. Cf. 223, 421, 3.220.

e(/pesqai e)/xonta: the partic. contains the principal idea, cf. e(sth/kasin memakui=ai 434 f.

sigh=|: resumes a)kh/n 429. In close connexion with deidio/tes, which gives the reason for the silence.

deidio/tes: agrees with oi( a)/lloi. The intervening clause is parenthetical. This verse indicates good discipline in the Achaean army. cf. oi( d' a)/r) i)/san sigh=| me/nea pnei/ontes *)axaioi/ *g 8, ou) ga\r kraugh=| a)lla\ sigh=| . . . kai\ h(suxh=| . . . prosh=|san Xen. An. i. 8. 11.

shma/ntoras: commanders. Cf. 2.805, quoted on 428.

a)mfi/: const. with pa=sin, “on the breasts of all.”

ta\ [a(\] ei(me/noi (e(/nnumi): qui bus induti. The hiatus is ‘apparent.’ § 14 a. For the acc. with the passive of a ‘verb of clothing,’ see 7.724 a. The second half-verse in each of the vs. 432-435 is nearly parenthetical.

At the opening of the Third Book, the Trojans are represented as advancing with the clamor of a flock of cranes, while the Achaeans met them in silence.

*trw=es: the principal subject, opposed to the Greeks. But the comparison is continued until the subj. is forgotten, and it is resumed in *trw/wn a)lalhto/s 436. For this change of const., cf. 5.135 f., 6.510 f., 15.271 ff., 17.755 ff., Od. 13.81 ff.

w(/s te: as. § 2 j. w(/ste, so that, is not Homeric.

polupa/monos (pa/omai): rich in possessions, wealthy. Cf. polukth/mwn *e 613. Wealth in the heroic times consisted chiefly in flocks and herds (cf. ‘chattel’ with ‘cattle’); secondarily in ornaments and clothing. Land seems to have been owned, partly in common and partly in severalty, but had no great value.

au)lh=|: farm-yard. Cf. 5.138. For comparisons following in quick succession, see § 2 g.

muri/ai: for the accent, see § 2 w.

a)melgo/menai: a-milking, yielding.

leuko/n: for the epithet, see § 1 p. It has nothing to do with the special circumstances of the case.

a)zhxe\s memakui=ai (mhka/omai): bears the weight of the comparison. The two other partics. are circumstantial, a)melgo/menai adding a detail to the picture, and a)kou/ousai giving the reason for memakui=ai. — Two examples of ‘apparent hiatus.’

*trw/wn: see on *trw=es 433.

a)lalhto/s: war-cry, slogan. a)lala/ and e)leleu= (both anapaests, ˘˘ <*>) corresponded nearly to ‘hurrah!’

a)na\ strato/n: the shout passed through the army.

o)rw/rein (o)/rnumi): cf. pefu/kein 109; see on h(/|rein 23.

qro/os: cry.

i)/a: one, the same. For the form, see § 23 a. For the meaning, cf. mi/a *g 238.

gh=rus: speech. Cf. polloi\ ga\r kata\ a)/stu me/ga *pria/mou e)pi/kouroi,| a)/llh d' a)/llwn glw=ssa poluspere/wn (widely scattered) a)nqrw/pwn *b 803 f. In these two passages the poet indicates more distinctly than elsewhere the consciousness of a difference of speech between the nations of the Trojan allies. But he nowhere intimates that the Trojans and Achaeans spoke different languages.

polu/klhtoi: called from many a land, of many nations.

e)/san: h)=san, § 34 g.

tou\s me/n: i.e. the Trojans.

*)/arhs: Ares was the national god of the Thracians, and came with them to the help of the Trojans. cf. 5.461 f., oi(=os de\ brotoloigo\s *)/arhs polemo/nde me/t- eisin,| tw=| de\ *fo/bos fi/los ui(o\s . . .| e(/speto: . . .| tw\ me\n a)/r' e)k *qrh/|khs ktl. *n 298 ff., Od. 8.361.

glaukw=pis: gleaming-eyed. A fitting epithet for the goddess of war. cf. deinw\ de/ oi( (i.e. Athena) o)/sse fa/anqen *a 200. Her epithet *palla/s belongs to her as the Lance-wielder (cf. pa/llw, *p 142). She is coupled with Ares also *e 430, *n 127 ff., 17.398. cf. *u 69, *f 391 ff.

*deimo\s ktl.: sc. w)=rsan. Poetic personifications. For *deimo/s and *fo/bos (Flight), see *l 37, *n 299 (see above, on 439), 15.119 (where they harness the horses of Ares). Acc. to Hesiod, Theog. 934, they are the sons of Ares and Aphrodite. cf. hic Mars omnipotens animum virisque Latinis| addidit . . .| immisitque Fugam Teucris atrumque Timorem Verg. ix. 717 ff.

*)/eris: is impartial. She enjoys the conflict for its own sake, and cares not who are victorious. cf. 5.518.

kasignh/th: i.e. as having the same character.

f. A vivid picture of the growth of strife from an insignificant beginning. This figure is transferred by Vergil to Fama: parva metu primo, mox sese attollit in auras| ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit iv. 176 f. — cf. 424.

cf. ‘Satan alarmed| Collecting all his might dilated stood:| . . . His stature reached the sky, and on his crest| Sat Horror plumed,’ Milton Par. Lost iv. 985 ff.

ou)ranw=|: ‘dat. of approach.’ cf. ko/lpw| *z 136.

e)sth/rice: gnomic aor., side by side with the present. The pres. describes, while the aor. narrates.

kai/: and, “while.”

kai\ to/te: then too, as she had many times before.

o(moi/ion: see on 315.

kaq' o(/milon: see on 209.

o)fe/llousa: increasing, in order to increase. It expresses the purpose of e)rxome/nh.

446-456. Beginning of the general conflict.

446-451 = 8.60-65.

This verse introduces the brief description of the general conflict.

oi( de/: i.e. Achaeans and Trojans.

e)s xw=ran ktl.: equiv. to o(mo/se e)xw/rhsan.

cunio/ntes: see on a)/gontes 392.

su/n: const. with e)/balon, dashed together, clashed.

r(inou/s: hides, i.e. shields. Equiv. to a)spi/des 448.

su\n de/: sc. e)/balon.

me/nea a)ndrw=n: the might of men. Cf. *e 506, nu\c e)lqou=sa diakrine/ei me/nos a)ndrw=n *b 387, d 363.

o)mfalo/essai: bossy. Some shields had a single o)mfalo/s or boss in the middle. Agamemnon's shield had twenty knobs of tin, and one of ku/anos, *l 34.

e)/plhnto (pela/zw): met.

pe/len: arose. Descriptive imperfect.

o)llu/ntwn ktl.: of the slaying and the slain. In appos. with a)ndrw=n, referring to oi)mwgh\ ktl. in ‘chiastic’ order, — eu)xwlh/ being connected with o)llu/ntwn, and oi)mwgh/ with o)llume/nwn. cf. ‘Of shout and scream the mingled din| And weapon-clash and maddening cry| Of those who kill and those who die,’ Scott Rokeby v. 31; pipto/ntwn sto/nos kai\ a)nairou/ntwn megalauxi/a Appian Bell. Pun. 45.

kat) o)/resfi [o)rw=n]: down from the mountains. For the form o)/resfi, see § 15 a. — cf. w(s d' o(po/te plh/qwn potamo\s pedi/onde ka/teisin| xeima/rrous kat) o)/resfin, o)pazo/menos *dio\s o)/mbrw| *l 492 f., aut rapidus montano flumine torrens| sternitagros, sternit sata lateta boumque labores| . . . stupet inscius alto| accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor Verg. ii. 305 ff., ubi decursu rapido de mon tibus altis| dant sonitum spumosi amnes et in aequora currunt ib. xii. 523 f.

cumba/lleton: ind., since the short mode-vowel of the subjv. is rarely found in the present. § 27 c. Dual of the two torrents which come from different directions, and meet like two opposing armies. cf. su\n e)/balon 447.

Const. the second half-verse closely with the second half-verse of 453.

xara/drhs: gorge, chasm.

thlo/se: made more definite by e)n ou)/resin. Const. with e)/klue, heard to a great distance, instead of at a great distance. Cf. du/nasai de\ su\ pa/ntos' a)kou/ein *p 515, peu/qeto ga\r *ku/pronde me/ga kle/os *l 21.

dou=pon: in this din lies the point of comparison.

e)/klue: gnomic aorist.

poimh/n: see on 275.

cf. w(\s tw=n e)k nhw=n ge/neto i)axh/ te fo/bos te *p 366.

tw=n: of course not to be const. with misgome/nwn. Ablatival gen. with i)axh/. cf. klaggh\ ge/net' a)rgure/oio bioi=o *a 49.

misgome/nwn: as they came together. Pred. partic. with tw=n.

ge/neto: for the length of the ultima, see § 14 j; cf. me/ga i)/axon 506.

po/nos: see on poneu/menon 374.

457-544. A succession of single-combats. The Achaeans prevail until the Trojans are roused by Apollo.

The story of the Iliad is a story of strife between individuals or of the conflicts of small groups of men, — not of the strategical movements of large masses of troops. The common soldier is of very little consequence in any way before Troy. The battle is decided by a few mighty men of valor.

prw=tos: primus.

*)anti/loxos: a doughty son of Nestor, and special friend of Achilles. The youngest of the Greek leaders. cf. the words of Menelaus, *)anti/lox' ou)/ tis sei=o new/teros a)/llos *)axaiw=n,| ou)/te posi\n qa/sswn (swifter, taxu/s) ou)/t' a)/lkimos w(s su\ ma/xesqai *o 569 f. He was afterwards slain by the Aethiopian Memnon, acc. to Od. 4.187 f.

*trw/wn: const. with a)/ndra.

e(/len: took, i.e. slew. Equiv. to e)/kteine, e)/pefne, e)nh/rato, and e)na/rize.

korusth/n: equiv. to ai)xmhth/s, *e 197; a)spisth/s, 90; a)spidiw/ths, *b 554; qwrhkth/s, *m 317; Attic o(pli/ths.

cf. 17.590.

*)exe/pwlon: a Sicyonian of this name is mentioned 23.296.

459-461 = 6.9-11.

p(a/: “as I said,” marks this clause as a repetition of 457. cf. 398, 501, 5.79.

fa/lon: in appos. with to/n. See H. 625 c; cf. 350, o)/sse 461, sth=qos 480.

i(ppodasei/hs: cf. ippioxai/thn *z 469, i(ppo/komoi ko/ruqes *n 132, cristaque hirsutus equina Verg. x. 869.

ph=ce: sc. *)anti/loxos e)/gxos.

o)ste/on ei)/sw: much like ei)s o)ste/on, although strictly ei)/sw is adv., and o)ste/on is acc. of ‘limit of motion.’ cf. *)/ilion ei)/sw *a 71.

461 = 503.

ai)xmh/: spear-point.

to\n de\ ktl.: the poet has a large variety of expressions for death. cf. 469 f., 482, 504, 517, 522 f., 531, 5.47, 68, 75, 82 f, 155, 163 f., 166, 190, 250, 296, 310, 553, 654, 659, 696. See on e(/len 457.

sko/tos: of the darkness or night of death. cf. 5.47, 68, 82 f., 310, 659, 696, also in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem Verg. x. 746.

o)/sse: see on fa/lon 459.

h)/ripe: from e)rei/pw.

w(s o(/te: see on 141.

w(s o(/te pu/rgos: sc. in respect to size. cf. (*ai)/as) fe/rwn sa/kos h)u/te pu/rgon *h 219.

podw=n: see on xeiro/s 154.

464 = 2.541.

e(/lke: mark the change to the impf., of continued, attempted, action.

u(pe\k bele/wn: out from under the shower of missiles. e)k bele/wn, *c 130, is out of the range of missiles.

lelihme/nos: eagerly.

mi/nunqa: short-lived. Cf. 478. For an adv. with ge/neto, cf. ai)=sa mi/nunqa/ per, ou)/ ti ma/la dh/n *a 416, w(/s 319, ou)d' a)/r) e)/ti dh\n h)=n *z 139 f.

oi(=: dat. of interest, his attempt.

nekro/n: obj. of e)ru/onta, which agrees with the obj. of i)dw/n.

*)agh/nwr: son of Antenor. One of the bravest of the Trojans. cf. *l 59, *f 545 ff.

pleura/: pl. of the whole side (ribs). cf. to/ca *e 215, o)/xea *e 745, nw=ta (back) *b 308, pro/swpa (face) 18.414. For the inflexion, instead of pleurai/, cf. neu=ra 122.

ta/: a(/.

par' a)spi/dos ktl.: appeared from beside the shield, i.e. from under cover of the shield. cf. *mene/laos a)rh/ios ou)=ta *qo/anta| ste/rnon gumnwqe/nta par' a)spi/da, lu=se de\ gui=a *p 311 f., par' a)spi/dos gumnwqe\n a(rpa/sai do/ru Aesch. Septem 607. — e)cefaa/nqh [e)cefa/nh]: from e)kfaei/nw.

469 = 11.260.

custw=|: strictly, spear-shaft, then spear.

to\n me/n: i.e. Elephenor.

li/pe qumo/s: his life left. Cf. qumou= deuome/nous *g 294, li/pe d' o)ste/a qumo/s *m 386, peso/nta de/ min li/pe qumo/s *p 410. cf. also 524, *e 685, to/n ge li/ph| yuxh/ te kai\ ai)w/n *p 453.

e)p' au)tw=|: over the man himself, i.e. over his body, in contrast with the departed qumo/s. See on au)tou= 11.

de/: for its position, see on 96.

e)/rgon: like po/nos (see on poneu/menon 374), chiefly of the toil of war. cf. 539, 6.522.

e)tu/xqh: from teu/xw.

lukoi\ w(/s: like wolves, sc. in fury. cf. *l 72, *p 156 ff., 352 ff.

w(/s: meaning as always follows its noun in Homer, and has the acute (or grave) accent. cf. 482.

a)nh\r a)/ndra: a poetic a)llh/lous. cf. soi\ kai\ e)moi/ 38.

e)dnopa/lizen: shook. Prob. a metaphor from wrestling. — cf. implicuere inter se acies legitque virum vir Verg. xi. 632.

ui(o/n: the i of the diphthong has passed into the y- sound, and disappeared. See § 5 g; cf. *z 130. u(o/s is freq. in Attic inscriptions.

*simoei/sion: named from the river Simoïs, as *)idai=os, *e 11, from Mt. Ida; *skama/ndrios, *e 49, from the Scamander, and *sa/tnios, *c 443, from the Satnioïs.

*)/idhqen: for Trojan herds and flocks on the slopes of Mt. Ida, cf. 2.821 and *e 313, *z 25, *l. 105 f., *u 91, *w 29.

katiou=sa: from ka/teimi.

*simo/entos: cf. *e 774, kai\ *simo/eis o(/qi polla\ boa/gria (scuta virum) kai\ trufa/leiai (galeasque)| ka/ppeson e)n koni/h|si kai\ h(miqe/wn ge/nos a)ndrw=n (fortia corpora) 12.22 f., Verg. i. 100 f.

tou/neka: tou= e(/neka, § 8.

ka/leon: sc. tokh=es of the child's mother.

= 17.302 f.

qre/ptra (tre/fw): formed like lu/tra, loetra/. G. 129, 5; H. 554. Attic trofei=a, Lat. alimenta. Const. with a)pe/dwke, repaid the loving care. Cf. 17.301. Neglect of duty towards parents, acc. to Hesiod, is a crying sin of the ‘Iron age,’ ou)de/ ken oi(/ ge| ghra/ntessi (cf. gh=ras) tokeu=sin a)po\ qrepth/ria doi=en, Opera 187 f.

u(po/: const. with doupi/. § 3 h g.

dame/nti: agrees with oi(= 478.

prw=ton: masc., pred. with i)o/nta. “As he came first,” i.e. e)n proma/xois.

sth=qos: see on fa/lon 459.

para\ mazo/n: by the nipple. Cf. *q 121, 313, *o 577, *r 606, x 82.

a)ntikru/s: explained by di) w)/mou, which follows in a kind of apposition. See on pa/lin 214, thlo/se 455. cf. 500, 5.67, 74, 189, 687. Similarly, e)n koni/h|si 482 is repeated by xamai/, after the verse-pause.

xamai/: xama=ze to the ground might be expected, but this, like e)n koni/h|si, has ‘reference to the state of rest which follows the motion.’ G. 191 N. 6; H. 788.

ai)/geiros w(/s: i.e. tall, stretched on the ground. cf. 5.560. The final syllable of ai)/geiros is long by ‘position,’ because w(/s originally had an initial consonant (prob. *v).

cf. 15.631.

ei(amenh=|: lowlands.

e(/leos: mead. Gen. of ‘the place to which the action belongs.’ cf. pedi/oio 244. e(/los is not swamp, marsh in Homer.

pefu/kh|: for the subjv. in comparisons, cf. e)e/rgh| 131, mih/nh| 141.

lei/h: lēvis, smooth. Cf. leih/nas 111. sc. ta\ me\n a)/lla, explained by the rest of the verse. Perhaps the lower branches and twigs had been cut off as fodder for goats. For the position of lei/h, cf. h(gemo/nwn 429.

e)pi/: const. with pefu/asin, have grown upon, are upon.

a)krota/th|: const. with oi(=.

th/n: dem. after a cond. rel. clause. cf. *e 139, *f 260, *y 519.

a(rmatophgo\s a)nh/r: chariot-maker. For the combination of nouns, cf. a)nh\r boulhfo/ros *a 144, xalkh=es a)/ndres 187, te/ktones a)/ndres *z 315.

ai)/qwni: shining, of the well-sharpened and worn ax.

sidh/rw|: here of the ax, as in 123 for arrow-point.

e)ce/tame (e)kte/mnw): fells. Gnomic.

i)/tun: felloe. The soft wood of the poplar could easily be bent and fashioned. In itself, it would not seem well adapted to the service here indicated, but perhaps it was sufficiently strengthened by the bronze ‘tire’ (e)pi/sswtra *e 725). — ‘Acc. of effect’ with ka/myh|. G. 159 N. 3; H. 714.

ka/myh|: Subjv., although after e)/tame, since the gnomic aor. is grammatically equiv. to a present. cf. 443, 5.524.

a)zome/nh: drying, seasoning, as the wood must before it is fit for use.

par' o)/xqas: along the bank. Cf. 6.34.

toi=on a)/ra: so then, resumes 482. cf. toi=ai 280.

*)avqemi/dhn: *)anqemioni/dhn would be expected, cf. 473. See § 21 e.

tou=: i.e. Ajax. Gen. with a)ko/ntisen. cf. *menela/ou 100.

*)/antifos: slain by Agamemnon, 11.101 ff.

ai)oloqw/rhc: cf. zwsth\r panai/olos 186, ai)olomi/trhn *e 707.

kaq' o(/milon: cf. 126.

doupi/: ‘dat. of instrument.’ Of course the acc. might have been used.

For the asyndeton, cf. 5.657.

tou= ktl.: him he missed.

o( de/: emphatic repetition of the preceding subject. cf. 1.191.

beblh/kei: plpf. of the immediate result of his action. cf. bebh/kein *z 495.

e(te/rwse: i.e. to the Achaean side.

e)ru/onta: cf. 467. The rhythm of the verse aids greatly, as it often does, in marking the true construction.

a)mf' au)tw=|: i.e. over the very corpse which he was trying to drag away that he might strip off the armor. cf. 470, 5.299.

cf. 13.660.

tou=: causal gen. with xolw/qh. See on a)pa/ths 168.

*)oduseu/s: for the loss of a d, see § 41 vh; cf. *)axileu/s 512.

qumo/n: cf. kh=r 272.

a)poktame/noio: const. closely with tou=, because of his death. For the mid. aor. used as passive, see on blh=sqai 115.

xolw/qh: the mid. is used without difference of meaning in 501. § 32 d.

495 = *e 562, 681, *r 3, 87, 592, *u 111; cf. 5.566.

kekoruqme/nos: armed. For q before m, see § 12 d.

496 = *e 611, *r 347; cf. *l 577, *n 183, 403, 516. — sth= [e)/sth]: inceptive, took his stand.

ma/l' e)ggu/s: sc. *leu/kou.

i)w/n: see on a)/gontes 392.

faeivw=|: this epithet is due to the bronze point (ai)xmh/, cf. 6.319 f.) and butt (saurwth/r, *k 153).

= 15.574 f.

a)mfi\ e(/: about him.

u(po/: const. with keka/donto. This is made more definite by a)ndro\s ktl.

keka/donto (xa/zomai): for the reduplication, see § 25.

a)ndro/s: for the ablatival gen., see § 3 f b.

ou)x: const. closely with a(/lion. cf. 5.18. ‘Litotes.’ § 2 g.

a(/lion: pred., cf. 26, 179, 5.715.

Democoön evidently had charge of his father's stock-farm at Abydus.

o(/s oi(: for the ‘quantity’ of o(/s, see § 41 m; cf. me/n 18.

par' i(/ppwn: in appos. with *)abudo/qen. See on a)ntikru/s 481.

r(a/: see on r(a/ 459. — e(ta/roio [e(tai/rou]: for the gen., cf. tou= 494. For the a^, see § 5 h.

ko/rshn: equiv. to kro/tafon. This comes with emphasis at the close of the sent., and in close connexion with the rest of the verse.

h(: refers to douri/, but the poet already has in mind ai)xmh/, which follows in apposition.

503 = 461.

504 = *e 42, 540, *n 187, *r 50, 311, w 525; cf. 5.58. cf. corruit in volnus, sonitum super arma dedere Verg. x. 488.

e)p' au)tw=|: cf. 470.

505 = *p 588, *r 316.

u(po/: before him. Const. with xw/rhsan. cf. u(po\ keka/donto 497. u)po/ does not suffer ‘anastrophe’ here, since it does not immediately follow the word to which it belongs.

te/: is expected after pro/maxoi. For the freedom of position, cf. a(/ma t' w)ku/moros kai\ o)izuro/s *a 417.

fai/dimos *(/ektwr: the poet does not imply that Hector was not one of the pro/maxoi, but rather that he is the most distinguished of them. cf. *zeu\s d' e)pei\ ou)=n *trw=a/s te kai\ *(/ektora nhusi\ pe/lassen *n 1, ‘Peter and the apostles’ Acts v. 29.

506 = 17.317.

me/ga: cognate accusative. For the length of the ‘ultima,’ see on ge/neto 456.

e)ru/santo: contrast with the pres. e)ru/onta 492.

neme/shse: inceptive. “Indignation seized him” at the retreat of the Trojans.

*perga/mou: i.e. from his temple on the citadel. cf. *e 446, *h 83, *z 297. This temple was one of Apollo's homes, and from it he looked forth on the field of battle. cf. *e 460, *h 21.

ke/kleto (ke/lomai): for the reduplication, cf. keka/donto 497.

a)u/sas: much like fwnh/sas 284, but implying more noise and effort.

o)/rnusqe: rouse yourselves. Cf. *e 102, *m 440, *y 707.

xa/rmhs: for the gen., cf. a)lkh=s 234, pole/moio 240, *e 348.

*)argei/ois: for the Argives, before the Argives.

ou): emphatic by its position. “By no means.”

li/qos: stone, of stone.

xrw/s: subject. — cf. kai\ ga/r qhn tou/tw| (i.e. Achilles) trwto\s (may be wounded) xrw\s o)ce/i xalkw=| *f 568.

a)nasxe/sqai (a)ne/xw): “so that they could endure without hurt.”

tamesi/xroa (te/mnw, xrw/s): cf. 23.803.

ballome/nolsin: const. with sfi/, when they are hit.

ou) ma\n ou)de/: no indeed, nor.

*)axileu\s ktl.: cf. 16.860. For the form with one l, see on *)oduseu/s 494.

cf. 9.565.

e)pi\ nhusi/: i.e. in the camp.

pe/ssei: digests, broods over. Cf. *a 81, *b 237, qew=n e)k kh/dea pe/ssei *w 617, kh/dea muri/a pe/ssw *w 639.

pto/lios: equiv. to a)kropo/lews. cf. e)n po/lei a)/krh| *z 297.

cf. Od. 3.378.

w)=rse: cf. 439.

*tritoge/neia: Trito-born. Whether this means ‘born on the banks of the Trito,’ a Boeotian stream, or ‘born of Trito,’ no one can say. Homer nowhere shows acquaintance with the myth of Athena in full armor springing from the head of Zeus, nor does he assign any mother to the goddess. cf. 5.875, 880.

e)rxome/nh: pres., of a continued act. cf. 445.

o(/qi: cf. 132.

meqie/ntas ktl.: cf. 240, 351.

*diw/rea: an Epean leader, cf. 2.622.

moi=ra ktl.: sc. damh=nai. Fate fettered him, i.e. compelled him to meet this peril which brought him death. cf. *e 83, 613, 629, *t 87, *f 83, l 292.

xermadi/w|: possibly a stone from a sling, though the sling is mentioned but once in Homer (13.600). The heroes threw stones in general only when for some reason they could not use spear or sword. cf. *e 302, *q 321, *m 380, *p 735, *u 285.

blh=to: see on blh=sqai 115.

knh/mhn: the active const. would be e)/bale *diw/rea knh/mhn, and when the passive const. is used the acc. of the part remains unchanged. cf. H. 725 c.

*qrh|kw=n: European Thracians, living between the Hebrus and the Hellespont.

*pei/roos: cf. 2.844.

*ai)no/qen: from Aenus, at the mouth of the Hebrus.

a)mfote/rw te/nonte: the poet thought of the sinews as working in pairs.

a)naidh/s: shameless, heartless, pitiless. For the personification, cf. 5.593, *n 139, au)=tis e)/peita pe/donde kuli/ndeto la=as a)naidh/s l 598, of the stone which Sisyphus was engaged in rolling up hill in Hades, qa/natos a)naidh/s Theognis 207. See on 126.

a)/xpis: adv., completely.

o( de\ ktl.: cf. *n 548, *o 434, *p 289.

u(/ptios: supinus. cf. 108, prhne/es 544.

523 = 13.549; cf. *c 495, *f 115.

ka/ppesen: kate/pesen.

xei=re: arms. Cf. *e 81, *z 482.

e(ta/roisi: to his comrades, as appealing for help. For the dat., cf. ou)ranw=| 443, pedi/w| *e 82, h)e/ri *e 356, li/mnh| *e 709.

qumo/n: cf. 470.

a/popnei/wn: for the form, cf. veikei/eske 241.

pe/r: gives emphasis to e)/balen.

cf. 21.180.

ou)=ta: 2d aorist. § 35.

par' o)mfalo/n: cf. para\ mazo/n 480.

d' a)/ra: and so.

= 21.181.

xu/nto: aor. mid. as passive. cf. blh=to 518.

xamai/: cf. 482.

xola/des: i.e. ta\ e)/ntera. — For the ‘alliteration’ (x) cf. 339.

to\n de\ ktl.: cf. 461.

to/n: i.e. Diores.

to/n: i.e. Piroüs.

*qo/as: cf. 2.638.

a)pessu/menon (a\poseu/w): as he rushed away. He started back, without turning around. For the ss, see § 12 b.

pa/gh ktl.: cf. 185, *e 616, *u 486. The wounds in Homer are either very slight or (for the most part) fatal. The region of the heart does not seem to have been considered especially vital.

cf. 16.820.

e)k: const. with e)spa/sato.

e)spa/sato: sc. a)risterh=|. cf. *e 621, *z 65.

e)ru/ssato ci/fos: drew his sword, sc. deciterh=|. The mid. voice of the verb (like the dat. of interest, see § 3 g) freq. expresses the idea of personal interest which may be rendered by the possessive pronoun. cf. *m 190, *c 496, *u 284, *f 116, 200, *x 306, 367.

tw=|: instrumental, with this.

peri/sthsan: 2d aor. intrans.

a)kro/komoi: i.e. their hair was bound in a knot on top of the head, perhaps like that of the American Indians. cf. apud Suevos, usquead canitiem, horrentem capillum retro sequuntur, ac saepe in ipso solo vertice religant Tac. Germ. 38. See on 2.11.

534 = 5.625. — The repetition of kai/ brings each epithet into bold relief, in contrast with w)=san. “Although he was tall and mighty.”

535 = *e 626, *n 148.

sfei/wn: sfe/wn, sfw=n au)tw=n.

xassa/menos: yielded and. Cf. u(po\ keka/donto 497.

teta/sqhn (tei/nw): lay stretched. Plpf. of a continued state. cf. 544.

o( me/n: i.e. *pei/roos 520.

o( de/: i.e. *diw/rhs 517.

h(gemo/nes: for its position, cf. h(gemo/nwn 429.

periktei/nonto: for the use of the prep., cf. *z 419, *m 245.

ou)ke/ti: no longer, as perhaps might have been the case before. The conflict has become more fierce and bloody.

o)no/saito: potential of the past. cf. 223. o)/nomai in Homer is not simply blame, find fault with, but find fault with as insufficient. Cf. *n 127, 287, *r 399, *w 241.

metelqw/n: if he had come among them. This specification adds life to the picture.

a)/blhtos (ba/llw), a)nou/tatos (ou)ta/w): nec eminus nec cominus ictus, “unhit by an arrow, and unhurt by sword or spear.” i.e. if one could look on without danger, — but no one would be safe on such a field except under the special protection of the mighty goddess of war. — cf. suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri| per campos instructa, tua sine parte pericli Lucretius, ii. 5 f.

kata\ me/sson: cf. 79, 5.8.

a)/goi de/: the rel. const. is abandoned. The condition assumed for dineu/oi is stated in an independent form. cf. *a 10, *z 480.

xeiro/s: by the hand. Cf. podw=n 463.

e/lou=sa: the following hiatus is excused by the pause.

bele/wn ktl.: cf. 17.562.

ga/r: refers to o)no/saito 539.

h)/mati kei/nw|: dat. of time without e)n. G. 189; H. 782.

prhne/es: proni. cf. *b 418, *p 379. The opposite of u(/ptios, 522, which is used only of single individuals, except 11.179.

1-453. The Achaeans press forward victoriously.

1-94. Valorous deeds of the still unwounded Diomed.

e)/nq' au)=: but then. The transition to a new scene involves a sort of contrast with what has preceded. cf. 471, *m 182, *p 477. cf. also e)/nq' au)=te 541, *z 234.

e)/nqa: cf. 4.293.

au)=: here nearly equiv. to de/.

*palla\s *)aqh/nh: this goddess of war (cf. pa/llw brandish) had roused the Argives, 4.439, 515. She now reappears suddenly, without any information as to where she has been or what she has been doing. cf. the interpositions of Hephaestus, 23, of Aphrodite, 312, and of Apollo, 344. Athena had always cared for Tydeus (cf. 800 ff. and 4.390), and his son Diomed was one of her chief favorites.

me/nos: here seems to refer to physical might.

e)/kdhlos: conspicuous. Cf. e)kpaifa/ssein 803, e)kprepe/) e)n polloi=si kai\ e)/coxon h(rw/essin *b 483 (of Agamemnon).

*)argei/oisi: in appos. with pa=sin, rather than dat. with meta/. § 1 g.

ge/noito: for the following ‘hiatus,’ see on 4.147.

kle/os ktl.: cf. *s 121, n 422.

a)/roito: cf. 4.95.

Obs. the ‘asyndeton.’

dai=e/ oi(: kindled for him. dai=e is trans., as *i 211, *s 206, 227, h 7. cf. 7.

a)ka/maton: unwearying. A standing epithet. — cf. ardet apex capiti cristisque a vertice flamma| funditur et vastos umbo vomit aureus ignis.| non secus ac liquida si quando nocte cometac| sanguinei lugubre rubent aut Sirius ardor Verg. x. 270 ff.

a)ste/ri ktl.: i.e. *sei/rios or the Dogstar. cf. 22.26 ff., where it is called ku/n' *)wri/wnos. Its ‘heliacal rising,’ about the middle of July, marked the height of o)pw/ra. The fruit season naturally comes much earlier in Greece than in the northern states of America or in England. Homer seems to know primarily but three seasons, — e)a/r (from about the middle of February), o)pw/rh (from about the summer solstice), and xeimw/n (from the latter part of October). Summer, in contrast to winter, is called qe/ros, and sometimes qe/ros may be the early summer and o)pw/rh the late summer. Of course, the bounds of the seasons were not definitely fixed. Aeschylus speaks of ‘winter,’ ‘flowery spring,’ and ‘fruitful summer’ (qe/ros), Prom. 454 ff.

o)pwrinw=|: cf. (a)ste/ri) o(/s r(a/ t' o)pw/rhs ei)=sin *x 27.

o(/s te: “when it.”

lampro/n: for the cognate acc. used adverbially, cf. deino/n *d 420.

pamfai/nh|si: for the subjv. without a)/n in a general hypothetical sent., see on e)e/rgh| *d 131.

leloume/nos ktl.: cf. a)/rkton q' , h(\n kai\ a)/macan e)pi/klhsin kale/ousin| . . . oi)/h d) a)/mmoro/s e)sti loetrw=n *)wkeanoi=o e 273 ff.

*)wkeanoi=o: gen. of place. G. 179, 2; H. 760. cf. 6.508.

This verse resumes and repeats 4, after the comparison.

toi=on: the ultima is long by ‘position.’ § 41 m.

a)po\ ktl.: cf. *r 205, k 362.

w)/mwn: corresponds to a)spi/dos 4, as krato/s to ko/ruqos. cf. tou= d' a)po\ me\n kefalh=s ko/ruq) ei(/leto kai\ sa/kos w)/mwn *o 125.

cf. 16.285.

kata\ me/sson: i.e. between the two armies.

o(/qi ktl.: “in the thickest throng.” cf. 93, *l 148, *o 448, *f 528, *d 302.

cf. 10.314.

h)=n de/ tis: a favorite beginning of an Epic story. cf. *z 152, *b 811, urbs antiqua fuit Verg. i. 12.

*da/rhs: later ages made this Dares the teacher of Hector, and the author of a ‘Phrygian Iliad,’ older than Homer. Aelian V. H. xi. 2. The Latin work which purports to be a translation of that of Dares, is doubtless only a few centuries old.

a)fneio/s: rich, like the priest at Ismarus, Od. 9.201 ff.

a)mu/mwn: see on 4.89.

i(reu/s: no priests are mentioned in the Greek camp. Each was at tached to a special sanctuary, which he could not leave. The prayers and sacrifices for the army were offered by the king. See on 1.62.

*(hfai/stoio: Hephaestus and Athena (6.88, 269, 297) were worshipped in Troy, although they opposed the Trojans in their conflicts with the Greeks (20.33 ff.). The Trojans in general adored the same divinities (Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite, etc.) as the Greeks, just as they do not seem to have been distinguished by dress or custom. The poet, indeed, nowhere indicates a difference even in language; Greeks and Trojans converse together with perfect freedom.

h)/sthn (ei)mi/): only here in dual. Elsewhere h)=san even after du/w. cf. 4.393.

*)idai=os: named from Mt. Ida, like his ‘homonym’ the herald Idaeus (3.248). See on 4.474.

ma/xhs: for the gen., see on to/cwn *d 196.

oi=: i.e. Diomed. Const. with e)nanti/w. See G. 186; H. 772.

a)pokrinqe/nte: separated, sc. from their companions. Their chariot was in advance of the Trojan line. This was careless; cf. 4.303 ff. — The following ‘hiatus’ is justified by the verse-pause.

e)nanti/w: “to meet him.” Predicate. cf. 497, a)nti/os h)=lqe qe/wn *z 54, a)nti/oi e)/stan a(/pantes *a 535.

a)f' i(/ppoiin: for the const., see on 4.306. The convenience of the verse determined the use of the dual; the poet did not care to lay stress upon the exact number of the horses here any more than in 19. — The ultima of i(/ppoiin is treated as long before the verse-pause. § 41 p.

a)po\ xqono\s ktl.: on the analogy of a)f' i(/ppoiin. Diomed dismounted from his chariot at 4.419.

pezo/s: on foot. Predicate. § 38 a.

14 = *g 15, *e 630, 850, *z 121, *l 232, *n 604, *p 462, *u 176, *f 148, *x 248, *y 816. A formula to introduce the single combat of two warriors.

sxedo/n: for the use of an adv. with h)=san, see on a)ke/wn *d 22; § 3 j.

e)p' a)llh/loisin: const. with i)o/ntes. For the idea of hostility in e)pi/ (upon), see § 3 h b.

pro/teros: sc. *diomh/dous. cf. u(/steros 17.

proi+/ei ktl.: cf. 3.346.

16-18 = 16.478-480 (with *pa/troklos for *tudei+/dhs).

*tudei+/dew [*tudei/dou]: const. with w)=mon, as is indicated by the rhythm as well as by the sense.

au)to/n: certainly very much like the Attic use as a personal pron., him; though some would translate himself, and find a contrast with the spear.

*tudei+/dhs: clearly in appos. with d. cf. 4.20, and see § 24 k.

ou)x a(/lion: see on 4.498. But here the verse-pause, following ou)x, gives it emphasis in contrast with the action of Phegeus.

metama/zion: strictly an adj. with sth=qos, — but half in appos. with it, since it is separated from it by the verse-pause. Equiv. to metacu\ tw=n mazw=n. cf. e)pomfa/lion *h 267 (equiv. to e)p' o)mfalw=|), e)pixqoni/wn *d 45 (equiv. to e)pi\ xqoni/), e)fe/stioi *b 125 (which is explained by oi(\ vai/ousi kata\ pto/lin, equiv. to e)f' e(sti/a|). In general, ‘adjectives formed from a prep. and a subst. are equiv. to the prep. and the substantive.’ — cf. 4.480.

w)=se: sc. by the cast of his spear. cf. 11.143, 320.

a)f' i(/ppwn: equiv. to e)c o)xe/wn. See on 111.

*)idai=os: here served as charioteer.

a)po/rouse: sprang down. This is explained in the second half-verse. cf. a)no/rousen . . . lipw\n e(/dos *i 193 f. — cf. ‘And the Lord discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host, . . . so that Sisera lighted down off his chariot, and fled away on his feet,’ Judges iv. 15.

e)/tlh: did he have the heart.

peribh=nai: take his stand over. Cf. a)mfi\ bai=ne 299, o(\s *xru/shn a)mfibe/bhkas *a 37. The figure is taken from a beast standing over (bestriding) her young. cf. a)mfi\ d' a)/r) au)tw=| bai=n), w(/s tis peri\ po/rtaki (calf) mh/thr *r 4.

a)delfeiou= [a)delfou=] ktame/noio: his slain brother. For the aor. mid. used as passive, see on 4.115.

ou)de\ ktl.: cf. 2.703, 726. The first neg. belongs to the whole sentence; the second is const. closely with au)to/s. — This fact as stated by the poet was also the prevailing motive in the mind of Idaeus when he left his brother.

me/lainan: see on 4.461.

a)lla/: ei) mh/ would have been regular.

*(/hfaistos: in general, this god aided the Achaeans, but he saves Idaeus because of the services of the warrior's father. cf. 10 f. — The second half-verse explains and amplifies e)/ruto.

w(s dh/: namely in order that.

oi(=: i.e. Hephaestus. Ethical dative.

a)kaxh/menos: for the accent, see § 31 e.

i(/ppous: strongly contrasted with the warriors.

e)cela/sas: sc. out of the throng of combatants.

26 = 21.32.

kata/gein: to lead down, to lead back. Inf. of purpose. The coast was thought of as lower both than the ‘high seas’ and the inland plain. In most districts of Greece the ground rises rapidly from the sea.

e)pi\ nh=as: equiv. to e)s strato/n. The ships drawn up on shore were such a prominent part of the Greek camp that ‘to the ships’ often means ‘to the tents.’

cf. 11.459.

*trw=es: the form of the sent. seems to be changed. See on 4.433. Or, this prominent word is placed before e)pei/ which strictly should begin the clause. cf. 6.237; see § 1 k.

ui(=e: object; at once divided into to\n me/n, to\n de/.

to\n me/n: i.e. Idaeus.

a)leua/menon: taking to flight. Coincident in time with i)/don. For the form, see § 30 i.

kta/menon: slain.

par' o)/xesfin: by the empty chariot.

o)/xesfin: for the form, cf. sth/qesfin 41, and see § 15 a.

pa=sin ktl.: cf. *p 280, *s 223. See on 4.208. Here the Trojans are stimulated to fear and flight.

a)ta\r ktl.: Athena plots to remove Ares, the friend of the Trojans (see on 4.439), from the field of battle, in order to give free course to her favorite, Diomed. This action of Athena is not wholly satisfactory, however, since she is everywhere represented as far mightier than Ares, and after a time she aids Diomed in wounding Ares and driving him from the field, 827-867.

xeiro/s: for the gen., cf. 4.154.

*)=ares, *)/ares: this verse is often quoted for the change of quantity in the penult of this name. See § 41 f b. Nowhere else in Homer is a word repeated immediately. Euripides and the Latin poets were rather fond of such repetition. ‘O Postume, Postume.’ — For the epithets without conj., see § 1 n, o. ‘The epithets paint three stages of war: attack, death, storming of the city.’

ou)k a)\n dh\ ktl.: should we not, etc., “shall we not,” etc. A question in the sense of an exhortation. “Let us suffer these mortals” etc. Cf. ou)k a)\n dh\ mei/neias a)rhi/filon *mene/laon *g 52. Corresponding to this, is the use of the hortatory subjv. in the second clause, 34.

*trw=as me/n: correl. with nw=i de/ 34.

ma/rnasqai: for the elision of ai in verb-endings, see § 10 a.

o(ppote/roisi: indir. question, as if ‘caring little’ had preceded.

o)re/ch|: subjv., nearly as future. § 3 b.

xazw/mesqa: for the ending, see § 26 s.

*dio\s ktl.: Athena can hardly be in earnest here, since only at the beginning of *q does Zeus forbid the gods to take part in the conflicts. This is only a pretext, but Ares seems to be persuaded that he must not interfere with whatever plans Zeus has in mind.

cf. 18.389. Athena returns to Diomed at 121. Ares does not take part in the fight again until 461. He now is seated on the left of the battle which rages between the Scamander and the Simoïs.

kaqei=sen: generally treated as aor. of kaqi/zw seat.

h)io/enti: high-banked. Cf. ai)pa\ r(e/eqra (*skama/ndrou) *f 9, u(po\ krhmnou/s *f 26, u(yhlh\n ba/len o)/xqhn *f 171, o)/xqas pa\r potamoi=o *skama/ndrou *l 499. — For the short vowel before *sk, see § 41 i. e.

37-83. Six Greek leaders slay each a man.

e)/klinan: turned to flight. The connexion makes this appear the immediate result of the withdrawal of Ares, but Diomed had been successful before too; cf. 27 ff.

e(/le: slew. Cf. 576; see on 4.457.

h(gemo/nwn: added as a sort of after-thought, limiting the too broad e(/kastos.

*)odi/on: cf. 2.856 f.

cf. *q 258, *l 447.

prw/tw|: sc. *)odi/w|. Dat. of interest with ph=cen.

strefqe/nti: just as he turned. Circumstantial participle.

metafre/nw|: local dat. with e)n ph=cen. cf. 8.95, *o 650, *x 283. Obs. the force of the verse-pause, indicating the right const. at the first glance.

ph=cen: sc. *)agame/mnwn.

41 = 57, *q 259, *l 448, x 93. — sth/qesfin [sthqe/wn]: see on o)/xesfin 28.

e)/lassen: sc. do/ru as object.

See on 4.504.

d: a)/ra: but next, referring to prw=tos 38. For this use of a)/ra to mark the continuation of a series, cf. 2.522. — Phaestus and his father are mentioned only here.

e)nh/rato (e)nai/rw, e)/nara spoils): despoiled, i.e. slew.

*mh/|onos: for the Maeonians (later called Lydians) in Homer, see on 2.864. The skill of Maeonian women is indicated in 4.141 f.

cf. 17.350.

o(/s: refers to *fai=ston. See on 60.

*ta/rnhs: said by a scholiast to be the site of the later Sardis, in Lydia, on the Tmolus.

ei)lhlou/qein: e)lhlu/qei. cf. 204, 4.520.

a)/ra: “as I said.” cf. 79, 111, 4.85.

46 = 16.343.

nu/ce: from nu/ssw pierce, wound.

e)pibhso/menon: as he mounted. For the aor., cf. strefqe/nti 40. For the ‘variable vowel,’ see § 30 j. — Phaestus had dismounted, as was frequent or usual, in order to fight on foot; but now he leaps into his chariot in order to flee. See on 4.419, 229.

h)/ripe: cf. 4.462.

stugero\s ktl.: cf. *n 672, *p 607. See on 4.461.

su/leuon: only here of despoiling a slain enemy.

qera/pontes: attendants, comrades.

Strophius and his son do not appear elsewhere.

*skama/ndrion: for the name, see on 4.474.

ai(/mona: skilled. For the following gen., see on ma/xhs 11.

*mene/laos: Menelaus evidently is able to fight, in spite of his wound at 4.139 f.

o)cuo/enti (o)cu/s): sharppointed, keen.

di/dace ktl.: all unusual skill was to the mind of the poet the direct (au)th/) gift of some divinity. cf. mantosu/nhn h(/n oi( po/re *foi=bos *)apo/llwn *a 72, *pa/ndaros w(=| kai\ to/con *)apo/llwn au)to\s e)/dwken *b 827, dw=ken *)aqh/nh| e)/rga t' e)pi/stasqai perikalle/a b 116 f.

pa/nta: all, all kinds of. The poet assumed all ordinary limitations. cf. 60.

ou)/resin: local, on the mountains.

to/te: receives emphasis from the verse-pause as well as from ge/. cf. 6.16.

xrai=sme: helped, availed Cf. 1.28, 589. Always in a negative sentence.

i)oxe/aira (i)o/s, xe/w): who showers arrows, “the archer goddess.” cf. be/lea xe/onto *q 159.

e(khboli/ai: his long-shots. For the pl., cf. a)nalkei/h|si *z 74. See on 1.205.

to\ pri/n ge: in former days. Cf. *n 105, *p 208, fre/nes h(=|s to\ pa/ros per| e)/kleo *w 201.

ke/kasto: from kai/numai (kad) excel. Cf. (*telamw/nios *ai)/as) e)gxei/h| d' e)ke/kasto *b 530.

mi/n: obj. of ou)/tase. meta/frenon below resumes mi/n, and is in partitive appos. with it.

56 = 20.402.

pro/sqen e(/qen: before him（self). cf. 80.

e(/qen: ou(=. §§ 15 e, 24 a. Used 18 times in Homer; more freq. than e(/o or eu(=.

57 = 41.

cf. 42, 294.

prhnh/s: pronus. For the pred. adj., cf. 4.544. See § 38 a.

*mhrio/nhs: the attendant and associate of Idomeneus. See 4.254.

*fe/reklon: a short form of *fereklh=s. cf. *pa/troklos, which has forms from *patrokle/hs. See on *sqe/nelon *d 367.

*te/ktonos: unless this name is freely invented to suit the situation (Carpenter, son of Joiner), as is entirely reasonable, it would imply hereditary taste and skill in working in wood. cf. the name of the Ithacan bard, *fh/mios *terpia/dhs, x 330 f., and that of the Phaeacian bard, *dhmo/dokos, q 44.

o(/s: refers to the chief person, to *fe/reklon. cf. 44, 77, 2.872.

dai/dala: obj. of e)pi/stato. teu/xein is added in explanation.

pa/nta: see on 52.

e)fi/lato [e)fi/lhse]: the i of the stem is lengthened regularly; cf. ga^me/w, e)/ghma. cf. fi=lai 117.

*)aqh/nh: Athena is not only goddess of war. She presides over all manner of artistic accomplishments. cf. *i 390, b 116, z 233, u 72, q 493, Pindar Ol. vii. 51. She retains her warepithet *palla/s even in such connexions.

o(/s ktl.: this second rel. sent. referring to *fe/reklon 59, gives a special instance and proof of his possession of the skill just ascribed to him.

kai/: also, as well as many other things. It modifies the whole sentence. See on 1.249.

e)i/sas: shapely, well-balanced.

a)rxeka/kous: the epithet gives a kind of personification to the ships. For the repetition and amplification of the thought of the first word, in the rest of the verse, cf. ou)lome/nhn, h)\ muri/) *)axaioi=s a)/lge) e)/qhken *a 2, nh/pioi, oi(\ kata\ bou=s *(uperi/onos *)heli/oio| h)/sqion a 8, and, also, i(/ppous a)qlofo/rous, oi(\ a)e/qlia possi\n a)/ronto *i 124, e)/lafon beblhme/non, o(/n t' e)/bal) a)nh/r *l 475. See § 1 h. — cf. au(=tai de\ ai( ne/es (sent by Athens to the aid of the Ionians) a)rxh\ kakw=n e)ge/nonto *(/ellhsi/ te kai\ barba/roisi Hdt. v. 97, ille dies primus leti primusque malorum| caussa fuit Verg. iv. 169.

oi(= t' au)tw=|: and for himself (in particular). Phereclus pays the penalty for his work.

e)pei/: introduces an explanation of tekth/nato.

qew=n e)k: const. with qe/sfata, “the oracles of the gods.” cf. e)k *dio\s h)ei/dhs to\n e)mo\n mo/ron *x 280.

qe/sfata: i.e. the prophecy that calamity would befall Troy, if Paris brought a wife from Greece.

o(/te ktl.: half parenthetical.

kate/marpte: sc. mi/n. “Was on the point of overtaking him,” so that he could use his spear to advantage.

diw/kwn: Phereclus fled with the other Trojans, 37.

cf. 13.651.

beblh/kei: see on 4.492.

ka/ta: the accent is thrown upon the penult since the noun precedes and decio/n is added as a mere detail. cf. *ca/nqou a)/po dinh/entos *b 877.

h(: see on h( *d 502.

diapro/: forward and through. Adv., with h)/luqe [h)=lqe]. cf. 7.260, 12.404.

cf. 13.652 (with o)isto/s for a)kwkh/).

a)ntikru\s ktl.: see on a)ntikru/s *d 481. kata\ ku/stin: along the bladder.

u(p' o)ste/on: along under the bone.

a)kwkh/ (cf. acu): in appos. with h(. cf. *tudei+/dhs 18.

cf. 20.417.

gnu\c ktl.: he fell on his knee. gnu/c is always connected with some form of e)rei/pw. For the adv., from go/nu, cf. la/c, pu/c. § 38 g.

oi)mw/cas: the groan was coincident in time with the fall, e)/ripe.

a)/ra: cf. 43.

*me/ghs: an Epean leader. See on 2.627.

*)anth/noros ui(o/n: seven of Antenor's eleven sons were slain in the battles of the Iliad. Antenor was the Trojan Nestor. See on 2.822.

o(/s r(a ktl.: nearly equiv. to o(/n r(a no/qon per e)o/nta ktl. me/n and de/ mark a contrast.

pu/ka: carefully.

*qeanw/: Antenor's wife; daughter of the Thracian king Cisses, 11.223 f., and priestess of Athena, 6.298 ff. The Thracians and Trojans were closely allied.

i)=sa ktl.: in appos. with pu/ka.

i)=sa: cognate accusative.

xarizome/nh: the pres. partic. often expresses purpose, as here.

po/sei+: for the length of the last syllable, see on ge/neto *d 456.

cf. 11.396, 14.446.

to\n me\n ktl.: a fuller statement of 69.

kefalh=s: partitive gen. with i)ni/on.

kata\ i)ni/on: on the nape of the neck.

cf. 67.

a)n' o)do/ntas: through the teeth.

u(po/: adv., below.

h)/ripe ktl.: cf. 11.743, 22.330.

yuxro\n xalko/n: “cold steel.”

e(/le: seized, of the convulsive movement of the death struggle. cf. e)n koni/h|si pesw\n e(/le gai=an a)gostw=| (hand) 11.425, gai=an o)da\c ei(=lon (“bit the dust”) 22.17. See on 2.418. — Obs. the large variety of expressions for death; 42, 47, 58, 68, 83. See on 4.461.

*eu)ru/pulos: a prominent Thessalian hero. See on 2.736. cf. 7.167, 8.265.

*(uyh/nora (a)nh/r): see on to/n 79, where this construction is resumed. This hero is mentioned only here.

o(/s: prob. refers to *dolopi/onos, though the reference is doubtful. See on o(/s 60.

*skama/ndrou a)rhth/r: sacrifices of bulls, rams, and, possibly, of horses were paid to rivers and rivergods. cf. 21.131 f., 23.146 f.

cf. 16.605.

a)rhth/r (a)ra/omai): cf. *xru/shn h)ti/masen a)rhth=ra *a 11.

qeo\s ktl.: prob. not simply a personal distinction, but chiefly respect paid to the office.

w(/s: the ‘comparative’ w(s in Homer always has an accent and is placed after its noun. cf. 4.482. Seldom is elision allowed before it, as here.

to\n me\n ktl.: resumes the thought of 76, after the rel. clauses. See on 4.459.

a)/ra: cf. 45.

cf. 56.

metadroma/dhn: equiv. to metadramw/n. § 38 c. Cf. parablh/dhn *d 6.

e)/lase: struck. Used only like ou)ta/w of wounds inflicted in the hand-to-hand conflict (cominus). It is thus contrasted with ba/llw, but like the latter, it is followed by two accs. (of the ‘whole’ and ‘part’), to/n and w)=mon.

fasga/nw| ktl.: cf. *k 456, x 98.

a)po\ e)/cese (ce/w): hewed off, cut off smooth.

xei=ra: arm, clearly; cf. w)=mon 80. cf. 4.523.

pedi/w|: to the plain. Dat. of approach. See on 4.523. cf. xamai\ (humi) pe/se *n 578.

kata/: const. with e)/llabe.

o)/sse: in partitive appos. with to/n.

83 = *p 334, *u 477. — See on 4.461. cf. qana/tou de\ me/lan ne/fos a)mfeka/luyen *p 350.

e)/llabe: for the form, see § 25 f.

krataih/: sc. as having sway over all mortals.

84-94. Introduction to the strict a)ristei/a of Diomed. ‘Since 9, seven Trojans have been slain by seven Achaeans. In the series beginning with Agamemnon, 38, Peloponnesians have alternated with Greeks from Crete or Thessaly. The wounds inflicted have been various, but all on fleeing Trojans.’

84 = 627. cf. 7.442.

pone/onto: cf. poneu/menon *d 374.

*tudei+/dhn: by ‘anticipation,’ as the obj. of gnoi/hs, instead of *tudei+/dhs as subj. of metei/h. H. 878. cf. h)/|dee a)delfeo\n w(s e)ponei=to *b 409 “he knew how busy his brother was,” ‘I know thee who thou art,’ St. Luke iv. 34.

gnoi/hs: potential of the past. cf. 4.223. “You would not have known.”

pote/roisi: with which of the two. This is explained by the following verse. Diomed was as near the Trojan line as to his own friends.

metei/h: opt. of indirect discourse, for me/testi.

h)e/, h)=: po/teron, h)/. § 3 m a.

87-94. In this comparison, cause and effect — the raging Diomed (8891) and his victory (92-94) — are closely united. For the comparison, cf. 4.452 ff., 15.624 ff., aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis| exit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles,| fertur in arva furens Verg. ii. 496 ff.

a)/m: a)na/. § 11 b.

xeima/rrw|: i.e. a stream from heavy rains or melting snows, in contrast with u(/data a)ena/onta. In appos. with potamw=|. See 11.492 f., quoted on 4.452.

w)=ka: const. with r(e/wn. This seems to be referred to in e)lqo/nt' e)capi/nhs 91. cf. w)kuro/w| 598.

e)ke/dasse: disiecit, scatters, shatters. Gnomic aorist.

gefu/ras: dams, dikes, levees. — cf. nec validi possunt pontes venientis aquaï| vim subitam tolerare Lucretius i. 484 f.

ou)/t' a)/r te: cf. 6.352, 24.337.

e)erme/nai (from root ser): united, i.e. in unbroken succession along the banks. This refers to e)ke/dasse 88, and corresponds to pukinai/ 93.

i)/sxei [e)/xei]: sc. after the river has overflowed its banks.

a)lwa/wn: const. with e(/rkea, enclosures of the gardens.

e)lqo/nta ktl.: cf. 9.6, 15.325, 17.57.

e)lqo/nta: const. with to/n 89.

o(/te ktl.: cf. 12.286.

e)pibri/sh|: presses upon, falls heavily.

*dio\s o)/mbros: Zeus sends rain. See on nefelhgere/ta *d 30. cf. u(=e *zeu/s *m 25, o(/te labro/taton xe/ei u(/dwr| *zeu/s *p 385, *k 6, *l 493, *p 459. — For the ‘subjective’ gen., cf. nou=son *dio/s i 411 disease sent by Zeus, ku/mata a)ne/mwn *b 396, u(p' *eu)rusqh=os a)i/qlwn *q 363. See on 2.396.

u(p' au)tou=: beneath itself, “before the force of the stream.”

e)/rga ktl.: cf. minu/qei (waste away) de/ te e)/rg' a)nqrw/pwn *p 392.

w(/s: refers to e)oikw/s 87. — pukinai/ [puknai/]: see on 89. In effective contrast with klone/onto. See on 4.534.

a)/ra: “as you may well suppose.”

95-165. Diomed is wounded by Pandarus, but is strengthened and encouraged by Athena.

*luka/onos ktl.: i.e. Pandarus. cf. 4.88 f.

qu/nonta: suppl. partic. after e)no/hse. klone/onta is in appos. with this. The two partics. repeat 87 (qu=ne) and 93 (klone/onto).

pro\ e(/qen: cf. pro/sqen e(/qen 56. Here again the versepause shows the const., connecting this phrase closely with klone/onta.

e)pi\ *tudei+/dh|: cf. e)p' a)llh/loisin 14.

to/ca: Homer knows no distinction between to/con and to/ca. cf. u)/xea (28), a(/rma (231) and a(/rmata (192), me/garon (6.377) and me/gara (193). See on 4.468.

tuxw/i: cf. tuxh/sas *d 106.

cf. 13.587.

gu/alon: breastplate. In appos. with the obj. of ba/le.

e)/ptato (pe/to:mai): cf. 4.125.

pikro/s: cf. 110, 4.118.

a)ntikru\s ktl.: cf. *l 253, *u 416.

die/sxe: intrans., held its way, went through, so as to come out on the other side of the shoulder. cf. di) w)/mou d' o)/brimon e)/gxos| e)/sxen *n 519. Equiv. to dih=lqe.

101 = 283. cf. 347, 8.160.

tw=| d' e)pi/: and over him, i.e. Diomed. cf. e)peu/xetai 119. The accent of e)pi/ is not drawn back since it does not immediately follow the word with which it is construed. § 37 c.

o)/rnusqe: cf. 4.509.

ke/ntores i(/ppwn: cf. 4.391. The Trojans are called i(ppo/damoi, *d 509 and often.

a)/ristos *axaiw=n: cf. 414, 839, 6.98. The poet must not be criticised too strictly and prosaically, as if he were making an official report of the war; he must not be charged with inconsistency for giving here to Diomed the preëminence which he elsewhere gives to Achilles or Telamonian Ajax. cf. 6.252, where the poet calls Laodice ‘the most beautiful of Priam's daughters,’ and 13.365, where the same expression is used of Cassandra.

ou)de/ e(/ fhmi: cf. *l 589, *s 132, o 213.

dhqa/: cf. 587.

a)nsxh/sesqai (a)ne/xw): contrasted with be/los da/massen 106. cf. a)nasxe/sqai *d 511.

ei) e)teo\n ktl.: cf. ei) e)teo/n ge so/s ei)mi, path\r d' e)mo\s eu)/xeai ei)=nai i 529. “If in truth, as I believe, I followed the god's voice in coming hither, and thus may expect his assistance.”

w)=rsen: sc. to strife against the Greeks.

a)/nac ktl.: i.e. Apollo, the god of archery, who had given him his bow. cf. 4.101, 2.827.

*luki/hqen: i.e. from Zeleia in Trojan Lycia. cf. *d 103, *b 824. From these Trojan Lycians, the Southern Lycians of Sarpedon (471, 629) are to be distinguished.

eu)xo/menos: (boasting), exulting. Cf. *q 198, *n 619. cf. also eu)xwlh/ *d 173, 450.

ou): the neg. is separated from its verb, and placed first, in order to form a strong contrast to the assertion of Pandarus. “By no means.”

pro/sq' i(/ppoiin: const. with e)/sth.

*sqe/nelon: i.e. his esquire who had kept near him with his chariot. cf. 4.227 ff., 365 ff.

*kapanh/ion: the adj. is equiv. to the gen. of *kapaneu/s, and to *kapanhia/dh 109, which is more constantly used as a ‘patronymic.’ § 21 k.

o)/rso, katabh/seo: standing ‘asyndeton.’ The first imv. is more general; the second, the more special, is in a kind of appos. with the first. § 2 m. Cf. 4.204. For o)/rso, without variable vowel, see § 35; for katabh/seo with the variable vowel of the 2d aor., cf. e)pibhso/menon 46.

pe/pon: “my dear fellow.” An affectionate form of address. cf. 6.55.

a)/ra: marks w(\s e)/fh as a repetition of prose/fh 108. See on 45.

kaq' i(/ppwn: cf. katabh/seo 109. Opposed to a)nabai/nw, *g 261, as e)c o)xe/wn *d 419 to e)sbai/nw, 837, and a)f' i(/ppwn 19 to e)pibai/nw, 255.

a)=lto ktl.: cf. 4.419.

pa/r: const with sta/s.

diampere\s ktl.: “drew clean through and out.” Generally the arrow was drawn back, but in this case the point had gone so far through the shoulder (100) that the barbs would not allow it to be drawn back.

a)nhko/ntize (a)kw/n dart): shot up. Cf. ai(/matos d) a)porroai/ (from a victim at the altar) | e)s oi)=dm) e)shko/ntizon ou)/riai ce/nw| Eur. Hel. 1587 f.

streptoi=o xitw=nos: cf. 21.31. Prob. a linen tunie with firmly twisted threads.

boh\n a)gaqo/s: this phrase is applied chiefly to Diomed and Menelaus, since with their names it makes a convenient close to the verse after the pause between the two short syllables of the third foot. cf. 320, 347, 432, 596, 855, ktl. §§ 4 c, 40 d. The leader's voice was much more important in the conflict in the times when no trumpets were used.

115 = d 762, z 324; cf. 10.278. — The usual formula for a prayer is, as here, (1) the address, (2) the grounds for the request, and (3) the petition. cf. klu=qi/ meu, a)rguro/toc' . . . ei)/ pote/ toi xari/ent) e)pi\ nho\n e)/reya ktl. *a 37 ff.

ei)/ pote ktl.: the ground for the request is here not, as in the passage just quoted, some service which the suppliant had rendered, but the kindly disposition which the divinity had shown previously. cf. h)me\n dh/ pot' e)meu= pa/ros e)/klues eu)came/noio| . . .| h)d) e)/ti kai\ nu=n moi to/d) e)pikrh/hnon e)e/ldwr *a 453 ff., a)lla\ tui=d' [th=|d)] e)/lq), ai)/ pota [ei)/ pote] ka)te/rwta| e)/klues Sappho i. 5 f., ‘Captain or Colonel or Knight in arms,| Whose chance on these defenceless doors may seize,| If deed of honor did thee ever please,| Guard them, and him within protect from harms,’ Milton Sonnet iii. 1 ff. See 10.285 ff., quoted on 4.383.

kai/: also.

fi/la frone/ousa: see on 4.219.

pare/sths: cf. 4.390.

nu=n au)=te: now in turn.

nu=n: opposed to pote/, as e)me/ to patri/.

au)=te: used much like a)lla/ or de/ in the conclusion of a condition.

fi=lai: for the long penult, see on 61. This general petition is explained by the following verse. ‘The poet could not make Diomed invoke Athena to punish Pandarus for the breach of the treaty, since she herself had urged the Lycian to shoot the arrow.’ Possibly the Greeks did not know what warrior wounded Menelaus; cf. 4.113 f.

me/: subj. of e(lei=n (cf. 37).

e)s o(rmh\n ktl.: within the range of my spear. The second half of this verse is precedent to, and a condition of, the first half-verse, and is added parenthetically.

e)lqei=n: the subj. of this inf. is supplied from a)/ndra, which is made definite by the following rel. clause.

fqa/menos [fqa/sas]: (anticipating,) first. Diomed has a wrong to avenge. — The aor. partic. here is clearly coincident with the time of the principal verb. e)/fqh balw/n also would have been good Greek, and is found Od. 22.91.

e)peu/xetai: cf. 101.

ou)de\ ktl.: cf. 103.

cf. e)meu= zw=ntos kai\ e)pi\ xqoni\ derkome/noio *a 88, zw/ei kai\ o(ra=| fa/os h)eli/oio *s 61, *ce/rchs me\n au)to\s zh=| te kai\ ble/pei fa/os Aeschylus Persians 297. The opposite is lei/pein fa/os h)eli/oio, *s 11. In the Eumenides of Aeschylus, 323, a)laoi=si (blind) kai\ dedorko/sin stands for ‘dead and living.’

121-165. Diomed slays four pairs of Trojans.

121 = *y 771, g 385, z 328.

e)/klue: refers to klu=qi 115.

122 = *n 61, *y 772.

gui=a: see on 4.230. It is explained by the second half-verse, which is added in apposition.

u(/perqen: const. with xei=ras, in contrast with po/das.

123 = 4.92.

i(stame/nh: nearly equiv. to sta=sa.

e)pi/: against. Cf. 14. Const. with ma/xesqai.

ma/xesqai: used as imperative.

e)/n toi sth/qessin: in thy breast.

h(=ka (i(/hmi): the Greek idiom often uses the aor. of an action immediately preceding, where the English uses the pres. or perfect.

oi(=on ktl.: explanatory of patrw/ion 125.

sake/spalos (sa/kos, pa/llw): formed and accented like e)gxe/spalos. The shield-wielder. Used like a)spisth/s of a brave knight. cf. talau/rinon 289, and see on korusth/n *d 457.

i(ppo/ta: see on 4.317. This forms a convenient ‘tag’ to follow the ‘bucolic caesura’ at the close of the fourth foot, with *ne/stwr, *phleu/s, *fuleu/s, and *oi)neu/s. See on 114; § 40 i.

*tudeu/s: cf. 4.372 ff.

127-132 prepare the way for 330 ff.

a)xlu\n ktl.: Athena opened Diomed's eyes that he might not engage in conflict with the gods who favored the Trojans, who might be inclined to lure him on to an unequal strife. cf. aspice — namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti| mortalis hebetat visus tibi et umida circum| caligat, nubem eripiam Verg. ii. 604 ff., ‘but to nobler sights| Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed| Which that false fruit that promised clearer sight| Had bred, then purged with euphrasy and rue| The visual nerve, for he had much to see,’ Milton Par. Lost xi. 411 ff.; ‘Then the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in his way, and his sword drawn in his hand,’ Numbers xxii. 31; ‘And the Lord opened the eyes of the young man; and he saw: and, behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire round about Elisha,’ 2 Kings vi. 17.

e)ph=en: was upon them.

e)u/: clearly.

gignw/skh|s: subjv. in a final clause, though after a secondary tense, since e(/lon is equiv. to ai(re/w. See on h(=ka 125. cf. kath/lqomen . . . i(/na mh/ ti pa/qh|sin *u 126.

tw=|: therefore.

nu=n: emphatic, with reference to 127.

qeo/s: of course in human form.

peirw/menos: trying, tempting to a dangerous strife. cf. 407, 6.129 ff., Od. 8.225 ff. — sc. seu=.

qeoi=s: plural after the sing. qeo/s 129, since the thought groups together all the divinities, with but a single exception. cf. ta\ de\ pa/nta *d 363, referring to ei)/ ti kako/n *d 362.

a)ntikru/: with short ‘ultima,’ as 819. The adv. gives emphasis to the idea of rashness. cf. a)/nta ma/xesqai *t 163.

131 = 820.

toi=s a)/llois: those others, added emphatically as a limiting after-thought, at the close of the sent. and the beginning of the verse, in order to prepare the way for the following contrast.

*)afrodi/th: elsewhere also the last word in the verse is contrasted with the first word. cf. Od. 1.33.

132 = 821.

e)/lqh|si: e)/lqh|.

ou)ta/men: cf. ou)=ta *d 525.

133 = a 319, z 41.

a)pe/bh: Athena withdrew from Diomed, but seems to have remained on the battle-field. Mark her activity at 290. At 418 ff. she is again on Olympus.

cf. *q 99, *n 642, *o 457.

e)cau=tis: again, with reference to a)naxwrh/sas 107.

i)w/n: went and. ‘Aoristic.’

e)mi/xqh: here in hostility, as 4.354. cf. 143.

pri/n per: pe/r serves to contrast pri/n strongly with the following dh\ to/te. cf. sfw=in de\ pri/n per tro/mos e)/llabe fai/dima gui=a,| pri\n po/lemo/n t' i)de/ein *q 452 f., where the emphasis is not one of expressed contrast.

dg\ to/te ktl.: the const. of the previous line is deserted, and the partic. memaw/s is left in the air. The poet began as if he were to say e)mene/hne. See on *d 433, *z 511.

tri\s to/sson: thrice so great. Cf. tri\s to/ssa *a 213.

w(/s te: as. § 2 j.

le/onta: the lion appears in 25 of the longer comparisons of the Iliad, cf. 161, 554, and in other briefer comparisons, cf. 782.

a)grw=|: on the farm, in the country, as opposed to ‘town.’ So in the Odyssey, the stalls and pens for the herds and flocks of Odysseus are at a distance from his dwelling.

e)p' ei)ropo/kois ktl.: “keeping watch over” etc. Const. closely with poimh/n. cf. 6.424.

xrau/sh|: wounds, shall have wounded. For the subjv., cf. pamfai/nh|si 6.

au)lh=s: wall of the farm-yard. Cf. i 184, c 5. But au)lh=s 142 is the farm-yard itself; cf. 4.433. — This verse and the following contain the point of the comparison: the lion and Diomed are not weakened but rendered more fierce by their wounds.

w)=rsen: ‘gnomic’ aorist.

140-142. These verses picture the results of the lion's fury.

kata\ ktl.: the herdsman hides in his hut and does not attempt further to defend his flocks (ou) prosamu/nei).

ta\ d' e)rh=ma: mh=la seems to have been in the poet's mind. For the accent of e)rh=ma, see § 2 w.

fobei=tai: are driven, flee before the lion.

ai(: sc. o)/ies. So in 16.353 ai(/ refers to mh=la.

a)gxisti=nai: in close succession, one upon the other. Cf. toi\ d' a)gxisti=noi e)/pipton| nekroi\ o(mou= *trw/wn . . . kai\ *danaw=n *r 361 f. Predicate. § 38 a. Cf. e)passu/terai *d 427, purai\ neku/wn kai/onto qameiai/ *a 52.

ke/xuntai (xe/w): lie in heaps. The lion does not leave the farm-yard until he has killed all the flock, — even forgetting his own hunger in his fury.

au)ta\r o(: for the following hiatus, cf. au)ta\r o( e)/gnw *a 333. See § 9 b.

e)mmemaw/s: impetuously.

baqe/hs [baqei/as, § 20 c]: with reference to the high wall. cf. baqei/hs e)/ntoqen au\lh=s i 239.

mi/gh: resumes e)mi/xqh 134. For the form, see § 33 f.

*)astu/noon: another Trojan of this name is mentioned 15.455.

f. Diomed hit one and struck the other.

plh=ce: corresponds to balw/n 145. For the transition to the finite const., see §§ 1 e, 3 t.

a)po\ ktl.: shows the mighty force of the blow.

e)/ase: suffered to lie, without stripping them of their armor.

metw/|xeto: went after, i.e. turned upon. cf. bh= meta/ 152.

*polu/idon (veid-): a suitable name for a seer's son. See on *)astua/nakta *z 403.

o)neiropo/loio: cf. a)ll' a)/ge dh/ tina ma/ntin e)rei/omen h)\ i(erh=a| h)\ kai\ o)neiropo/lon, kai\ ga/r t) o)/nar e)k *dio/s e)stin *a 62 f.

This and the following verse are half parenthetical.

toi=s ou)k ktl.: “these never returned; never again did their father interpret their dreams for them.”

e)kri/nato: the technical word for the interpretation of dreams. cf. o)neirokri/tas Theoc. xxi. 33, o( prw=tos tw=n e)nupni/wn krith/s Aesch. Persians 226, fau/lws e)kri/nate ib. 520, *)oneirokritika/.

a)lla/: adversative to what is implied above. “These did not return, but were slain by Diomed.”

sfe/as: monosyllabic; metrically equiv. to sfa=s. § 7 a.

e)cena/ricen: equiv. to e)nh/rato 43.

*ca/nqon: prob. a short form for *canqo/dwros, named from the river. cf. *skama/ndrion 49. *ca/nqos, however, may stand for *ca/nqippos (cf. the name of Socrates's wife).

*qo/wna: to be distinguished from two other Trojans of the same name, *l 422; *m 140, *n 545.

*fai/nopos: Phaenops, also, has one or two ‘homonyms’; cf. 17.312, 583.

thluge/tw: “dearly beloved.”

e)pi\ ktea/tessi [kth/masi]: over his treasures, i.e. as heir and guardian of his wealth. For the const., cf. ei)ropo/kois o)i/essin 137. cf. kai/ me fi/lhs' , w(s ei)/ te path\r o(\n pai=da filh/sh|| mou=non thlu/geton polloi=sin e)pi\ ktea/tessin *i 481 f.

lipe/sqai: to be left, “one who should remain.” Inf. of result. Aor. middle as passive. The Greeks like the ancient Hebrews dreaded the thought of leaving their home and goods to strangers. Thus when Leonidas went to Thermopylae he chose for his ‘three hundred,’ not young men without families, but men who had sons to succeed them. cf. the feeling of Abraham: ‘And Abram said, “Lord God, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus?” And Abram said, “Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo, one born in my house [i.e. a slave] is mine heir,”’ Genesis xv. 2 f.

e)na/rize: descriptive imperfect.

a)mfote/rw: acc. of the person deprived, with e)cai/nuto, cf. 20.458. See G. 164; H. 724. It is added in order to form a contrast with pate/ri.

lei=pe: he left grief, in taking from him his sons.

ou): modifies zw/onte as well as de/cato, since the partic. bears the most important thought. cf. 150.

ma/xhs: the gen. is const. with the following e)k. cf. *menela/w| *d 94, const. with the following e)pi/ in composition.

e)knosth/sante: in a sort of appos. with zw/onte.

xhrwstai/: i.e. distant relatives, kinsmen, who had to care for the bereaved widow (xh/rh). Almost equiv. to strangers. Cf. oi)/ktire d' , w)=nac, pai=da to\n so/n, ei) ne/as| trofh=s sterhqei\s sou= dioi/setai mo/nos| u(p) o)rfanistw=n mh\ fi/lwn Soph. Ajax 510 ff.

dia/: adv., const. with date/onto.

la/be: seized, overtook.

ei)n e(ni\ ktl.: cf. 609, 11.103, 127. sc. one as spearman and the other as charioteer.

ei)n: e)n. cf. 446; see § 37 d.

e)c a)/ch|: for the subjv. in comparisons, see on 4.131. — The ‘hiatus’ before a)/ch| is simply apparent. § 9 f.

po/rtios ktl.: calf or cow, beast young or old.

boskomena/wn: feeding, pastured. The pl. unites the two preceding nouns; or the partic. is attracted from the case of bousi/ to that of po/rtios and boo/s.

w(/s: thus, i.e. with such irresistible force.

tou\s a)mfote/rous: both of these.

e)c i(/ppwn: see on kaq' i(/ppwn 111.

bh=se [e)/bhse]: threw. For the causative sense of the first aor. of this verb, cf. 1.144. See H. 500.

kakw=s: (destructively,) fiercely.

a)e/kontas: unwilling, i.e. in spite of all that they could do. cf. u(pe/sxeto de\ me/ga e)/rgon,| e)k *troi/hs a)e/kontas a)pwse/men (drive off) ui(=as *)axaiw=n *n 366 f.

e)su/la: cf. e)su/leuon 48.

oi)=s: possessive pronoun.

meta\ nh=as ktl.: to drive to the camp. See on 26.

166-273. Aeneas and Pandarus against Diomed and Sthenelus.

a)lapa/zonta: pred. partic.; originally ‘circumstantial’ (as he was laying waste), rather than ‘supplementary’ (saw him laying waste).

167 = 20.319.

i)/men: i)e/nai.

a)/n: a)na/. See on 4.209.

= 4.88 f.

sth= . . . au)toi=o: cf. *i 193, h 21, p 166.

a)nti/on hu)/da: here only const., like proshu/da, with two accs.: e)/pos (cognate) and mi/n (dir. obj.). Elsewhere this phrase has only the acc. of the person addressed.

pou= ktl.: not a question for information, but an expression of surprise that Pandarus did not use his bow to advantage against Diomed.

i)de/: cf. 3.

kle/os: fame for skill in archery.

w=(|: with respect to which, in which. This refers to the principal idea, to/con. cf. 60.

se/o ge: emphatic; than thee, the famed bowman.

tw=|d' a)ndri/: for the dat., cf. *menela/w| *d 94.

e)/fes: aor. imv. of e)fi/hmi. cf. 188, au)toi=si be/los e)fiei/s *a 51.

xei=ras a)nasxw/n: a poetical picturesque eu)ca/menos. — For this, the usual attitude in prayer, see on 1.450.

175 = 16.424.

o(/s tis: refers to a)ndri/. Who in the world.

o(/de: here. Cf. kei=nos 604.

krate/ei: holds sway.

kai\ dh\ ktl.: cf. 8.356.

dh/: already.

176 = 16.425.

*trw=as: for the acc. of the person affected (direct obj.) with e)/orgen, see G. 165; H. 725 a.

gou/nat' e)/lusen: a formula for depriving of strength and life. See on 4.314.

kotessa/menos (ko/tos, kotes-): for the ss, see § 30 d. This word is repeated and explained by the following clause.

i(rw=n: because of sacrifices not offered. cf. ei)/ t' a)/r) eu)xwlh=s (for a vow unperformed) e)pime/mfetai ei)/ q' e(kato/mbhs *a 65, misqou= xwo/menoi, to\n u(posta\s ou)k e)te/lessen *f 457. For the causal gen., cf. 4.168.

mhni/sas: cf. xwsame/nh *i 534, xolwsame/nh *i 538.

xaleph/: grievous.

e)/pi: for e)/pesti. § 37 c a. The ‘copula’ is omitted more freely when the limiting adv. (here e)/pi) is expressed.

180 = 17.485. cf. *u 83, *d 285.

pa/nta: in all things. Neuter, adverbial. cf. 4.389.

e)i/skw (i)=sos): I think him like.

a)spi/di: by his shield. The heroes' shields were not all alike. The shield of Agamemnon was peculiar in its bosses and in the arrangement of them (see on 4.448); that of Telamonian Ajax was of unusual size and thickness (7.219 ff.); that of Nestor was covered with gold (8.192 f.); that which Hephaestus made for Achilles was adorned with many scenes and figures (18.478 ff.). But nowhere does Homer intimate that each shield had a special device, such as was found on later shields. In the Seven against Thebes of Aeschylus, Tydeus had the full moon as a device for his shield; Hippomedon had the ‘fire-breathing Typhon’; Parthenopaeus, the Sphinx, etc.

au)lw/pidi: prob. refers to the eyeholes in the visor of the helmet.

i(/ppous ei)soro/wn: parallel to the datives above. Diomed was not in his chariot, yet had i<*> near at hand. cf. 107, 134, 249.

sa/fa ktl.: “I am not really sure that he is not a god,” in view of his superhuman achievements. This refers to the words of Aeneas, 175 ff.; but Pandarus inclines to the other view, that this is Diomed.

o(/ g' a)nh/r: that man. Sc. e)sti/

fhmi/: say. Cf. 181.

ui(o/s: in appos. with a)nh/r.

a)/neuqe qeou=: cf. non haec sine numine divom| eveniunt Verg. ii. 777, ou) pa/ntwn a)e/khti qew=n z 240.

ta/de: cognate acc. with mai/netai. Nearly equiv. to w(=de.

a)/gxi: cf. 4.129.

a)qana/twn: is followed by a distinct pause.

ei)lume/nos ktl.: the most prominent part of his body is mentioned as representing his whole form. cf. (*)apo/llwn) ei(me/nos w)/moiin nefe/lhn *o 308, a)mfi\ d' a)/r) a)/rrhkton nefe/lhn w)/moisin e(/santo (sc. oi( qeoi/) 20.150, nube candentes humeros amictos| augur Apollo Horace Carm. i. 2. 31 f.

tou/tou: from him. Ablatival gen. of separation with e)/trapen a)/llh| turned in another direction. Cf. 4.130 ff.

kixh/menon: pres. partic., as it was about to hit.

h)/dh ktl.: cf. 97 ff.

kai/ min: this animated repetition from 188 gives prominence to the separate clauses, and prepares the way for the effective contrast, e)/mphs ktl. 191. cf. kai/ min gouna/somai kai/ min pei/sesqai o)i/w *a 427, h)= me\n dh\ ma/la polla\ ponh/sato no/sfin e)mei=o| kai\ dh\ tei=xos e)/deime (built) kai\ h)/lase (ran) ta/fron e)p' au)tw=|| . . . a)ll) ou)d) w(\s du/natai sqe/nos *(/ektoros i)/sxein *i 348 ff.

e)fa/mhn: thought.

*)aidwnh=i ktl.: cf. 1.3, 6.487, *)ai/da| proi+a/yai doro\s a)/gran Aesch. Sept. 309, demittimus Orco Verg. ii. 398.

*)aidwnh=i: for the form, see § 19 f.

e)/mphs: equiv. to o(/mws, which is not Homeric.

qeo/s nu ktl.: so some god is full of anger (grudge), who makes the arrows of Pandarus of no effect. Inferential asyndeton.

koth/eis: cf. kotessa/menos 177.

cf. 14.299. — The repeated failure of Pandarus with his bow makes him wish that he had not brought this bow, but had come as a knight, with horses and chariot. This thought of his mind (indicated, but not fully expressed) introduces the following story.

pare/asi (ei)mi/): cf. e)/asin 267. See § 34 g. — tw=n [w(=n] ktl.: the opt. with ke/ is regular after a negative principal clause.

pou/: doubtless. Ironical, of that which he knows well.

*luka/- onos: shows more feeling than patro/s would have done. cf. the words of Achilles, h)= pot' *)axillh=os poqh\ i(/cetai ui(=as *)axaiw=n *a 240; and those of Oceanus to Prometheus, ou) ga/r pot' e)rei=s w(s *)wkeanou=| fi/los e)sti\ bebaio/tero/s soi Aesch. Prom. 296 f., 3.223. See on 1.240.

prwtopagei=s: for the first time put together. Chariots seem to have been taken to pieces (at least occasionally) when out of use. cf. 722 ff.

neoteuxe/es: newly made. A repetition of the preceding thought in a different form. cf. a(/lion, a)te/leston *d 26.

pe/ptantai: sc. in order to protect from the dust. cf. a(/rmata d' eu)= pepukasme/na (well-covered) kei=to *b 777, a(/rmata d' a)\m bwmoi=si (platforms) ti/qei, kata\ li=ta peta/ssas *q 441.

para\ de/ sfin: while by their side.

sfi/n: i.e. chariots. With this, e(ka/stw| is in apposition. cf. *k 473, o(/tti ken u)/mmi kako\n pe/mph|sin e(ka/stw| *o 109.

di/zuges: the chariots of men and gods were regularly drawn by two horses. Only occasionally was a third (parh/oros *p 471) added.

cf. *q 564. — kri= [kriqa/s]: barley. The most common grain of Greece.

o)lu/ras: always plural. For the food of the Homeric horses (lwto/s, se/linon, kri=, ku/peiron, u)/lurai, puro/s, zeiai/), see on 2.776. — This whole enumeration serves to emphasize the wish that one of these chariots had been brought to Troy.

h)= me/n: truly, indeed.

ma/la polla/: very urgently. See on 4.229.

ai)xmhta/: for the form cf. i(ppo/ta 126.

e)rxome/nw|: “as I left home to come hither.”

e)/ni: for the ‘anastrophe’ of the accent, cf. ka/ta 66.

poihtoi=sin: this implies the adv. ‘well.’ cf. (a)/ggea) tetugme/na (well-wrought), toi=s e)na/melgen (milked) Od. 9.223.

‘Appositive asyndeton.’ See § 2 m. e)ke/leue repeats e)pe/telle.

i(/ppoisin: this contains the chief thought. Pandarus should have come as a knight, not pezo/s, on foot, as an archer. The dat. is to be const. with e)mbebaw=ta, since i(/ppoi kai\ a(/rmata forms but a single thought. cf. 4.366.

cf. a)/rxeu) *)argei/oisi ktl. *b 345.

*trw/essi: Trojans in the widest sense of the term; cf. *trwsi\ me\n h(gemo/neue me/gas koruqai/olos *(/ektwr *b 816. *trw=es, tw=n au)=t' h)=rxe *luka/onos a)glao\s ui(o/s *b 826. For the dat. of interest, cf. *trw/essi 211, *murmido/nessin a)/nasse *a 180.

201 = *x 103, i 228. cf. l 358, u 381. — h)= toi ktl.: indeed (yet) it would have been far better.

ke/rdion: formed from ke/rdos. § 22 b.

h)=en: sc. piqe/sqai.

feido/menos: “since I desired to spare.” Pandarus was afraid that his horses might lack food.

deuoi/ato: de/ointo. For the preservation of the u of the stem, cf. a)kouh/ *p 634 with the Attic a)koh/. See § 5 f.

a)ndrw=n ktl.: “in case the men should be shut into the city,” i.e. in case of a siege. cf. Hector's address to the Trojans, h)= ou)/ pw keko/rhsqe (sated, wearied) e)elme/noi e)/ndoqi pu/rgwn *s 287, *trw/wn ei)s a)/stu a)le/ntwn *x 47. — ei)wqo/tes ktl.: cf. 196.

e)/dmenai: edere, ēsse.

a(/dhn: only here with the original length of the penult.

li/pon: sc. i(/ppous kai\ a(/rmata e)n mega/roisi *luka/onos.

pezo/s: i.e. as a foot soldier. cf. 13.

ei)lh/louqa: cf. 44. — In this verse, five feet close with the end of a word.

to/coisin pi/sunos: cf. a)lki\ pepoiqw/s 299, i(pposu/nh| pepoiqw/s *d 303. — a)/ra: “as I see now.” Pandarus judges from his failures.

ou)k e)/mellon: were not fated. The poet may use the plural verb, not only with a neut. subj., but where the subj. (to/ca) refers to but one thing (to/con), though the ‘bow and arrows’ may be grouped together.

doioi=sin [duoi=n]: for the form, see § 23 b.

a)risth/essin: from a)risteu/s chief, prince. This does not always differ widely from a)/ristos. cf. ai)e\n a)risteu/ein ktl. *z 208.

e)fh=ka: cf. e)/fes 174.

*tudei+/dh|: cf. 95 ff.

*)atrei+/dh|: cf. 4.93 ff.

a)treke/s: adv., really. Cf. 4.140.

e)/sseua (seu/w): caused to flow, drew. Cf. su/to d' ai(=ma kelainefe/s *f 167. For the 1st aor. without tense-sign, cf. a)leua/menon 28. — h)/geira (e)gei/rw) ktl.: “but I only aroused them to the greater fury, instead of putting an end to their fighting.” This was true strictly only in the case of Diomed; cf. 135 ff.

tw=| r(a: so you see, therefore. Freq. at the beginning of a verse tw=| introduces the logical inference from the previous verses.

kakh=| ai)/sh|: for an evil fate. Cf. the words of Thetis to Achilles, tw=| se kakh=| ai)/sh| te/kon e)n mega/roisin *a 418. — The thought returns to 204.

a)po\ passa/lou: so Penelope takes the bow of Odysseus from the peg, where it hangs in a case, Od. 21.53 f.

h)/mati tw=|: only here separated from the o(/te of the clause which explains it. The phrase always stands at the beginning of the verse, except 6.345.

*trw/essi: cf. 200.

fe/rwn xa/rin: equiv. to xarizo/menos. cf. th=| ga\r e)/x) (thither he drove) h(=| r(a polu\ plei=stai klone/onto fa/lagges,| *(/ektori kai\ *trw/essi xarizo/menos *o 448 f., *(/hfaistos h)=rx' a)goreu/ein| mhtri\ fi/lh| e)pi\ h)=ra fe/rwn *a 571 f.

ei)/ ke: with fut. ind. cf. ei)/ k' *)axilh=os e(tai=ron taxe/es ku/nes e(lkh/sousin *p 557 f., ei)/ ke teleuth/sei kako\n h)=mar o 524. — This verse and the following indicate the desire of Pandarus to see his home, to which he was fated not to return.

a)/loxon: she is nowhere named in Homer.

u(yerefe\s ktl.: cf. *t 333, h 225, t 526.

214 = Od. 16.102. cf. the curse of Odysseus, mhke/t' e)/peit) *)odush=i ka/rh w)/moisin e)pei/h *b 259.

au)ti/k' e)/peita: explained by the following conditional clause.

ta/moi: may cut. ‘Permissive’ optative.

a)llo/trios: stranger, enemy, alienus. Perh. here not very different from a)/llos. — “I hope I may die if I don't.”

ta/de to/ca: this bow (here). Much more picturesque than ‘my bow.’ cf. St. Paul's words, au)toi\ ginw/skete o(/ti tai=s xrei/ais (necessities) mou kai\ toi=s ou)=sin met' e)mou= u(phre/thsan (ministered) ai( xei=res au(=tai Acts xx. 34.

faeinw=|: for the epithet, cf. e)n puro\s au)gh=| *i 206, teu=c' a)/ra oi( qw/rhka faeino/teron puro\s au)gh=s *s 610. The following hiatus is justified by the ‘Bucolic diaeresis.’ §§ 9 b, 40 h.

qei/hn: opt. of an event conceived not very vividly as possible. Pandarus was perfectly ready to throw the bow into the fire.

a)nemw/lia: to no purpose, useless. Cf. *d 355, nhpu/tie, ti/ nu to/con e)/xeis a)nemw/lion au)/tws *f 474.

cf. 4.265.

mh\ dh\ ou(/tws: with imv. as mh\ dh\ ou(/tws kle/pte no/w| *a 131 f. For the ‘synizesis,’ see § 7 a.

pa/ros ou)k: with following pri/n ge. cf. 288.

e)/ssetai a)/llws: i.e. will be better.

a)/llws: for the adv. with e)/ssetai, cf. sxedo/n 14.

e)pi/: const. with tw=|d) a)ndri/. — nw/ (nos): subj. acc. of peirhqh=nai. For the contrasted nw/ and tw=|de, side by side, cf. soi\ me\n para\ kai\ kakw=| e)sqlo\n e)/qhken o 488, th=| para\ me\n klisi/hn puri\ ka/tqesan t 55, e)n de\ su\ toi=sin pefh/seai (shalt be slain) x 217, su/n te du/) e)rxome/nw, kai/ te pro\ o( tou= e)no/hsen *k 224.

a)ntibi/hn: originally cognate acc. with e)lqo/nte. cf. e)rize/menai basilh=i| a)ntibi/hn *a 277 f., *menela/w|| a)nti/bion po/lemon polemi/zein *g 434 f.

su\n e)/ntesi: const. with peirhqh=nai. cf. ei) me\n dh\ a)nti/bion su\n teu/xesi peirhqei/hs *l 386, a)mfi\ po/lin su\n teu/xesi peirhqw=men *x 381. (su\n e)/ntesi differs only metrically from su\n teu/xesi.) The arms are conceived as attendants of the person; cf. su\n i(/ppoisin 219. In *a 389, su\n nhi/ is used almost as instrumental, by ship.

221-223 = *q 105-107. — o)xe/wn: of a single chariot. See on 97.

e)pibh/seo: 1st aor. imv.; cf. katabh/seo 109. — i)/dhai: i)/dh|. § 26 p.

oi(=oi: explained by the second half-verse.

*trw/ioi i(/ppoi: the horses of Tros. Cf. 265 ff., i(/ppous de\ *trw/|ous u(/page (sc. *diomh/dhs) zugo/n, ou(/s pot' a)phu/ra| *ai)nei/an, a)ta\r au)to\n u(pecesa/wsen *)apo/llwn *y 291 f. For the adj., cf. *nhlh/iai i(/ppoi *l 597. — Tros was the father of Ilus and Ganymade, and the grandfather of Priam. He gave his name to *troi/h, as his son Ilus gave his name to the city of *)/ilios. — pedi/oio: prob. best const. with e)pista/menoi (cf. ma/xhs 11), though generally const. as local gen. with the following infinitives (cf. e)/rxontai pedi/oio *b 801).

Explanatory of e)pista/menoi pedi/oio. — e)/nqa kai\ e)/nqa: this way and that, of two opposed directions. This is explained here by the second halfverse. — Obs. the large preponderance of dactyls in this passage (221-225).

kai/: also. This marks a special case under the general statement about the excellence of the steeds.

ei)/ per ktl.: if really again, as Aeneas is not inclined to believe, as would appear from 218 ff. cf. 232.

e)pi/: const. with o)re/ch|. cf. 335.

cf. *p 479, z 81. — “You may drive, or wield the spear; just as you please.” — Aeneas came on foot to Pandarus, cf. 167; but (what is not expressly stated by the poet here) his charioteer followed him, and now Aeneas takes the reins and offers his charioteer's place to Pandarus. See on 108.

sigalo/enta: shining. Perhaps polished by some ‘blacking,’ but more prob. adorned with thin plates of bright metal.

cf. 16.480. — The principal idea, in contrast to 226, is in o)/fra ma/xwmai, sc. as paraiba/ths. cf. a)\n d' e)/ban e)n di/froisi paraiba/tai h(ni/oxoi te *y 132. — “I will fight.”

to/nde de/deco (de/xomai): receive his attack. Cf. *d 107. de/deco is not used like de/cai 227. Homer uses words in different senses, but often in different forms. cf. bebolhme/nos *i 9 smitten (in a figurative sense), dis tressed, with beblhme/nos *a 592 hit (literally), wounded.

melh/sousin ktl.: forms the conclusion to the preceding clause. “If you will meet his onset, I will look out for the horses.”

melh/sousin: for the ‘chiastic order,’ see § 2 o.

229 = 179.

e)/xe: keep. See on 226. But with e)/x' h(ni/a, h(ni/oxos may be compared.

ma=llon: better, more willingly.

u(f' h(nio/xw| ktl.: Aeneas did not often serve as charioteer on the battle-field, but his horses knew his voice (234), and doubtless he had often driven them.

kampu/lon: with reference to the bent a)/ntuges. See on 262. cf. a)gku/lon a(/rma *z 39, which differs only metrically from this expression.

oi)/seton: nearly equiv. to a)/ceton. A part of the load of the twowheeled chariot seemed to rest on the pole, and thus on the horses.

febw/meqa: trans., we must flee.

mh\ ktl.: an independent expression of anxiety in a warning tone. In later Greek, such clauses followed a verb of fearing. “I fear lest fright come upon them and they delay.” See *p. 867.

math/seton: aor. subjunctive.

ou)d' e)qe/lhton: forms but a single idea, and be unwilling.

e)kfere/men: prob. trans., sc. h(ma=s as object. But cf. ai( *fhrhtia/dao podw/kees e)/kferon (dashed ahead) i(/ppoi *y 376.

nw=i: prob. obj. of ktei/nh|. For the intrans. use of e)pai+/cas, cf. 323, 584.

cf. *r 496. — au)tw\ ktl.: the thought begun with nw=i 235, is amplified and divided. See on 4.237. cf. w(=de/ sf' e)gke/falos (brain) xama/dis r(e/oi w(s o(/de oi)=nos,| au)tw=n kai\ teke/wn *g 300 f.

ktei/nh|: still depends on mh/. — e)la/ssh|: sc. away. cf. ou) ga/r pw/ pot' e)ma\s bou=s h)/lasan (drove off, sc. oi( *trw=es), ou)de\ me\n i(/ppous *a 154.

te/) [sa/]: tea/. For the ‘recession’ of the accent, see § 10 d.

cf. 228.

poiki/la: see on 4.226. — For the rhyme, fwnh/santes, ba/ntes, see § 2 a.

e)mmemaw=te: “full of eagerness for the fight.” cf. 142. Const. with e)/xon. The dual is found convenient for the verse, and is used although the plural was used with the two preceding partics. and the verb. For the free interchange of dual and plural, cf. e)/xontas 245 with a)/ndre 244, and tw\ h)=lqon 275. See G. 135, 3; H. 634.

241-273. Sthenelus advises retreat to the line of chariots, but Diomed advances against Aeneas.

*sqe/nelos ktl.: see on 4.367.

243 = 826, 10.234. cf. 11.608.

e)pi\ soi/: see on 124.

o( me/n: nom., as if a)/ndre e)pi\ soi\ me/masan ktl. had preceded.

to/cwn: for the gen., cf. ma/xhs 11.

*pa/ndaros: in appos. with o( me/n.

247 = 468. cf. g 208. — *ai)nei/as de/: instead of o( de/, correl. with o( me/n 245. — ui(o/s: pred. with e)kgega/men [e)kgegone/nai], is descended as a son from.

cf. Od. 3.209, where Aeneas himself tells the story of his family, and gives his family tree.

mh/thr de/ oi(: but his mother. The form of the sent. is changed; a gen. is expected, correl. with *)agxi/sao.

cf. a)ll) a)/ge dh\ feu/gwmen e)f) i(/ppwn *w 356. — xazw/meqa ktl.: Diomed had been fighting on foot among the foremost champions, 134 ff. Sthenelus, who had kept near him with his chariot (see on 183), now drove up and urged him to mount the chariot and withdraw to a less exposed position. They did not think of leaving the field altogether, as mhde/ moi ou(/tws ktl. shows.

cf. 1.342.

mh/ pws: that thou mayest not, lest perchance.

251 = 4.411.

mh/ ti ktl.: “do not say one word more in order to urge me to flee.” A ‘pregnant’ construction; cf. peu/qeto ga\r *ku/pronde me/ga kle/os *l 21, o( me\n fu/gad' au)=tis u(postre/yas e)bebh/kein *a 446. Diomed gives the name ‘flight’ to the withdrawal from the line of the foremost fighters (250).

ou)de/: neither. Const. with the whole clause. — “I don't think you will persuade me, either.”

ou) ga\r ktl.: for it is not in my blood, not in my nature.

a)luska/zonti ktl.: fight as a skulker. Cf. *z 443, ou) ga\r o)i/w| a)ndrw=n dusmene/wn e(ka\s (far away) i(sta/menos polemi/zein *n 262 f. — The partic. follows the case of moi/.

e)/ti ktl.: cf. Od. 21.426.

o)knei/w: o)kne/w. § 29 i.

a)lla/: but rather.

kai\ au)/tws: even as I am, i.e. on foot, without chariot. cf. eu)= nu kai\ h(mei=s i)/dmen, o(/ toi kluta\ teu/xe) e)/xontai:| a)ll' au)/tws (i.e. without arms) e)pi\ ta/fron i)w\n *trw/essi fa/nhqi *s 197 f. See § 24 h.

au)tw=n: gen. with an adv. of place. G. 182, 2; H. 757.

trei=n (tremo): flee.

e)a=|: monosyllabic by ‘synizesis.’ cf. a)ll' e)w=men *k 344, ou)k e)a/sousin *f 233.

pa/lin: back, local. It marks a return to the same point from which one set out.

au)=tis: again.

h(mei/wn: h(mw=n. Found four times in Homer.

ei) ktl.: if even one or other of them escape, surely both will not get away. For the repetition of ge/ in the same sent., cf. 288, 827.

See on 4.39.

‘Appositive asyndeton,’ as is usual after the verse which has here preceded.

poulu/boulos: rich in counsel. Cf. o(ppo/te ken polu/boulos e)ni\ fresi\ qh/sei *)aqh/nh p 282.

“If I slay the men, do you look out for the horses.”

ktei=nai: explains ku=dos o)re/ch|.

su\ de/: here begins the conclusion of the condition. See § 3 n.

tou/sde: ‘deictic’; pointing to his own horses, which Sthenelus had brought. cf. ta/de 215.

au)tou=: right here.

e)rukake/ein: used as imperative.

e)c a)/ntugos: cf. 322. The a)/ntuc was the bent rod which formed the upper and outer rim of the chariot frame, at the side and in front of the charioteer. By it the warrior or charioteer could steady himself, and to it the reins were tied when the driver left the chariot. The pl. is sometimes used, because the a)/ntuc was on both sides of the chariot, or because two rods were used, one above the other. cf. 728, kai\ a)/ntuges ai( peri\ di/fron *l 535.

tei=nas: binding firm.

cf. 323.

*ai)nei/ao: const. with i(/ppwn, which, in turn, is to be const. with e)pai+=cai. — memnhme/nos: mindful, sc. of Diomed's orders. Intrans. cf. w(=de tis u(mei/wn memnhme/nos a)ndri\ maxe/sqw *t 153, a 343, d 151.

cf. 324.

e)k: const. with *trw/wn, out of the reach of the Trojans.

toi/: “let me tell you.”

geneh=s: ablatival genitive. sc. ei)si\n *trw/ioi i(/ppoi.

h(=s: of which, bred from which. Sc. i(/ppous, cf. 268.

*trwi/: made prominent by pe/r.

ui(=os poinh/n: as recompense for his son Ganymede, who (acc. to the later story) was carried by the eagle of Zeus to Olympus that he should serve as cup-bearer. This is the only Homeric allusion to the story. Beauty was hereditary in the royal family of Troy. Not to speak of Paris, Priam's brother Tithonus was so beautiful that Eos, the goddess of the Dawn, took him to be her spouse, and secured immortality for him from the gods. Tros was the grandson of Dardanus. See Od. 3.215 ff.

ou(/neka ktl.: Zeus gave these horses to Tros because they were the best.

u(p' h)w=: along under the morning light. Cf. u(p' au)ga\s h)eli/oio b 181.

th<*>s geneh=s: “horses from this stock.” cf. 265.

e)/kleyen: gained by stealth.