polla/kis e)qau/masa: with these words Isocrates begins his , and Theophrastus his

ti/si pote: by what possible. The use of ti/s, poi=os, po/sos, pw=s, etc., makes the indirect question more vivid and forcible. G. 1012; H. 1011. So poi/w| pote/ in 2. For a similar intensive use of pote/ (Lat. tandem) with questions, cf. ti/ pote le/gei o( qeo/s Plato 21B, ti/pt' [ ti/ pote ] ei)lh/louqas Hom. A 202. Xenophon surely was not unacquainted with the contents of the judicial indictment against Socrates; but he regarded its grounds as wholly unsatisfactory, and wondered what arguments could have persuaded the judges to render such a verdict. At the time of the trial (399 B.C.), Xenophon was not in Athens, and could only have heard from others in regard to the speeches.

*)aqhnai/ous: here (as *)aqhnai=oi in 20) refers immediately to the judges. So, in addressing the court, w)= a)/ndres *)aqhnai=oi was allowable, instead of w)= a)/ndres dikastai/, since every Athenian citizen over thirty years of age could become a judge. The actual number of judges sitting on each case was very large, usually 501, which must have made the court resemble somewhat a New England town meeting. In the popular jury court of the Heliaea, the term dikasth/s really is equivalent to ‘judge-juryman.’ (See Schömann, , Eng. transl., i. 474 ff.; Gow, , p. 126.) Both here, however, and in 20, dikasth/s is purposely avoided, to indicate that the guilt of condemning Socrates affected the whole Athenian state.

e)/peisan, w(s ei)/h: in 20, e)pei/sqhsan with acc. and infinitive.

oi( graya/menoi: the accusers, viz. Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon (Introd. § 5).

th=| po/lei: dat. of relation or interest. G. 1172; H. 771. Cf. i.2.62, 63.

me/n: not followed by a correlative de/. A contrast is not expressed, though perhaps suggested. “How unfounded, however, the accusation was will appear hereafter.”

grafh/: the term for a public indictment. See Gow, p. 127.

kat' au)tou=: without repetition of the art. (after grafh/), as often after a noun expressing action. Cf. h)=n ga\r e)f' e(no\s h( kata/basis e)k tou= xwri/ou v.2.6

ti\s: after toia/de, shows that the author is more concerned with the substance than with the exact words. The indictment is probably, however, quoted nearly verbatim. We find it somewhat differently given by Plato, 24B, where the two principal counts stand in the reverse order. There, too, an e)/xei de/ pws w(=de precedes.

ou(\s ... nomi/zwn: the rel. clause ou(\s ... nomi/zei has the force of an attrib. adjective. qeou/s is obj. of nomi/zwn, For the circumstantial participle of means or manner, see G. 1563, 3; H. 969 a.

a)dikei= de\ kai/: the first a)dikei= was not followed by me/n, an omission which occurs chiefly when, as here, de\ kai/ follows. Cf. i.2.22; ii. 6. 23; iii.1.23

2-9. Socrates not only sacrificed to the gods, but also availed himself of divination, as is proved by his belief in the daimo/nion. But he thought that we should not question the gods on matters which human understanding is capable of ascertaining without divine aid.

2. prw=ton me\n ou)=n: “as to the first charge, then.” The de/ corresponding to me/n is at the beginning of chapter 2.

qu/wn: for the participle in indirect discourse with dh=los and fanero/s ei)mi, see G. 1589; H. 981.

oi)/koi: at home, i.e. in the au)lh/, the interior court of the dwelling, where stood the altar of *zeu\s *(erkei=os. See Seyffert, p. 704. For the accent of oi)/koi, see G. 113; H. 102 b.

tw=n koinw=n bwmw=n: these stood in the open spaces of the city, so that the worshipers were ‘seen of men.’

ou)k a)fanh/s: ‘litotes.’

dieteqru/lhto ga/r: for it was commonly reported (dia/ indicating the spread of the report) that Socrates believed in his daimo/nion, and hence in divination. The parenthetical sentences from o(/qen dh/ to ga\r e)/fh in 4 carry this thought farther.

daimo/nion: an adj. used as a noun, like to\ qei=on. Cf. divinum quiddam, quod daemonium appellat (Socrates) Cic. i. 54. See Introd. §27 ff.

o(/qen dh\ kai\ ma/lista: for which very reason especially. Other utterances of Socrates were also used by his opponents as evidence that he introduced kaina\ daimo/nia. Cf. kathgo/roun au)tou=, w(s o(/ti kaina\ daimo/nia ei)sfe/rei toi=s *)aqhnai/ois, le/gwn dei=n se/bein o)/rnea kai\ ku/nas kai\ ta\ toiau=ta Isoc. xi (First Hypothesis), edit. Blass.

tw=n a)/llwn: gen. of the person, although the real comparison is between things. Cf. purami/da a)peli/peto pollo\n e)la/ssw tou= patro/s Hdt. ii. 134. See G. 1178; H. 773 b.

mantikh/n (i.e. th\n mantikh\n te/xnhn): in general, followed by the four varieties oi)wnoi=s, fh/mais, sumbo/lois, qusi/ais. In the case of birds, their flight and cries were observed (Lat. augurium); fh=mai were sayings of men; su/mbola (sumba/llw) were originally coincidences, or meetings of men, then, generally, natural phenomena, or other occurrences which may serve as omina; qusi/ais refers to the inspection of the viscera of victims sacrificed. Cf. Theophrastus peri\ deisidaimoni/as; Gardner and Jevons, , p. 256 ff. For the dat. of means with xrw=ntai (lit. serve themselves by), see G. 1183; H. 777.

ou) tou\s o)/rniqas: not that the birds.

ta\ sumfe/ronta toi=s manteuome/nois: what is of advantage to the persons resorting to divination.

dia\ tou/twn: through these instrumentalities. The gen. is of means, as in e)/lege di) e(rmhne/ws, he spoke through an interpreter, ii.3.17 G. 1206, 1; H. 795, 1.

au)ta/: i.e. ta\ sumfe/ronta.

oi( plei=stoi: the great majority.

fasi/n: , i.e. they so express themselves, and yet believe, like Socrates, that the omens come from the gods.

to\ daimo/nion shmai/nein: the thought is, that Socrates said that he obeyed his daimo/nion, and thus did not really differ from the others, who obeyed the gods while saying that they were following the signs. To him, the inner voice a sign from the gods.

suno/ntwn: not maqhtw=n, since Socrates did not have pupils, in the ordinary sense of the term; he did not teach for money, like the Sophists. Both Xenophon and Plato sedulously avoid the use of the term maqhtai/ for the followers of Socrates, employing, in its stead, suno/ntes, sunousiastai/, sundiatri/bontes, etc. Cf. i.2.3; i. 6.1; Plato 33A.

ta\ me\n poiei=n, ta\ de\ mh\ poiei=n: acc. to Plato ( 31D; 128 D), the daimo/nion confined its activity to restraining, and did not encourage or urge on. The apparent difference between this statement and that of Xenophon may be explained by assuming that to Socrates the silence of the divine monitor implied assent and even encouragement. Cf. Plato 40A ff.

w(s proshmai/nontos: i.e. le/gwn to\ daimo/nion proshmai/nein. The gen. or acc. abs. of a participle with w(s or w(/sper assigns a reason on the part of the speaking or acting subject, without implying the truth or falsity of the statement expressed by the participle. Both cases (gen. and acc.) occur near each other in i. 6. 5. See G. 1574, 1593; H. 978.

toi=s peiqome/nois au)tw=|: those who followed his counsel.

mete/mele: translate as if personal, “had cause for regret.”

o(mologh/seien: for the potential opt., see G. 1327 ff; H. 872.

au)to/n: i.e. Socrates.

h)li/qion mh/t' a)lazo/na: a fool nor an impostor.

e)do/kei d' a)/n, ei) e)fai/neto: impf., instead of aor., denoting cond. unfulfilled in past time, the verbs expressing continued acts. So ou)k a)\n proe/legen, ei) mh\ e)pi/steuen just below. See GMT. 410; H. 895 a.

a)mfo/tera tau=ta: i.e. h)li/qios kai\ a)lazw/n. For the gender of the pred. adj., see H. 617. Cf. o(po/te (a)delfo\s) pa=n to\ e)nantiw/taton ei)/h ii. 3. 5.

w(s: see on 4.

yeudo/menos: for the supplementary participle, see G. 1588; H. 981.

tau=ta: in these matters.

pisteu/wn de/: equiv. to ei) e)pi/steue, cond. assumed as real, and itself a logical conclusion from the preceding sentence. For the circumstantial participle of cond., see G. 1563, 5; H. 969 d.

ou)k ei)=nai qeou\s e)no/mizen: this was the meaning of the charge quoted in 1, ou(\s me\n h( po/lis nomi/zei qeou\s ou) nomi/zwn.

a)lla\ mh/n: but further, marks a transition to a new phase of the discussion. Xenophon makes frequent use of this phrase. Cf. i.1.10, iv. 5. 10.

e)pithdei/ous: another substitute for ‘disciples’ (maqhtai/). See on suno/ntwn in 4.

ga/r: after ta/de (in preceding clause) has an introductory force. Cf. e)k tw=nde ske/yai: ei) ga\r ktl. ii. 6. 38.

ta\ a)nagkai=a: the necessary duties of life, the result of which can be readily foreseen. Cf. ii.1.6, iv. 5. 9.

kai/ (before pra/ttein): here equiv. to ou(/tw. Cf. w(s de/ oi( tau=ta e)/doce, kai\ e)poi/ee Hdt. i. 79. In comparisons, kai/ often stands in both clauses. H. 1042. Cf. i.6.3.

w(s nomi/zoien: for the cond. rel. corresponding to past general cond., see G. 1431, 2; H. 914 B (2).

a)\n praxqh=nai: represents the potential opt. of direct discourse. G. 1522, 1328; H. 946.

a)dh/lwn (sc. o)/ntwn) o(/pws a)pobh/soito: “whose result was doubtful.” a)pobh/soito is fut. opt. (never used with a)/n) in indirect question. GMT. 129; H. 932, 2. The adv. o(/pws should not be confounded with the conj. o(/pws. See GMT. 376.

manteusome/nous pe/mpein: to send and consult the oracles. Xenophon himself received this advice from Socrates ( iii.1.5). Cf. ei)/ge mh\n tau=ta do/ceien u(mi=n pra/ttein, sumbouleu/saim' a)\n e)/gwge pe/myantas kai\ ei)s *dwdw/nhn kai\ ei)s *delfou\s e)pere/sqai (to question) tou\s qeou/s vi. 2; Hdt. i. 46, 85. For the fut. participle of purpose, see G. 1563, 4; H. 969 c.

ei) poihte/a (sc. ei)/h): whether they should be done. For the verbal in -te/os, see G. 1595; H. 989: and for the opt. in indirect question, see on a)pobh/soito above.

kai/: introduces an illustration, “so, for example.” Cf. kai\ oi( moixoi/ ii. 1. 5.

tou\s me/llontas kalw=s oi)kh/sein: qui vellent bene administrare. Cf. eu)= oi)kou=si i. 2. 64, where the phrase is used in a pass. sense, “are well managed.” For the periphrastic fut. inf. (with me/llw), see G. 1254; H. 846.

oi)/kous te kai\ po/leis: “not only domestic, but also public affairs.”

prosdei=sqai: needed in addition to their human abilities and attainments.

me\n ga/r: for while, contrasted with ta\ de\ me/gista below.

tektoniko/n: for the formation and accent of denominative adjs. in -iko/s, see G. 851; H. 565.

tw=n toiou/twn e)/rgwn e)cetastiko/n: a competent critic of such works.

logistiko/n: lit. skilled in calculation, an accountant.

pa/nta ta\ toiau=ta: sums up the preceding items, their common inf. gene/sqai being understood with each.

maqh/mata: objects of study, pred. (like ai(reta/) to ta\ toiau=ta.

kai\ a)nqrw/pou gnw/mh| ai(reta/: and attainable by human understanding. For the verbal in -to/s, see G. 776, 2; H. 475.

ta\ de\ me/gista tw=n e)n tou/tois: “but the point of greatest importance in these matters” (lit. of the things in these), i.e. the result in each case.

katalei/pesqai:

ei)=nai: for the inf. by assimilation in indirect discourse, see G. 1524; H. 947.

kalw=s (in both clauses):

futeusame/nw|: for denominative verbs, see G. 861; H. 570 ff.

oi)ki/an oi)kodomhsame/nw|: the apparent redundancy of “housebuilding a house” is explained by the fact that oi)kodome/w (like Lat. aedificare) early lost its special meaning, and was used with tei=xos, ge/fura, nau=s, etc. Cf. oi)noxo/ei gluku\ ne/ktar Hom. A 598.

ei) a)nia/setai: after verbs or phrases expressing doubt or ignorance, ei) should be translated , or whether not, acc. to the necessities of the Eng. idiom. For the fut. ind. with ei) after expressions of uncertainty, see Kr. 65. 1. 8.

sterh/setai (the usual form, instead of sterhqh/setai): passive, as is also a)nia/setai. G. 1248; H. 496, and a.

mhde/n: for the occasional use of mh/ with the inf. after verbs which regularly take ou), see GMT. 685

daimo/nion: adj., “dependent on divine influence.”

th=s a)nqrwpi/nhs gnw/mhs: within the province of human understanding. For the pred. gen., see G. 1094, 1; H. 732 a.

daimona=n: equivalent to u(po\ dai/monos kate/xesqai. Notice the word-play (‘paronomasia’) between daimo/nion and daimona=n. The latter gains further emphasis by its repetition at the beginning of the next sentence.

manteuome/nous: sc. peri\ tou/twn.

e)/dwkan: for the form, see G. 670; H. 432.

maqou=si: by learning, “by experience.” The participle is attracted to the case of a)nqrw/pois. G. 928, 1; H. 941.

oi(=on ei): as if for example.

krei=tton: sc. ei)/h.

mh/: with a participle, equivalent to a cond. rel. clause. G. 1612; H. 1025.

e)pi\ th\n vau=n: upon his ship, with reference to the implied subj. of labei=n. For the art. as possessive, see G. 949; H. 658.

h)\ a(\ e)/cestin ei)de/nai: or in regard to matters which we may determine.

sth/santas: by weighing. For the circumstantial participle of means, see G. 1563, 3; H. 969 a.—tou\s ta\ toiau=ta ktl.: sums up briefly (like pa/nta ta\ toiau=ta in 7) what precedes; hence the ‘asyndeton.’ Cf. ii.1.33; iv. 3. 14.

maqo/ntas: see on maqou=si above.

oi(=s a)\n w)=sin: cond. rel. clause. G. 1431, 1; H. 914 B (1).

i(/lew|: for the ‘Attic’ second decl., see G. 196; H. 227.

10-20. While Socrates always lived in the public view, and spoke and taught openly in the city, yet no one ever heard him utter an impiety; for he busied himself, not, like other philosophers, with speculations concerning the universe, but with the problems of making men better and more self-controlled. How faithful he could be to his principles was amply shown at the trial of the nine generals.

10. a)lla\ mh\n: see on 6.

a)ei\ me/n: contrasted with ou)dei\s de\ pw/pote in 11.

e)n tw=| fanerw=|: cf. Eng. ‘in the open.’

prwi+/: the day was divided into several parts (w(=rai),— prwi+/ or o)/rqros, morning; plh/qousa a)gora/, 9-12 A.M.; meshmbri/a, noon; dei/lh, afternoon; and e(spe/ra, evening.

peripa/tous: or halls. Aristotle and his followers, who carried on discussions while walking in the paths and colonnades of the Lyceum, were called Peripatetics.

a)gora=s: for the gen. of time, see G. 1136; H. 759.

plei/stois: very many.

me/lloi: opt. in cond. rel. clause, denoting repeated action in past time. See on w(s nomi/zoien 6.

w(s to\ polu/: for the most part.

ou)dei\s de\ pw/pote *swkra/tous ktl.: but no one ever saw Socrates do, or heard him say, anything profane or impious. *swkra/tous is gen. with verbs of perception. G. 1102; H. 742. The two participles pra/ttontos and le/gontos are supplementary. G. 1582; H. 982.

ou)de\ ga/r: the neg. extends also to skopw=n.

tw=n pa/ntwn: the universe.

h(=|per: ea quidem ratione, qua. To serve ethical or teleological purposes, Socrates brought the consideration of the universe into his discussions (cf. i. 4, iv. 3). Xenophon is careful, however, to say that he did not discourse thereon after the manner of natural philosophers (in order to preclude the assumption that Socrates, by such discussions, laid himself open to the charge of a)se/beia, as did other philosophers, e.g., Anaxagoras). Cf. oi( ga\r a)kou/ontes h(gou=ntai tou\s tau=ta (viz. ta/ te mete/wra [celestial phenomena] kai\ ta\ u(po\ gh=s) zhtou=ntas ou)de\ qeou\s nomi/zein Plato 18 c.

kalou/menos: attrib. participle. G. 1559; H. 965.

tw=n sofistw=n: here, as in iv. 2. 1, , without unfavorable added meaning, which sofisth/s did not have before the time of Socrates. For its use in the less favorable sense, see i. 6. 13. The student may consult, on this subject, the histories of philosophy, as Zeller, Schwegler, Ueberweg, etc.; and, especially, Grote's famous discussion (, c. lxvii).

ko/smos: the world of order, corresponds exactly to the Lat. mundus, and is said to have been first employed in this sense by Pythagoras (about 500 B.C.).

e)/fu: the origin of the world was a favorite subject of speculation with the earliest Greek philosophers. ‘Ay, sir, the world is in its dotage; and yet the cosmogony, or creation of the world, has puzzled philosophers of all ages. What a medley of opinions have they not broached upon the creation of the world!’ Goldsmith, , c. 14.

ti/sin a)na/gkais: by what eternal laws.

fronti/zontas ta\ toiau=ta: pondering such subjects. toiau=ta replaces a cognate acc. implied in the verb. G. 1054; H. 716 and b. Cf. me/giston and tau)ta/ 13, and ta\ mete/wra frontisth/s Plato 18B. So Aristophanes ( 94) calls Socrates's house a frontisth/rion, and ( 102) the philosophers generally merimnofrontistai/ ponderers of trifles.

prw=ton me/n: corresponds to e)sko/pei de/ in 15.

au)tw=n e)sko/pei po/tera: he would raise the question in regard to them, whether. au)tw=n (regarded as attrib. gen.) may be referred to the general rule given in G. 1084; H. 728, the other subst. in this case being the interr. sent. po/tera ktl. Cf. e)neno/hse de\ au)tw=n kai\ w(s e)phrw/twn a)llh/lous toiau=ta v. 2. 18.

pote/: adds intensity to the question, as in 1 and 2. Cf. po/tera/ pote po/lemos, h)\ ei)rh/nh ei)/h v.4.16

ta)nqrw/pina, a)nqrw/peia: without perceptible difference in meaning. Cf. a)nqrwpi/nois pra/gmasi iv. 1. 2, with a)nqrw/peia pra/gmata iv. 6. 5.

to\ fronti/zein: for the articular inf., see G. 1546; H. 959.

pare/ntes (pari/hmi): in ignoring.

e)qau/maze ei): the prot. with ei), after verbs expressing emotion in past time, is equivalent to a causal clause, and might take the optative. GMT. 697; H. 926. ei) mh/ is equivalent to o(/ti ou).

e)sti/n, e)sti/n: such repetitions are frequent in Xenophon. So dokei=n ei)=nai, ei)=nai dokei=n in 14.

tou\s me/giston fronou=ntas: those who most pride themselves. me/giston, instead of me/gista, on the analogy of me/ga fronei=n.

ou) tau)ta\ doca/zein: do not hold the same opinions. For the inf. in subord. clause of indirect discourse, see on ei)=nai in 8.

a)llh/lois: for the abridged expression, see on tw=n a)/llwn 3.

toi=s mainome/nois: , as a class. For the generic use of the art., see G. 950; H. 659.

diakei=sqai pro\s a)llh/lous: are affected, in comparison with one another.

tw=n te ga\r mainome/nwn: for, as among madmen (part. gen.), followed by tw=n te merimnw/ntwn as a parallel. Notice the ‘concinnity’ of this passage; both the maino/menoi and the merimnw=ntes are divided into three groups, each containing two contrasts.

dedie/nai: see on doca/zein in 13.

ta\ mh\ fobera/: mh/ instead of ou), since ta\ fobera/ is indefinite. G. 1613; H. 1026. Distinguish between dedie/nai and fobei=sqai.

o(tiou=n: -ou=n, like Lat. -cunque, is equivalent to Eng. ‘-ever,’ ‘-soever.’ G. 432; H. 285.

e)cithte/on: equivalent to e)cite/on. G. 808; H. 477. For the impers. const. of the verbal, see G. 1597; H. 990.

ta\ tuxo/nta: chanced on, hence “common.” The whole phrase is nearly equivalent to Eng. ‘stocks and stones,’ and seems to indicate a sort of fetichism. Breitenbach understands it of grotesque stone or wooden images, and cites ta\ de\ e)/ti palai/tera (in still more remote times) kai\ toi=s pa=sin *(/ellhsi tima\s qew=n (divine honors) a)nti\ a)galma/twn () ei)=xon a)rgoi\ () li/qoi Paus. vii. 22. 3.

to\ o)/n: all existence, “the universe,” to be supplied also as subj. for a)/peira (ei)=nai) to\ plh=qos. That the universe was a unit (e(\n mo/non) was the doctrine of the Eleatic philosophers, and esp. of Xenophanes (about 540 B.C.), the founder of that school. Plato discusses this doctrine in the The contrary view (a)/peira to\ plh=qos) was held by the Atomists, esp. Leucippus (about 500 B.C.) and his pupil Democrĭtus, both of Abdēra in Thrace.

a)/n pote kinhqh=nai: equivalent to a)/n pote kinhqei/h in direct discourse. G. 1494; H. 964. The doctrine was that of the Eleatic Zeno (about 460 B.C.): ‘Motion is impossible,’ said he, ‘for it must take place either where a body is, or where it is not; it cannot move where it is, and it certainly cannot where it is not.’ On the other hand, the ‘perpetual flux’ (a)ei\ kinei=sqai) was maintained by Heraclītus of Ephesus (about 500 B.C.). For an account of these various schools, see Schwegler's, Zeller's, or Ueberweg's , or Marshall's

a)=ra: , introducing nomi/zousin, and followed by h)\ e)lpi/zousin as the alternative.

ma/qwsin, bou/lwntai, gnw=sin: for the cond. rel. subjv., see G. 1434; H. 916.

a)na/gkais: as in 11.

u(/data:

o(/tou: for the form, see G. 425; H. 280 a.

h(=: qua ratione. The passage suggests a definition of ‘pure’ and ‘applied’ science.

peri\ me\n ou)=n: an extended enumeration of details is often closed, in Greek, with a clause or sent. which sums them all up; and which is commonly introduced by me\n ou)=n or dh/. Cf. the beginnings and endings of Xenophon's chapters.

au)to\s de/: for the uses of the intensive pron., see G. 989; H. 680.— ti/ eu)sebe/s, ti/ a)sebe\s ktl.: Socrates sought to define his conceptions by examining opposed qualities, which accordingly are here arranged in pairs until po/lis is reached, when the opposition ceases. Since the question is as to the essential nature of each quality, eu)sebe/s and the following adjs. are virtually abstract nouns. G. 933; H. 621 b (Rem.).—a(\ tou\s ei)do/tas ktl.: quas res qui scirent honestos esse arbitrabatur. To Socrates, the proper study of mankind was man. In his view the expression kalou\s ka)gaqou/s contained the idea of men of culture, viros liberaliter institutos; while a)ndrapodw/deis conveyed the opposite meaning. Other Greeks (than Socrates) often used kaloi\ ka)gaqoi/ in a political sense, like optimates.

a)\n keklh=sqai: equivalent to pf. opt. in direct discourse. See on a)\n kinhqh=nai 14.

o(/sa me\n ou)=n mh\ fanero\s h)=n ktl.: the views and conversations of Socrates thus far described could not have been known to everybody, and might easily have remained unknown to the judges. mh/ is explained by the cond. force of the rel. clause. G. 1610; H. 1021. o(/sa is loosely connected with fanero/s and e)gi/gnwske, which verb, in the sense of ‘think’ or ‘believe,’ is often employed with peri/ and the genitive. Cf. i.2.19. For the pers. const. of fanero/s, see on i.1.2.

u(pe/r: chosen to avoid a repetition of peri/.

paragnw=nai: “went astray in their judgment.”

e)nequmh/qhsan: with the gen., had regard to; with the acc., more in the sense of ‘ponder.’ For ei) with the ind. after qaumasto/n, see on 13 above.

bouleu/sas: senator factus. So ii. 6. 25, where a)/rcas is equivalent to magistratus factus. The aor. denotes the election to the office, the pres. would indicate continuance in it. G. 1260; H. 841. The senate, or council (boulh/), of the Athenians was, under the constitution of Clisthenes, composed of five hundred citizens, fifty being chosen from each of the ten tribes (fulai/). The whole collective body was divided into ten sections of fifty each, corresponding to the ten tribes. Each of these sections (called pruta/neis) in turn served as an executive committee of the boulh/ for a period of thirty-five or thirty-six days in ordinary years (thirty-eight or thirtynine days in intercalary years). From the prytany of fifty members one man was chosen by lot each day to act as presiding officer (e)pista/ths) in conducting the debate and in putting questions to vote. This latter function, in the present instance, as we see, Socrates refused to exercise. Cf. Plato 32B, and for an account of the boulh/, its functions, divisions, etc., see Schömann, , i. 371 ff., Gardner and Jevons, , 484 ff.

to\n bouleutiko\n o(/rkon o)mo/sas: having taken the senatorial oath of office. o(/rkon is cognate accusative.

e)n w(=| h)=n: in which it was stipulated. We might expect e)n w(=| e)sti, but the impf. indicates what obligations Socrates assumed when he took the oath.— para\ tou\s no/mous ktl.: after the naval victory of the Athenians over the Spartans off the Arginusae islands (406 B.C.), the Athenian generals omitted to take adequate measures to rescue the crews of the disabled vessels, or to gather the dead for burial. A violent storm, arising after the battle, hindered the detachment left behind for that purpose from performing this duty, so sacred in Hellenic eyes. The generals were publicly impeached; and, in spite of Socrates's protest, were condemned to death in one vote (mia=| yh/fw|). This proceeding, and the refusal of a fair trial to the generals, were illegal (para\ tou\s no/mous); for the law expressly provided that when several persons were accused together, a separate trial and vote should be held in the case of each ( i.7.26). The full number of generals was ten: but Conon was blockaded at Mytilene, Archestratus had died, two had fled to avoid trial; and only six were actually executed. i. 7, Plato 32B, and see Grote, , c. lxiv.

tou\s a)mfi\ *qra/sullon kai\ *)erasini/dhn: For the phrase oi( a)mfi/ tina, see H. 791, 3. In the nine here spoken of should probably be included Leon, who was superseded in command by Lysias during or just before the battle ( i.5.16, 6. 30, 7. 2); Xenophon must therefore omit his name when speaking ( i.7.34) of sentence being passed on ‘eight.’

ou)k h)qe/lhsen: The illegal vote must have been taken, after Socrates's refusal, by the ‘prytanes’ directing some other more compliant member of their body to put the question.

eu)orkei=n: to keep his oath.

fula/casqai: for differences of meaning in the act. and mid. of certain verbs, see G. 1246; H. 816.

qeou/s: “beings who deserve the name of gods.” tou\s qeou/s might be understood to mean the special divinities of the Athenians.

o(\n tro/pon: equivalent to to\n tro/pon, w(=|.

ta/ te lego/mena ktl.: cf. ‘For there is not a word in my tongue, but lo, O Lord, thou knowest it altogether,’ ‘thou understandest my thought afar off,’ ‘whither shall I flee from thy presence?’ cxxxix; and ou(=toi toi/nun oi( pa/nta me\n ei)do/tes pa/nta de\ duna/menoi qeoi\ ou(/tw moi fi/loi ei)si\n w(/ste dia\ to\ e)pimelei=sqai/ mou ou)/pote lh/qw au)tou\s ou)/te nukto\s ou)/q' h(me/ras ou)/q) o(/poi a)\n o(rmw=mai ou)/q) o(/ ti a)/n me/llw pra/ttein iv. 48.

qauma/zw ou)=n ktl.: repeats, in conclusion, the thought of 1.

mh\ swfronei=n: did not hold sound opinions. For mh/ instead of ou), after oi)=mai, cf. i.2.41; after u(popteu/ein, ii.3.13 GMT. 685 ; H. 1024.—to\n a)sebe\s ktl.: the rest of the section is an expansion of the idea peri\ qeou\s swfronei=n. Note the significant change in tense from ei)po/nta and pra/canta to le/gonta and pra/ttonta.

oi(=a: obj. of le/gwn and pra/ttwn. For the cond. force of these participles, see on i.1.5.

to\ peisqh=nai tinas: that any were persuaded (by the arguments of the accusers). For the inf. with to/, as subj., see G. 1555; H. 959.

o(/s: a man who. Cf. 64; oi(/ i. 4. 11, iii. 5. 15.

pro\s toi=s ei)rhme/nois: sc. in the previous chapter.

gastro/s: , as in i. 6. 8, a case of ‘metonymy.’ For the gen. with adjs., see G. 1140; H. 753 b.

ei)=ta: without de/, as often after a prw=ton me/n. So e)/peita in i. 4. 11, iv. 2. 31. On Socrates's hardy endurance of heat and cold, and other physical discomforts, cf. i.6.2, Plato 220 B.

karterikw/tatos: most inured.

pro\s to\ metri/wn dei=sqai: ‘to moderation in his wants.” For the articular inf. as obj. of a prep., see GMT. 800; H. 959.

pa/nu mikra/: Socrates estimated his entire estate at five minae, or 500 drachmae ( ii. 3.). Reckoning the drachma at eighteen cents, this would nominally be equivalent to ninety dollars. The purchasing power of money, however, was much greater in ancient than in modern times. The orator Lysias, who was reputed rich, was robbed by the Thirty of the bulk of his fortune, amounting to about 312 minae (Lys. xii. 11.). Boeckh ( 142 ff.) estimates that in the time of Socrates a family of four grown persons could live comfortably on five minae per annum; but as a man's entire estate, this sum would be, indeed, pa/nu mikro/n. On Attic money and its purchasing power, see Gow, , p. 88 ff.

kekthme/nos: for the circumstantial participle of concession, see G. 1563, 6; H. 969 e, and, for the case of the pred. participle, G. 927; H. 940. Cf. tw=| fanero\s ei)=nai 3.

e)/xein: inf. of result. G. 1450; H. 953.

pw=s ou)=n a)\n e)poi/hsen: how then could he have made. For the potential indic., see G. 1338; H. 903.

pro\s to\ ponei=n malakou/s: soft as to toil.

a)ll' e)/pause tou/twn pollou/s: nay, he freed many from these vices.

a)\n e)pimelw=ntai: the use of a)/n for e)a/n is not infrequent in Xenophon. Cf. a)/n ti o(rw=men i. 6. 14. Of the three forms of the cond. conj. with a)/n, it may be remarked that in Attic inscriptions of the classical period (fifth to third century B.C.) a)/n is found but six times, e)a/n being the prevailing form; while h)/n does not occur at all, though frequent in MSS. of literature of the fifth century. Meisterhans, , p. 213. For the subjv. in indirect discourse, see G. 1497, 2; H. 932, 933.

e)/sesqai: fut. inf. after e)lpi/das, as after a verb of hoping. In direct discourse, we should have a)\n u(mw=n au)tw=n e)pimelh=sqe, kaloi\ ka)gaqoi\ e)/sesqe.

kai/toi ge: and yet, indeed, opposed to me/n in the preceding sentence. So ge\ me/ntoi in ii. 1. 9. The restrictive force of ge/ applies to the whole clause.

dida/skalos: cf. ou(\s oi( diaba/llonte/s me/ fasin e)mou\s maqhta\s ei)=nai. e)gw\ de\ dida/skalos me\n ou)deno\s pw/pot' e)geno/mhn Plato 33A. See on i. 1. 4.

tou/tou: i.e. tou= kalou\s ka)gaqou\s e)/sesqai.

a)lla\ tw=| fanero\s ei)=nai toiou=tos w)/n: but because it was evident that he was such a one. For the articular inf. in the dat., see G. 1547; H. 959, and for w)/n, see on qu/wn i. 1. 2. For the case of fanero/s, see on kekthme/nos 1.— sundiatri/bontas: see on dida/skalos above.

e(autw=|: for the indir. refl., see G. 993; H. 683 a.

mimoume/nous: imitando.

e)kei=non: refers more distinctly to Socrates, from the point of view of the sundiatri/bontes, than au)to/n would do. e)kei=nos is apt to be used when the person has already been mentioned by au)tou= or e(autou=. Cf. ou)k e)/fh e(autou= ge a)/rxontos ou)de/na *(ellh/nwn eis to\ e)kei/nou dunato\n a)ndrapodisqh=nai i.6.14

a)lla\ mh/n: as in i. 1. 6.

ou)k e)ph/|nei: improbabat. Cf. o(/ti *de/cippon me\n ou)k e)painoi/h, ei) tau=ta pepoihkw\s ei)/h vi.6.25—to\ me\n ou)=n u(peresqi/onta ktl.: he accordingly disapproved of overeating along with overworking. u(peresqi/onta agrees with the understood subj. (tina/) of u(perponei=n. The allusion is to the enormous appetites of athletes while in training, a process which must have been more one-sided in its results than our modern training is. In Plato and Euripides the professional athletes are stigmatized as lazy, greedy, and sleepy. In the fourth idyl of Theocritus, the boxer Aegon is described as taking with him twenty sheep for his month of training, and as eating eighty barley-cakes in one day.

a)ll' ou) mh\n qruptiko\s h)=n: “but he did not carry care for the body so far as to be effeminate.”

a)lazoniko/s: , as the professional Sophists often were. See on i. 6. 2.

a)mpexo/nh|, u(pode/sei: clothing, footgear. Cf. soi\ me\n ga\r ou)k a)\n pre/poi toiou/twn o)noma/twn a)napi/mplasqai (to be soiled by), kalw=s me\n ou(twsi\ a)mpexome/nw| (), kalw=s de\ u(podedeme/nw| () Plato 291 A.

ou) mh\n ou)de/: ac ne quidem.

e)piqumiw=n, e)piqumou=ntas: obs. the ‘paronomasia.’ “Not only did Socrates free his associates from the tyranny of other passions (beside avarice) which demand money for their satisfaction, but he gratified the sole desire aroused by himself (i.e. to hear him converse) without putting them to any outlay of money” (Gilbert).

tou\s e)piqumou=ntas e)pra/tteto xrh/mata: for the double acc. with e)pra/tteto, see G. 1069; H. 724. This also is aimed at the Sophists, many of whom charged extravagant prices for their instruction. Protagoras is said to have received 100 minae (nominally about $1800, but see on pa/nu mikra/ in 1), which must have been out of all proportion to ordinary fees.

e)leuqeri/as e)pimelei=sqai: he was preserving his independence.

a)ndrapodista\s e(autw=n: enslavers of themselves. Cf. i. 5. 6.

diale/gesqai: sc. tou/tois. Cf. i.6.5.

a)\n la/boien: for a)\n la/bwsi of direct discourse. For the retention of a)/n in rel. and temporal clauses even when the verb has been changed to the opt., see GMT. 702. On this section, cf. Plato 31B, C, 33 A.

e)paggello/menos: professing to teach, a technical expression.

pra/ttoito: for the opt., see on i.1.13, and G. 1502, 2 (2), last example but one; H. 932, 2.

mh/, mh\ e(/coi: we should expect mh\ ou)x e(/coi, acc. to the rule (G. 1364; H. 887), but ‘after mh/ had come to be felt as a conjunction, and its origin was forgotten, the chief objection to mh/, mh/ was probably in the sound, and we find a few cases of it where the two particles are so far apart that the repetition is not offensive’ GMT. 306 (where the sent. of the text is cited). Another instance of this rare usage is found in Thuc. ii. 13.

e)phggei/lato, e)pi/steue: note the difference between the aor. and the imperfect.

diafqei/roi: potential optative.

ei) mh\ a)/ra: unless, forsooth. Cf. ei) mh\ a)/ra deino\n kalou=sin ou(=toi le/gein to\n ta)lhqh= le/gonta unless, forsooth, these gentlemen call him eloquent who speaks the truth Plato 17B.

a)lla\ nh\ *di/a: often used to introduce an objection. For the use of the advs. nh/ and ma/ in swearing, see G. 1067; H. 723.

o( kath/goros: possibly the author of a kathgori/a *swkra/tous, written after Socrates's death. See Dakyns, Vol. III, Part I, pp. xxxviii ff.

e)/fh: in direct discourse usually before its subj., as in 12.

u(perora=n tw=n no/mwn: the gen. after the analogy of a)melei=n tinos. The acc. is more usual, as in i. 3. 4, 4. 10.

a)po\ kua/mou: by the bean. The Athenians used black and white beans in selecting certain officials by lot; hence kuameuto/s is equivalent to klhrwto/s or ai(reto/s.

Xenophon cannot wholly refute the charge that the teachings of Socrates weakened public respect for existing laws; so he blends it with the other charge poiei=n biai/ous, maintaining that while Socrates criticised certain governmental institutions, his criticism could never lead to acts of violence.

tou\s fro/nhsin a)skou=ntas: those who cultivate practical wisdom.

ta\ sumfe/ronta: as in i. 1. 3. For the double acc., see G. 1069; H. 724.

tou\s poli/tas: their fellowcitizens.

ei)do/tas: because they know. —oi( me\n ga\r biasqe/ntes ktl.: for men who have suffered violence are filled with hatred, feeling that they have been robbed. For the thought, cf. Aesop's fable of the Wind and the Sun.

kexarisme/noi: beneficiis affecti.

ou)/koun: declarative negation.

tw=n a)skou/ntwn: pred.gen.of characteristic.

to\ toiau=ta pra/ttein: i.e. to\ bia/zesqai.

a)lla\ mh/n: as in 4, i. 1. 6.

summa/xwn: for the gen. with verbs of wanting, see G. 1112; H. 743.

ou)k o)li/gwn: ‘litotes’; the position also helps the emphasis.

mo/nos: by himself.

h(/kista sumbai/nei: it least of all occurs, a strong negation.

zw=nti peiqome/nw| xrh=sqai: “to have his faithful service while living.” For the pred. dat. with xra/omai, see H. 777 a.

12-48. The fact that Alcibiades and Critias wrought great evil in the state should not be laid to the account of Socrates. They were impelled by measureless ambition and lust for power; and in Socrates they only sought a man from whom they could learn the art of persuasion, so as to win thereby positions of political influence. But they sufficiently showed in the sequel that they had not learned to imitate the character and life of their teacher. Socrates did not fail to set before them the attractions of a virtuous life; and, in fact, so long as they remained with him, they showed moderation. But virtue must be practiced to be retained; and they quickly fell a prey to all manner of temptations after leaving Socrates. For this he is not to be held responsible, the less so as he reproached them severely for their unworthy conduct,—incurring thereby the hate of Critias, as he later had cause to know. Thus they only followed their own natural bent after leaving Socrates; while many other friends of Socrates remained true through life to the principles of virtue which they had learned from him.

12. e)/fh ge: with marked emphasis, like Mark Antony's ‘But Brutus he was ambitious.’

genome/nw: the kath/goros seems to insinuate a causal, as well as a temporal, force of the participle; post hoc, propter hoc.

*kriti/as: son of Callaeschrus, was one of the thirty men who were placed in power at Athens (by the aid of the victorious Lacedaemonians) at the close of the Peloponnesian war (404 B.C.). He took a prominent part in the cruelties practiced by the Thirty, and fell in the final conflicts with the Liberators under Thrasybulus. He had associated, as a young man, with Socrates and Gorgias of Leontini, and was a poet and dramatist of some repute. For an account of his activity, see ii.3.11 ff.

*)alkibia/dhs: son of Clinias, born at Athens about 450 B.C.; he was distinguished for his personal beauty, talents, and wealth, and was notorious for his reckless profligacy. Socrates took great interest in him, and seems in return to have been respected and loved by him. At the siege of Potidaea (432 B.C.) Socrates saved his life, a service which Alcibiades returned by aiding Socrates at the battle of Delium (424 B.C.). For his connection with the Sicilian expedition (415 B.C.), see Thuc. vi, Plutarch brackets him with Coriolanus in the

th\n po/lin: for the double acc., see G. 1073; H. 725 a.

e)n th=| o)ligarxi/a|: i.e. in 404 B.C., when the Thirty, with Critias at their head, were in power at Athens. ii. 3. 11 ff. See on nomoqe/ths 31. Aeschines ( 173) says, with exaggeration, e)/peit' u(mei=s, w)= *)aqhnai=oi, *swkra/th me\n to\n sofisth\n a)pektei/nate, o(/ti *kriti/an e)fa/nh pepaideukw/s, e(/na tw=n tria/konta tw=n to\n dh=mon katalusa/ntwn (who overthrew the democracy).

klepti/statos, biaio/tatos: so, in ii. 6. 24, xrh/mata/ te kle/ptein kai\ bia/zesqai a)nqrw/pous are mentioned as low motives for attaining power in the state.

e)n th=| dhmokrati/a|: refers to the public and private life of Alcibiades, down to his return to the army at Samos in 411. See Grote, , cc. lv, lxiii.

ei) e)poihsa/thn: for the past supposition assumed as real (a simply logical cond.), see G. 1390; H. 893.

sunousi/an: ‘prolepsis.’ Cf. ‘I knew thee, that thou art a hard man’ xxv. 24.

e)gene/sqhn me/n: corresponds to h)/|desan de/ in the following sentence. In this case, me/n and de/ will scarcely be over-translated by on the one hand, on the other.

dh/: “as is known,” almost equivalent to our colloquial ‘you know.’

h)/|desan: changes from dual to pl. and vice versa, in the same sent., are common. G. 903; H. 634. Cf. 16, 18, 33; iv.4.7

zw=nta: for the supplementary participle in indirect discourse, see on i.1.5.

h(donw=n: equivalent to e)piqumiw=n, the object of desire being substituted for the desire itself. Cf. 23.

xrw/menon: “influenced.”

bou/loito: for the opt., see on me/lloi i. 1. 10.

o(rw=nte, o)/nte: accs. agreeing with au)tw/, and having a causal force.

fh=|: interr. subjunctive. G. 1359; H. 866, 3 c. To complete the sense, fh=| tis (sc. au)tw\ o)re/casqai th=s o(mili/as au)tou=) should be repeated after h)/.

ei) o(milhsai/thn, gene/sqai a)/n: for the modes in indirect discourse, see G. 1494, 1495, 1497; H. 932, 2(2), 946.

i(kanwta/tw le/gein te kai\ pra/ttein: very proficient in speech and action. The Greeks often used le/gein kai\ pra/ttein to indicate the theory and practice of an art or a profession. Cf. iv.2.6. For the inf. with adjs., see G. 1526; H. 952.

qeou= dido/ntos: if God had offered. The gen. abs. is equivalent to a past unfulfilled condition. For the force of the pres. participle, see G. 1255; H. 825.

zw=nta: supplementary participle, to be distinguished from zw=nta in 14, which also is a supplementary participle, but in indirect discourse. G. 1582, 1583, 1588; H. 982.

e(le/sqai a)\n teqna/nai: in i. 6. 4, Socrates imputes this same disposition to Antiphon. Const. a)/n with e(le/sqai.

dh/lw d) e)gene/sqhn ktl.: “their motives became manifest from their actions.”

a)pophdh/sante, e)pratte/thn: they leaped away, and were busied in. Note the change of tense.

swfronei=n: correlative with ta\ politika/.

pro\s tou=to me\n ou)k a)ntile/gw ktl.: “I do not deny that this was the duty of Socrates; but I claim that he actually did lead his friends to virtue through his precepts and example.” Xenophon postpones the formal refutation of the charge here suggested to iv. 3. 1 ff., where he shows that Socrates strove to secure for his friends a firm foundation in morals, before advising them to enter public life.

probiba/zontas: sc. au)tou\s (tou\s manqa/nontas) as object.

deiknu/ntas, deiknu/nta: for the first, cf. zw=nta in 16; for the second, cf. zw=nta in 14.

tw=n a)/llwn a)nqrwpi/nwn: not different in meaning from tw=n a)nqrwpei/wn in i. 1. 16.

ka)kei/nw: i.e. Critias and Alcibiades.

sunh/sthn, zhmioi=nto: for the change of number, see on 14, and for the opt. in clauses expressing apprehension, see G. 1378; H. 887.

foboume/nw: causal.

tw=n fasko/ntwn filosofei=n: refers to the Sophists. fa/skwn often suggests the idea of alleging, pretending. For the form, see G. 812; H. 481 a.

a)/llo ou)de/n: best const. as the obj. of the trans. phrase a)nepisth/mwn ge/noito. H. 713. Cf. e)pisth/mones h)=san ta\ prosh/konta they were acquainted with their duty Cyr. iii. 3. 9.

w(=n: with antec. omitted. G. 1026; H. 996.

o( maqw/n: he who has once learned it.

gignw/skw: think, judge.

w(/sper ta\ ... duname/nous poiei=n: the const. of the subord. clause is attracted to that of the main clause.

e)/rga: obj. of poiei=n, to be supplied with duname/nous.

dio/ [dia\ o(/]: for which reason.

w(s o(mili/an ou)=san: for the acc. abs., see on w(s proshmai/nontos i. 1. 4, and G. 1570; H. 974.—e)sqlw=n ktl.: these verses, forming an elegiac distich, are from Theognis, a gnomic poet of Megara, who flourished about 530 B.C., and are Nos. 35 and 36 of his 1400 extant verses; for which, see Bergk's and The sympathies and tendencies of Theognis were all aristocratic; his e)sqloi/ were the nobles, and his kakoi/ the common people: but his sententious wisdom lent itself readily to quotation, and his poetry was popular in Attica. This couplet is quoted by Socrates ( ii. 4) in answer to the question as to whence kaloka)gaqi/a could be learned; and again (Plato 95 D) as proof that virtue can be learned. For the meter, see G. 1670, 1671; H. 1101.—au)ta\r a)nh\r ktl.: the author of this verse is unknown. It is quoted by Plato ( 344 D) in confirmation of the assertion tw=| me\n ga\r e)sqlw=| e)gxwrei= kakw=| gene/sqai for it is possible for the good man to become a wicked one.

w(/sper ... e)pilanqanome/nous: for the attraction, cf. 19.

e)n me/trw| pepoihme/nwn e)pw=n: e)pw=n is obj. of e)pilanqanome/nous.

didaskalikw=n:

nouqetikw=n: —e)pile/lhstai ktl.: he has forgotten also the frame of mind in which his soul once longed for virtue.

w(=n: i.e. tou/twn a(/, the latter to be closely connected with pa/sxousa. For the case of the rel., see G. 1032; H. 996 a (2).

proaxqe/ntas: swept away. paraxqe/ntas would mean led aside.

e)/rwtas: concrete, love affairs.

h(=tton duname/nous: sc. than they were before surrendering to these passions.

kerdw=n: incorporated in the rel. sentence. G. 1037; H. 995.

nomi/zontes: causal.

ou)k: we might expect ou)ke/ti.

pw=s ou)=n ou)k e)nde/xetai: how then is it not possible? The indic. strengthens the rhetorical force of the question. Cf. pw=s ou)k e)no/mizen i. 1. 5.

a)skhta\ ei)=nai: to be capable of attainment by practice.

ou)x h(/kista: most of all, ‘litotes.’ Cf. ou)k a)fanh/s i. 1. 2, ou) tou\s xeiri/stous i. 2. 32, ou)k o)li/ga iv. 2. 12, ou)de\n h(=tton iii. 7. 4.

swfrosu/nh: without the article. So often abstract nouns, regarded as simple conceptions, e.g., ka/llos 24, h(/bhn ii. 1. 21, w(/ra ii. 1. 22, a)reth/ iv. 1. 2, sofi/a iv. 6. 7.

h(donai/: voluptates, the passions. Cf. 14.

pei/qousin: tentative present. Cf. dido/ntos 16.

th\n taxi/sthn: sc. o(do/n. For the adv. acc., see G. 1060; H. 719.

e(autai=s: to them, i.e. tai=s h(donai=s. See on e(autw=| 3.

dh/: so, then, returning to the discussion in 12-16.

summa/xw|: a helper.

fugw/n: in technical sense, being exiled. In 407 B.C., Critias was banished from Athens, and betook himself to the Thessalians, who had an undesirable reputation for license and immorality (cf. e)kei\ ga\r plei/sth a)taci/a kai\ a)kolasi/a Plato 53 D). He did not return till after the disaster of Aegospotami, 405 B.C. ii. 3. 36; Grote, , c. lxv.

semnw=n:

qhrw/menos: a common metaphor.

kolakeu/ein: prob. an interpolation to explain dunatw=n.

ka)kei=nos: renewal of the remote subj. (*)alkibia/dhs) for the sake of the contrast to a)qlhtai/. Cf. iv.2.25.

au)toi=n: dative.—Notice the different metaphors employed. o)gko/w is lit. , as of a tumor; e)pai/rw lift up, fusa/w puff up, as of a bladder or bellows; diaqru/ptw break down, hence enervate; diafqei/rw

e)pi\ de\ pa=si tou/tois: and in addition to all this.

ti/ qaumasto/n: why is it surprising?

ei) e)gene/sqhn: for the cond. in causal sense, see on i.1.17.

e)plhmmelhsa/thn: went wrong. For the cond., see on e)poihsa/thn 13, and obs. that here there is also a causal force.

tou/tou: for the gen. of cause, see G. 1126; H. 744.

h(ni/ka: at an age when.

ei)ko/s: sc. e)sti/.

dokei=: sc. o( *swkra/ths.

ou) mh/n: neque vero. Cf. i.2.5.

au)lhth/s: master of the flute.

e)a\n fanw=sin: for the pres. general supposition, see G. 1393; H. 894.

ai)ti/an e)/xei: is blamed.

tou/tou: as in 26.

to\n pro/sqen: for the adv. as adj., see G. 952; H. 600.—a)ll) ou)x o(/sw| a)/n ktl.: “on the contrary, does he not rather award praise to the first teacher, just in proportion as his son seems to have deteriorated while in the society of the second?”

o(/sw|, tosou/tw|: for the dat. of degree of difference, see G. 1184; H. 781.

a)ll' oi(/ ge pate/res au)toi/: nay, the very fathers themselves.

suno/ntes: concessive.

tw=n pai/dwn plhmmelou/ntwn: with conditional force.

e)a/n:

ei) e)poi/ei, a)\n e)do/kei: see on e)do/kei d' a)/n, ei) e)fai/neto i. 1. 5.

ei) swfronw=n diete/lei: for the supplementary participle with diatele/w, see G. 1587; H. 981. For the simple past supposition (assumed as real), see on e)poihsa/thn 13. The unfulfilled cond. is again returned to in ei) e)ph/|nei 29.

*kriti/an me\n toi/nun: the me/n (without a correlative de/, as in i. 1. 1) introduces the passage closing with 38. toi/nun marks the transition from the previous sentence.

*eu)qudh/mou: in iv. 2. 1, designated as o( kalo/s. — a)pe/trepe: for the impf. of attempted action, see G. 1255; H. 832.

w(/sper tou\s ptwxou/s: i.e. w(/sper oi( ptwxoi\ prosaitou=si, a form of attraction found also in Latin. Cf. te suspicor iisdem rebus, quibus me ipsum, interdum gravius commoveri Cic. de Am. i. 1.

prosdou=nai: to grant also, followed by the part. gen. mhdeno/s. Cf. ou)dei\s prosdw/sei moi spla/gxnwn Ar. 1111. For the thought, cf. viii. 22.

tou= *kriti/ou, to\n *swkra/thn: the arts. in this section seem intended to heighten the contrast between the persons. Thus far in this chap. the proper names have lacked the article.

e)c w(=n dh\ kai\ e)mi/sei o( *kriti/as: as a result of which, accordingly, Critias even hated. This does not contradict what is said in 15 and 47: Critias had a grudge against Socrates, yet remained with him until he thought he had learned enough from him.

tw=n tria/konta: for the pred. gen., see G. 1094, 7; H. 732.

nomoqe/ths: in the year 404 B.C., the oligarchical party at Athens, backed by the all-powerful Spartan Lysander, succeeded in having a commission of thirty appointed, ostensibly to exercise the ancient function of Nomothetae, or revisers of the laws. Among these, Critias (see on 12), Theramenes, and Charicles were the most prominent. The Thirty soon usurped all the powers of government and inaugurated a reign of terror, which lasted for eight months. For an account of these events, see Grote, , c.lxv, and ii. 3, 4.

a)pemnhmo/neusen: here in a hostile sense, he remembered it against him.

lo/gwn te/xnhn: the art of speaking. The law was broad enough to include the conversational utterances of Socrates.— o(/ph| e)pila/boito: how to reach him. For the opt. representing interr. subjv. of direct discourse, see G. 1490; H. 932, 2.

to\ koinh=| ... e)pitimw/menon: the charge commonly brought by the many against philosophers. Acc. to vi. 6; xi. 3; Ar. 100 ff.; Plato 18B, this charge was that philosophers were a race of busybodies, who meddled with things in ‘the heaven above, the earth beneath, and the water under the earth’; and secondly, that they were jugglers with words, making the worse appear the better reason. Cf. also ta\ kata\ pa/ntwn tw=n filosofou/ntwn pro/xeira () tau=ta le/gousin, o(/ti ta\ mete/wra (celestial phenomena), kai\ ta\ u(po\ gh=s, kai\ qeou\s mh\ nomi/zein, kai\ to\n h(/ttw lo/gon krei/ttw poiei=n (dida/skei) Plato 23D.

ga/r: explains the preceding diaba/llwn, “slander must we call it,”

fa/skontos: see on 19. For the supplementary participle, see on ou)dei\s de\ pw/pote *swkra/tous i. 1. 11.

h)|sqo/mhn: instead of h)/kousa, to avoid repetition.

e)dh/lwse: impers., events showed, that the prohibition was aimed at Socrates. vii. 1. 30.

ou) tou\s xeiri/stous: see on ou)x h(/kista 23. For the comparison of the adj., see G. 361, 2; H. 254, 2.

a)dikei=n: to commit unlawful acts. Cf. polloi=s polla\ prose/tatton boulo/menoi w(s plei/stous a)naplh=sai (to involve) ai)tiw=n Plato 32C.

ei)=pe/ pou: said, I suppose. Xenophon vouches for the thoughts, not for the words. See on i. 1. 1.

oi(=: for the indir. refl. use of the pron., see G. 987; H. 685.

bow=n a)ge/lhs nomeu/s: a comparison perhaps suggested by Hom. B 474-483. Cf. iii.2.1; Plato 516 A, B.

ei) o(mologoi/h: see on e)qau/maze i. 1. 13.

ei) ai)sxu/netai: above, where an imaginary case was suggested, the opt. (o(mologoi/h) was used; here, to mark the actual fact, the indic. of direct discourse is retained. Cf. ii.6.4.

kale/santes, e)deiknu/thn: for the change in number, see on 14.

to\n no/mon: sc. th\n lo/gwn te/xnhn mh\ dida/skein.

mh/: for the neg. particle with verbs of forbidding, see G. 1615; H. 1029.

ei) e)cei/h: indir. question.

ei) a)gnooi=to: in case he failed to understand.

tw=n proagoreuome/nwn: “the published injunctions.”

tw\ d' e)fa/thn: and they said yes. For the dem. use of the art., see G. 983; H. 654 e; and for fhmi/ as an affirmative answer, cf. the trial-scene of Orontas, i. 6.

la/qw paranomh/sas: for the supplementary participle with lanqa/nw, see G. 1586; H. 984.

th\n tw=n lo/gwn te/xnhn: cf. 31. From this definite reference, it would seem that Socrates knew very well what was meant by the prohibition toi=s ne/ois mh\ diale/gesqai.

su\n toi=s o)rqw=s legome/nois ei)=nai: to be associated with right teachings.

mh\ o)rqw=s: sc. legome/nois. For mh/ with the participle, see on i.1.9.

a)fekte/on: for the impers. use of the verbal in -te/os, see on i.1.14.

ta/de eu)maqe/stera o)/nta: “these orders in more intelligible terms.”

o(/lws mh\ diale/gesqai: well illustrates the arrogance of arbitrary power.

i(/na mh\ a)mfi/bolon h)=|: “that there may be no question,” lit. that it may not be doubtful.

w(s ... prohgoreume/na: “as to the question whether I am acting in violation of the injunctions.”

o(ri/sate:

me/xri po/swn e)tw=n: until what age. For po/swn, see on ti/si i. 1. 1.

ne/ous: predicate.

o(/souper xro/nou: for just as long a period.

bouleu/ein: see on bouleu/sas i. 1. 18.

w(s ou)/pw froni/mois ou)=sin: as not yet having arrived at years of discretion. For the participle, see on i.1.4. All members of the boulh/ must be at least thirty years of age. See Gardner and Jevons, , c. ix.

e)a\n w)nw=mai, h)\n pwlh=|: if I wish to purchase, if he offer to sell. The pres. implies desired action. See on dido/ntos 16. For the variant forms of the conj., see on i.2.2.

mhd' e)/rwmai: for the interr. subjv., see G. 1358; H. 866, 3; and, for mhde/ with the interr. subjv. expecting an affirmative answer, GMT. 293. Cf. mh\ a)pokri/nwmai, a)ll' e(/teron ei)/pw Plato 337 B.

ei)dw/s: concessive.

pw=s e)/xei: “the facts of the case.”

ta\ plei=sta: cognate accusative.

e)a/n: provided that, introduces a second and subord. protasis. GMT. 510.

oi(=on: for example. Cf. i. 1. 9.

a)pe/xesqai deh/sei: it will be necessary to keep away from, with sarcastic formality.

skute/wn, tekto/nwn, xalke/wn: Socrates, like a greater Teacher, sought his illustrations in the familiar and homely things of daily life, and especially in the handicrafts. Cf. iv.2.6, 4. 5; also, a)te/xnws () ge a)ei\ skute/as te kai\ knafe/as () kai\ magei/rous () le/gwn kai\ i)atrou\s ou)de\n pau/ei, w(s peri\ tou/twn h(mi=n o)/nta to\n lo/gon Plato 491 A.

kai\ ga\r oi)=mai ... u(po\ sou=: for I think that they have become worn out, being constantly talked of by you.

tw=n e(pome/nwn tou/tois: the subjects which are connected with these, sc. in our conversations. tw=n e(pome/nwn is explained by the following appositives tou= dikai/ou etc.

kai\ tw=n bouko/lwn ge: This allusion by Charicles to the words of Socrates in 32 completes the list of prohibited topics; and completes, also, the evidence introduced in 32 by e)dh/lwse de/.

o(/pws mh\ poih/sh|s ktl.: A thinly disguised threat; for the failure of such attempts to coerce Socrates, cf. the incident related in Plato 32C, D.

oi(/a me\n ou)=n: closes what was begun in 13. Both there and here the relation between Socrates and the two young men is called sunousi/a. A pai/deusis is denied in the following sentence.

mhdeni\ mhdemi/an: for mh/ and its compounds with the inf. of indirect discourse, instead of ou), see GMT. 685, and Gildersleeve, , i. p. 51.

ou)k: belongs grammatically to w(milhsa/thn, but practically denies a)re/skontos as a motive for the action of Critias and Alcibiades, and contrasts it with the real motive w(rmhko/te.

w(milhsa/thn, w(milei/thn: note the significant change of tense.

a)ll' eu)qu\s e)c a)rxh=s w(rmhko/te: but because from the very beginning they had set out.

pri\n ei)/kosin e)tw=n ei)=nai: viz. before 430 B.C.; for Alcibiades was born about 450 B.C. For the inf. with temporal particles, see G. 1469 ff.; H. 955; and, for the pred. gen. of measure, G. 1094, 5; H. 732.— toia/de dialexqh=nai: had some such conversation as this, a good example of how the younger friends of Socrates imitated their master in e)ceta/zein. Cf. kai\ au)toi\ (oi( ne/oi moi e)pakolouqou=ntes) polla/kis e)me\ mimou=ntai, ei)=ta e)pixeirou=sin a)/llous e)ceta/zein Plato 23C.

ei)pe/: for the accent, see G. 131, 2; H. 387 b.

*peri/kleis: for the decl. of proper nouns in -kle/hs, see G. 231; H. 194.

e)/xois a)/n: potential opt. of courteous inquiry.

me/: for double acc. with verbs of teaching, see G. 1069; H. 724.

ti/ e)sti no/mos: for a short definition of no/mos, cf. iv.4.13.

tinw=n e)painoume/nwn: for the supplementary participle with verbs of perception, see on i.1.11.

oi)=mai mh\ tuxei=n: see on mhdeni/ 39, and on i. 1. 20.

ou)de/n ti: not at all, adv. acc. with xalepou=. See on th\n taxi/sthn 23.

to\ plh=qos: the people, plebs. The orators often used the phrase to\ u(me/teron plh=qos, referring to the democracy at Athens.

e)/graye:

fra/zon:

nomi/san: sc. to\ plh=qos e)/graye.

w)= meira/kion: my lad.

w(/sper o(/pou: as is the case where.

to\ kratou=n th=s po/lews: ‘the powers that be’ in the state. For the subst. use of the participle, see G. 1560; H. 966.

tu/rannos: with no implied reproach as in Eng. ‘tyrant.’ The word is one of many which have degenerated. Cf., and trace to their origin, our villain, knave, and

gra/fei: ind., being an accepted particular case of the previous general supposition.

a)=r' ou): sc. bi/a e)sti/.

pei/sas: participle of means.

biasa/menos: a rigid definition of bi/a would exclude biasa/menos here, as containing in itself the idea to be defined. Yet, as a)nomi/a also was to be defined, the participle contrasted with pei/sas may be admitted, as suggesting some of the elements of a)nomi/a.

a)nati/qemai: , lit. put back, a term borrowed from games like checkers, in which the player ‘takes back’ the pieces moved (a)natiqe/nai pettou/s). The mid. voice is significant.

mh\ pei/sas: these words were not uttered in 43 (kai\ o(/sa tu/rannos gra/fei), but they are inserted here, as having been easily understood in the words of Pericles, and as having actually been used by Alcibiades.

mh\ fw=men: see on e)/rwmai 36.

bi/a: nom. after ei)=nai, as pa/nta is subj. of dokei= as well as of the infinitive. See G. 927; H. 940.

to\ pa=n plh=qos: the collective people.

a)/ra: sc. “according to your view.”

a)\n ei)/h: for the ‘mixed’ const., see G. 1421, 1, 1437; H. 901 b, 918.

h)\ no/mos: a positive answer to the question ti/ e)sti no/mos (41) is, after all, not given. Xenophon is only trying to show what subjects Alcibiades liked to discuss, and how well he had learned from Socrates the art of ‘cornering’ an adversary.

ma/la toi: connect with deinoi/.

kai\ h(mei=s: for the pl. of ‘modest assertion,’ see H. 637. Pericles speaks with a touch of ironical humor, as the next words show.

deinoi\ ta\ toiau=ta: strong at such things (the arts of debate).

e)sofizo/meqa: we used to discuss.

sunegeno/mhn: for the indic. in expressions of wishing, see G. 1511; H. 871.

deino/tatos sautou=: “at the height of your powers.” Pericles is compared with himself at different periods of his life. The gen. is partitive. G. 1088 (last example); H. 729 e.

e)pei\ ta/xista: as soon as.

ou)/te, te/: nec, et.

a)/llws, for other reasons, than the one to be mentioned.

prose/lqoien: for the opt. in past general suppositions, see G. 1393, 2; H. 894, 2.

u(pe\r w(=n: for the assimilation, see on w(=n 21.

w(=nper e(/neken kai/: for which very reason also.

*kri/twn ... *faidw/ndas: for Crito, see ii. 9. 1 ff.; for Chaerephon, Ar. 104; Plato 20E, 21, and ii. 3, q.v. also for Chaerecrates. Cebes and Simmias left their native Thebes to become companions of Socrates. Cf. iii.11.17 and Plato 59 C. Phaedondas also was a Theban. For Hermogenes, see on ii.10.3; iv. 8. 4.

dhmhgorikoi\ h)\ dikanikoi/: public or forensic orators.

ou)dei/s, ou)/te, ou)/te: for the strengthened negation expressed by a series of compound negs. following a neg., see G. 1619; H. 1030.— ai)ti/an e)/sxen: incurred reproach. See on ai)ti/an e)/xei 27.

49-55. Socrates had no desire to disturb the relations of children with parents, or of kindred to one another. But he recognized how external and material these relations remain in the case of many; while in other affairs little value is assigned to the material unless inspired by a soul: and he set himself, accordingly, to give to the relations of kinsfolk a moral content and a firmer basis, by the aid of mutual forbearance and assistance.

49. kath/goros: see on 9.

prophlaki/zein e)di/daske: in Ar. 1321 ff., Phidippides strikes his father, and argues that he has the right to do so.

au)tw=|: for the use of au)to/s in its oblique cases as a refl. pron., see G. 992; H. 684 a. Cf. tou\s o(milou=ntas au)tw=| iv. 7. 1.

th=s paranoi/as e(lo/nti: if one convicted (his father) of dementia. For the gen., see G. 1121; H. 745. The reference is to the legally authorized complaint paranoi/as, as it was brought, e.g., against Sophocles by his sons. Cf. oi)/moi, ti/ dra/sw parafronou=ntos tou= patro/s; | po/teron paranoi/as au)to\n ei)sagagw\n e(/lw, | h)\ toi=s sorophgoi=s th\n mani/an au)tou= fra/sw; (or inform the coffin-makers of his insanity) Ar. 844 ff. The accuser charged Socrates with using the existence of this law as an argument that the ignorant could always be legally imprisoned by the more learned.

kai\ to\n pate/ra: even his father.

tekmhri/w|: as an indication, pred. appos. with tou/tw|. G. 916; H. 777 a.

desmeu/onta: sc. a)/llon tina/.

a)\n au)to\n dede/sqai: would himself be kept in prison.

ti/ diafe/rei mani/as a)maqi/a: discussed in iii. 9. 6.

e(autoi=s, fi/lois: depend on sumfero/ntws. G. 1174; H. 767.

para/: in the opinion of.— w(s ou)/te tou\s ka/mnontas ktl.: the Eng. idiom is best attained by preserving the Greek order of words and translating w)felou=sin as passive.

oi( sundikei=n e)pista/menoi: “their legal advisers.”

w(s o)/felos: sc. e)sti/.

ei) mh\ dunh/sontai: unless they are going to be able. For the ind. in fut. cond. of the ‘more vivid’ form, see G. 1387; H. 899.

e(rmhneu=sai: cf. Thuc. ii. 60, where Pericles says ou)deno\s oi)/omai h(/sswn ei)=nai gnw=nai/ te ta\ de/onta kai\ e(rmhneu=sai

a)napei/qonta: by persuading.

diatiqe/nai: disposed. Cf. diatiqei/s i.1.5

mhdamou=: of no account. Cf. Plato 456 C.

pro\s e(auto/n: in comparison with him.

oi)=da me/n: not correlative to e)/lege de/ of the next section. Rather in both sections is the assumption of the accuser admitted, and even reinforced by other assertions of Socrates which stand in close connection with it. This admission is introduced by oi)=da me/n, the implied contrast being anticipated from 55, viz., that the accuser wholly misconceived the meaning of the assertions cited. For me/n, see on i.1.1.

le/gonta: for the supplementary participle, see on i.2.14.

kai/, ge/: nay, even.

o(/ti a)fani/zousin: depends on le/gonta.

tou= oi)keiota/tou a)nqrw/pou: their nearest

a)fani/zousin: a term freq. used for burial. Cf. Soph. 255.

e(/kastos e(autou= ktl.: const. e(/kastos o(/ ti a)\n tou= sw/matos (o(\ e(autou= pa/ntwn ma/lista filei= which of all things belonging to himself he most loves) a)xrei=on h)=| kai\ a)nwfele/s, au)to/s te a)fairei= ktl.

pare/xei: , sc. a)fairei=n.

au)toi/ te/ ge au(tw=n a)fairou=si: men both themselves rid themselves of.

kai\ toi=s i)atroi=s ... a)pokai/ein: naturally refers only to tu/lous.

xa/rin: for the adv. acc., see on i.2.23.

ti/nein: in this sense, a)poti/nein or telei=n is more common.

e)no/n: sc. tw=| sw/mati.

e)pideiknu/wn: not correlative with dida/skwn, but belonging as a circumstantial participle of manner to pareka/lei.

tou= ei)=nai: for the articular inf., see on i.1.12.

tw=| oi)kei=os ei)=nai pisteu/wn: relying on his being a relation. For the nom., see on bi/a i. 2. 45.

a)melh=|: for the subjv. in final clauses, see G. 1365; H. 881.

56-64. The charge that Socrates spread immoral and pernicious doctrines by perverting passages from the poets is refuted by citing two quotations on which Socrates put a quite different interpretation from that imputed to him by the accuser: and is also sufficiently disproved by his blameless, unselfish, and patriotic life. To sum up, this man of pure character, this promoter of all that was good, deserved from the state, not death, but the highest honor.

56. e)klego/menon ... dida/skein: for the basis of fact underlying this distorted assertion, cf. i.6.14.

tw=n e)ndocota/twn poihtw=n: of the three divisions of instruction, gra/mmata, mousikh/, and gumnastikh/, the first-named, as a rule, included most of the formal instruction in language and literature received by the Greek boy at school. As soon as a boy had learned to read and write, he was ‘encouraged or compelled to learn by heart great masses of poetry, especially of Homer or Simonides, or the gnomic poets. Many a Greek knew by heart the whole of the and ’ Gardner and Jevons, , pp. 307, 308. iii. 5, 6.

tou/tois marturi/ois xrw/menon: cf. tekmhri/w| tou/tw| xrw/menos 49.—e)/rgon d) ou)de\n o)/neidos ktl.: from Hesiod's didactic poem 311, where the reference is to agricultural labor only. The accuser seems to have perverted the sense of the verse by connecting ou)de/n with e)/rgon, whereas it belongs to o)/neidos.

a)ergi/h: with long penult. So Hom. w 251, kakoergi/hs x 374.

dh/: , with resumptive force. So in 58; in both places dh/ has a somewhat fainter effect than, e.g., in 24.

e)pei\ diomologh/saito: for the opt., see on me/lloi i. 1. 10.

to\ me\n e)rga/thn ei)=nai: subj. of w)fe/limo/n te kai\ a)gaqo\n ei)=nai.

to\ de\ a)rgo/n: sc. ei)=nai.

a)peka/lei: see on i.2.6.

e)k de\ tou/twn: “and with this interpretation.”

o(/n tina me\n basilh=a ktl.: the verses are from Hom. B 188-191, and 198-202, and depict Odysseus repressing the tumult among the Achaeans.

kixei/h: for the opt., cf. diomologh/saito 57.

e)pe/essin: Epic for e)/pesin.

e)rhtu/saske: for the form, see G. 778, 1298; H. 493.

w(/s: for the accent, see G. 138, 2; H. 112 b.

se/o: for the form, see G. 393; H. 261 D.

e)chgei=sqai, w(s: interpreted, to the effect that.

dhmo/tas: of Greek prose writers only Herodotus and Xenophon use dhmo/ths in the sense of ‘a common man,’ the usual Attic word for which is dhmotiko/s. In 60, however, dhmotiko/s is equivalent to popularis, a friend of the people.

ou(/tw g' a)\n w)/|eto: in that case he would have been thinking, i.e. “would have been forced to think,” as Socrates himself was one of the pe/nhtes. For the impf., see on i.1.5; and for the meaning of pe/nhtas, cf. the discussion between Socrates and Euthydemus iv. 2. 37 ff.—a)lla\ dei=n ktl.: “he who neither in war nor in public life can serve the state or be useful to the people should be kept out of public and military life.”

a)/llws te: and especially, not to be confused with the similar and more common a)/llws te kai/ both in other respects, and particularly.

ta)nanti/a tou/twn: sc. tw=n qrase/wn kai\ tw=| dh/mw| bohqei=n mh\ i(kanw=n. ta)nanti/a is adv., and takes the gen. after the analogy of certain adjs. of place. G. 1146; H. 754 f.

e)piqumhta/s: eager followers.

a)stou/s, ce/nous: in partitive appos. with e)piqumhta/s. G. 914; H. 624 d.

ou)de/na, misqo/n: for the double acc., see on 5.

sunousi/as: cf. 39.

tw=n e(autou=: “of his own good things.”

w(=n tines: Aristippus of Cyrene was the first of Socrates's followers to demand pay for his services. Cf. Diog. Laert. ii. 65.

xrh/mata dido/nai: for the limiting inf. with nouns, see G. 1530; H. 952.

pro\s tou\s a)/llous a)nqrw/pous: in his relations to other men. Cf. kai\ pro\s fi/lous de\ kai\ ce/nous i. 3. 3.

*li/xas: acc. to Plutarch ( 10), Lichas was renowned for his hospitality toward strangers who visited Sparta at the festival of the Gymnopaedia, when naked youths danced and sang round the statue of Apollo Carneius, in honor of the Spartans who fell at the battle of Thyrea.

gumnopaidi/ais: for the dat. of time, see G. 1192; H. 782.

ta\ me/gista, tou\s boulome/nous: for the double acc., see on th\n po/lin 12.

poiw=n: equiv. to impf. e)poi/ei, the action being regarded as freq. repeated. Here, as often, the partic. contains the main thought, the finite verb the subord. one. Cf. tou/tous eu)= poih/santes a)pope/mpete viii. 7. 27.

e)moi\ dh\ ktl.: with allusion to i. 1. 1, where see on me/n and th=| po/lei.

kai\ de/: see on ka)kei=nos de/ i. 1. 3.

tou/tois: refers, by ‘synesis,’ to the collective ti\s. H. 633. Cf. e(/kastos, au)toi/ 54.

qa/natos: for the omission of the art. with a pred. noun or adj., see G. 956; H. 669.

a)lla\ mh/n: see on i.1.6.

pole/mou kakw=s sumba/ntos: of a war's turning out badly. The participle contains the main idea, and the whole phrase may be conveniently const. as objective gen. with ai)/tios. G. 1139, 1140; H. 753, and e. Cf. the acc. with prep. in such phrases as meta\ *ku=ron qano/nta after Cyrus's death, and the Lat. ab urbe condita.

e)/noxos ei)/h: be liable to (lit. held in).

o(/s: see on 1.

nomi/zein: as in i. 1. 1.

ge/grapto: stood charged. The aug. omitted, as freq. with the plpf. in prose, apparently for the sake of euphony.

o(/, au)to/n: for the double acc., see G. 1076; H. 725. Cf. ou)k ai)tiw=mai ta/de to\n qeo/n vii. 2. 22, to\ geno/menon to\ qei=on ai)tia=sqai vii.5.12

eu)= oi)kou=si: are prosperous. Cf. poi=ai de\ po/leis nomi/mws a)\n oi)kh/seian; viii. 1. 2. In Homer, the meaning of naieta=n, nai/ein is, in like manner, weakened to something like ei)=nai.

mega/lhs timh=s: such as the reward suggested in Plato 36D.

a)/cios th=| po/lei: as in i. 1. 1.

w(s, dh/: (to show) that, really.

kai\ w)felei=n: even to be aiding, not only to be abstaining from injuring.

ta\ me/n, ta\ de/: partly, partly. G. 982; H. 654 b.

deiknu/wn e(auto/n, oi(=os h)=n: for the ‘prolepsis,’ see on sunousi/an i. 2. 13.

diamnhmoneu/sw: for the mode, see G. 1434; H. 916.

ta\ me\n toi/nun: toi/nun indicates the transition to the detailed discussion of what has been announced; me/n introduces the first part of the discussion, and de/ at the beginning of 5, the second.

h( *puqi/a: , the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. For an account of the oracles in general, and the Delphic oracle in particular, see Gardner and Jevons, , pp. 106, 107, 264, 265.

pw=s: see on ti/si i. 1. 1.

progo/nwn qerapei/as: for the place of ancestor worship in Greek religion, see Gardner and Jevons, p. 72 ff.

h(/ te ga\r *puqi/a, *swkra/ths te: “for as the Pythia, so Socrates.” Cf. e)gw/ te ga/r, ai(/ te po/leis ii. 1. 9.

a)nairei=: the technical term for the answers of the Pythia. Cf. kai\ a)nei=len au)tw=| o( *)apo/llwn qeoi=s oi(=s e)/dei qu/ein iii.1.16

parh/|nei: sc. poiei=n. Cf. Deinceps in lege est, ut de ritibus patriis colantur optimi: de quo cum consulerent Athenienses Apollinem Pythium, quas potissimum religiones (rites) tenerent, oraculum editum est, eas quae essent in more maiorum Cic. de Legg. ii. 15. 40.

eu)/xeto pro\s tou\s qeou/s: eu)/xesqai pro/s tina is usual when an inf. follows. Kr. 48. 7. 14. Cf. *ce/rchs eu)/xeto pro\s to\n h(/lion Hdt. vii. 54.

w(s ei)do/tas: see on w(s proshmai/nontos i. 1. 4. tou\s qeou/s is purposely repeated. For the thought, cf. Socrates, inquit, nihil ultra petendum a diis immortalibus arbitrabatur, quam quid unicuique esset utile, nos autem id plerumque votis expetere, quod non impetrasse melius foret Valer. Max. vii. 2.

ei) eu)/xointo: for the ellipsis of the apod., see G. 1420; H. 905 a, 3.

o(/pws a)pobh/soito: depends on a)dh/lwn (sc. o)/ntwn). See on i. 1. 6.

meiou=sqai: fall short of.

kalw=s e)/xein: without a)/n, after the analogy of kalw=s ei)=xe, kalo\n h)=n, e)ch=n, etc. See G. 1400; H. 897.

ei) e)/xairon: for the impf. in dependent clauses of indirect discourse, see GMT. 691; H. 936.

a)\n ei)=nai kexarisme/na: sc. ei) e)/xairon.

ka\d du/namin: equivalent to kata\ du/namin. For the ‘apocope’ and ‘assimilation,’ see G. 53; H. 84D. The verse is from Hesiod 336.

th\n a)/llhn di/aitan: “our other relations in life.” th\n ka\d du/namin d' e)/rdein: the admonition (parai/nesin) to act according to our powers. Cf. to\ gnw=qi sauto/n iv. 2. 24.

ei) do/ceien au)tw=|: “as often as it seemed to him.” See on e)pei/ i. 2. 57.

a)\n e)pei/sqh: the prot. really suggested by this apod. is ei)/ tis au)to\n e)/peiqen, if any one tried to persuade him; and this prot. is found, without its apod., in the next sentence.

e)/peiqen: impf. of attempted and continued past action.

tw=n a)/llwn: for the gen. with compounds of kata/, see G. 1123; H. 752.

pa/nta, u(perew/ra: see on i.2.9.

pro/s: in comparison with, as in i. 2. 52. The Lat. ad is used in the same sense.

xrw/menos: for the participle of cond., see on le/gwn i. 1. 20.

ti\ daimo/nion: “something extraordinary.” Cf. h)\n mh/ ti daimo/nion kwlu/h| xi. 13. For the two prots. with same apod., see GMT. 510.

kai\ ou)k a)\n ... dapa/nhs: and would not lack the means for such an outlay. For the gen. of plenty or want, see G. 1112; H. 743.

eu)telh/s (sc. h( di/aita):

ou)k oi)=d' ei)/ tis: “scarcely any one.”

e)rga/zoito: would work for, potential optative. For e)rga/zomai in this sense, cf. ta\ e)pith/deia e)rga/zesqai ii. 8. 2.

w(/ste mh\ lamba/nein: for the inf. of result, see G. 1450; H. 953.

ta\ *swkra/tei a)rkou=nta: what sufficed for Socrates. For the thought, cf. i.6.4.

h(de/ws: with relish. Cf. h(/dista e)sqi/wn i. 6. 5.

e)pi\ tou=to: i.e. e)pi\ to\ e)sqi/ein.

th\n e)piqumi/an o)/yon ei)=nai: cf. limw=| de\ o(/saper o)/yw| diaxrh=sqe i. 5. 12. Cf. the Lat. proverb fames optimum condimentum. Athenaeus (4, p. 157) describes Socrates as taking long walks in the evening, ‘to collect,’ as he said, ‘sauce (o)/yon) for his supper.’

dia\ to\ pi/nein: see on e)pi\ to\ fronti/zein i. 1. 12.

o(/: precedes its grammatical antec. tou=to.

w(/ste fula/casqai: namely, to guard against, added in explanation of the rel. clause. For w(/ste with the inf., instead of the simple inf. as subj., see GMT. 588.— ta\ pei/qonta ktl.: “tempting dishes.” Cf. o( *swkra/ths parakeleuo/menos fula/ttesqai tw=n brwma/twn o(/sa mh\ peinw=ntas e)sqi/ein a)napei/qei (as persuade those who are not hungry to eat) Plut. 128 D. For e)sqi/ein and pi/nein as objs. of pei/qonta, see G. 1519; H. 948.

th\n *ki/rkhn: the famous sorceress who bewitched the companions of Odysseus. Cf. Hom. k 229 ff.

tou\s pollou/s: opposed to to\n *)odusse/a. For the double acc. with poiei=n, see G. 1077; H. 726.

u(poqhmosu/nh|: Ionic for sumboulh=|, like u(poti/qesqai for sumbouleu/ein.

o)/nta: causal.

tou= a(/ptesqai: for the gen. of the articular inf. with verbs of hindering or freedom, see G. 1549; H. 963.

dia\ tau=ta: like ei)=ta, e)/peita, ou(/tws, often used after participles to bring out the relation (in this case a causal one) of these to the main verb. GMT. 857; H. 976 b.

e)/paizen a(/ma spouda/zwn: “he used to say jestingly but with an earnest inner meaning.” See on iv. 1. 1.

tw=n kalw=n: limiting gen. with a)frodisi/wn. G. 1085; H. 729. Cf. toi=s tw=n w(rai/wn a)frodisi/ois h(do/menoi ii. 6. 22.

a(pto/menon: see on pisteu/wn i. 1. 5.

a)lla\ kai/: atque adeo.

*krito/boulon: for the ‘prolepsis,’ see on i.2.13. In ii. 7, Socrates says to Critobulus o(rw= se oi)o/menon ploutei=n kai\ a)melw=s me\n e)/xonta pro\s to\ mhxana=sqai xrh/mata, paidikoi=s de pra/gmasi prose/xonta to\n nou=n (giving your mind to frivolous matters).

to\n *)alkibia/dou ui(o/n: as Alcibiades, so far as known, had but one son, born in 416, after the probable date of this conversation, it has been conjectured that both here and in 10 the reference is to Clinias, the son of Axiochus and a cousin of Alcibiades. iv. 12.

ei)pe/: for the accent, see on i.2.41.

a)nqrw/pwn: for the partitive pred. gen., see on tw=n tria/konta i. 2. 31.

r(iyokindu/nwn: , lit. hurlers of risks.

lewrgo/taton: one who will do anything, hence most reckless.—ei)s maxai/ras ktl.: proverbial expressions for incurring great risks. Cf. dokei= ou)=n moi ei)s maxai/ras kubista=n kindu/nou e)pi/deigma (an exhibition) ei)=nai, o(\ sumposi/w| ou)de\n prosh/kei vii. 3.

ei)s pu=r a(/loito: cf. e)gw\ meta\ *kleini/ou ka)\n dia\ puro\s i)oi/hn iv. 16.

ti/: obj. of poiou=nta.

toiau=ta kate/gnwkas au)tou=: have you formed such a bad opinion of him. For the gen. and acc. with compounds of kata/, cf. 4.

ou) ga/r: in a question containing a quick retort, as in ii. 3. 16.

a)ll' ei) me/ntoi: at si profecto.

to\ r(iyoki/ndunon e)/rgon: “what you have just described as a foolhardy act.” to/ is equivalent to illud.

a)\n u(pomei=nai: see on a)/n pote kinhqh=nai i. 1. 14.

a)=r' ou)k: For the interr. particle, see G. 1603; H. 1015.— pollh\n de\ a)sxoli/an ktl.: “to have no leisure for giving attention to any noble or honorable thing,” lit. to have great lack of leisure. For the gen. of the articular inf., see GMT. 798; H. 959.

e)f' oi(=s: sc. e)pi\ tou/tois as antecedent. e)pi/ with the dat. here denotes the motive or end in view. See G. 1210, 2 ; H. 799, 2 c.

maino/menos: for the omission of the art. with a subst. participle, see G. 1560, 2; H. 966.

*(hra/kleis: for the decl., see on *peri/kleis i. 2. 41.

w(s deinh/n tina: what a terrible sort of thing. ti\s, like Lat. quidam, may be added to adjs. to express indefiniteness of nature. G. 1016; H. 702.

ta\ fala/ggia: for the generic art., see G. 950; H. 659.

o)/nta: concessive.

tou= fronei=n e)ci/sthsi: mente destituit, deprives of reason. Cf. e)cista/menoi tou= a)nalogi/zesqai ii. 1. 4.

e)ni/hsi, kata\ to\ dh=gma: inject along with their bite.

tou\s de\ kalou\s ktl.: with ellipsis of the correlative me/n clause ta\ me\n fala/ggia e)nie/nai ti le/geis. Cf. ou) d' w)/|ou iii. 3. 11.

qhri/on: for the application of this term to human beings, cf. iii.11.11.

tosou/tw| deino/teron, o(/sw|: as much more dangerous, in proportion as. In the clauses introduced by o(/sw| there is another comparison, between the easier method of avoiding (suggested by a(ya/mena), and the more difficult one (suggested by ou)d' a(pto/menon): vi. 2. 19.

e)kei=na, tou=to: tou=to sometimes, as here, refers to what is nearer in importance to the speaker, though more remote in the sentence. e)kei=na, therefore, refers to tw=n falaggi/wn.

kai/: refers back to the advice given in 6, which here finds its application to sensual pleasures. For the thought, cf. Sym. iv. 38.

a)frodisia/zein: const. with pro\s toiau=ta.

ou(/tw pareskeuasme/nos h)=n: sic paratam sententiam habebat.

a)\n h(/desqai: see on a)\n kinhqh=nai i. 1. 14.

lupei=sqai: sc. a)/n.

tekmairo/menoi: “conjecturing, on superficial observation,” without obj., as in i. 3. 5.

protre/yasqai: that Socrates regarded the most important step as taken when enthusiasm for virtue had been aroused, is stated by several writers, e.g., Plut. p. 798 B, Plato i. 336. Cf. ut Socratem illum solitum aiunt dicere, perfectum sibi opus esse, si quis satis esset concitatus cohortatione sua ad studium cognoscendae percipiendaeque virtutis: quibus enim id persuasum esset, ut nihil mallent se esse quam bonos viros, iis reliquam facilem esse doctrinam Cic. de Or. i. 47.

skeya/menoi, dokimazo/ntwn: “let them first examine, and then decide.”

mh/: instead of ou), as the participle is subordinated to the imv. dokimazo/ntwn. G. 1614; H. 1027.

a(\ e)rwtw=n h)/legxen: the questions by which he used to refute, e.g., iii. 6, iv. 2.

sundiatri/bousi: see on tw=n suno/ntwn i. 1. 4.

ei) h)=n: for the mode, see G. 1487; H. 932.

a(/ pote au)tou= h)/kousa dialegome/nou: a conversation of his that I once heard. For the supplementary participle, see on i.1.11.

tou= daimoni/ou: , as manifested to men.

*)aristo/dhmon: afterward a warm friend of Socrates; cf. *)aristo/dhmos h)=n tis, *kudaqhnaieu/s, smikro/s, a)nupo/dhtos a)ei/, *swkra/tous e)rasth\s w)\n e)n toi=s ma/lista tw=n to/te Plato 173 B.

qu/onta: for the supplementary participle in indirect discourse, cf. i.2.14.

a)lla\ kai/: but even.

tw=n poiou/ntwn: for the gen., cf. tw=n a)/llwn i. 3. 4.

e)/stin ou(/stinas: equivalent to a)=ra e)ni/ous. G. 1029; H. 998 c.

teqau/makas: , i.e. “have come to admire.”

sofi/a|:

kai\ o(/s: and he. For the rel. in its original dem. meaning, see G. 1023, 2; H. 275 b.

toi/nun: well then.

e)pw=n poih/sei: epic poetry.

diqura/mbw|: often in pl., like i)/amboi, a)na/paistoi, hence some editors read e)pi\ de\ diqura/mbwn (sc. poih/sei).

*melanippi/dhn: there were two lyric poets of this name, grandfather and grandson, both of the island Melos. The younger was a contemporary of Socrates, and is prob. the one here meant.

*sofokle/a: the famous tragic poet of Athens, 495-406 B.C.

*polu/kleiton: the sculptor, of Sicyon, who flourished about 430 B.C. and was celebrated for his statues of athletes.

*zeu=cin: the painter, of Heraclea in Magna Graecia, of about the same date. For an account of these artists, see Tarbell's

po/tera, h)/: for the use of particles in alternative questions, see G. 1606; H. 1017. po/tera is omitted in translation.

ei)/per ge: an emphatic if indeed, intimating that Aristodemus reserves decision on this point. Cf. kai\ ei)/per ge/ tinas de/oi, peri\ th=s a)naire/sews ou)de/na ma=llon e)/xein au)tou\s ai)tia/sasqai h)\ tou/tous, oi(=s proseta/xqh and if blame should attach to any one with regard to the failure to rescue (the shipwrecked crews, after the battle of the Arginusae), they could hold no one more responsible than those to whom this duty had been assigned Hell. i. 7. 6.

tu/xh| tini/: obs. the difference between the dat. of means and a)po\ gnw/mhs, which suggests a creative agency.

tw=n ... e)xo/ntwn ... e)/sti: of those things which afford no indication of the purpose for which they exist. Cf. a)dh/lwn o(/pws a)pobh/soito i. 1. 6. The gens. tw=n e)xo/ntwn and tw=n o)/ntwn depend respectively upon the pronominal adjs. po/tera, po/tera.

pre/pei me/n: it certainly stands to reason, with the inf. ei)=nai as subj. of pre/pei. For me/n with the force of mh/n, see H. 1037, 12.

ou)/koun: nonne igitur. For the distinction between ou)/koun and ou)kou=n, see on ii.1.3.

e)p' w)felei/a| prosqei=nai au)toi=s: bestowed upon them for a useful purpose.

di) w(=n ai)sqa/nontai e(/kasta: the organs through which they perceive different objects. For the omission of the antec., see on i.2.19.

o)fqalmou/s, w)=ta: for the partitive appos., see on i.2.60.

o)smw=n: subjective gen. with o)/felos. G. 1085, 2; H. 729 b.

ge\ mh/n: , employed here to avoid the monotony of a too frequent repetition of de/.

ei) mh\ prosete/qhsan: for the supposition contrary to fact, see G. 1397; H. 895.

o)/felos: for defective nouns, see G. 289; H. 215 b.

tw=n dia\ sto/matos h(de/wn: “things pleasant to the taste.”

gnw/mwn: a critic (not to be confused with gnwmw=n). Cf. Eng. ‘gnomon’ of a sundial. For the pred. nom., see G. 907; H. 614.

ou) dokei= soi ktl.: do you not think that the following things also resemble works of design? ta/de introduces the infs. with to/ as far as a)pogeisw=sai, and the remaining infs., beginning with to\ de/xesqai, are summed up in tau=ta ou(/tw pepragme/na.

to\ blefa/rois au)th\n qurw=sai: the providing it with a door of eyelids, lit. dooring it with eyelids. Similarly a)pogeisw=sai below. For the denominative verbs, cf. futeusame/nw| i. 1. 8.

au)th=| xrh=sqai/ ti: to use it for any purpose. For the neut. pron. with xra/omai and the dat. of means, see H. 777 a.

w(s a)/n: for a)/n in final clauses, see G. 1367; H. 882.

h(qmo/n: as a screen, pred. accusative.

zw/|ois: dat. of possessor. H. 768 b.

oi(/ous: i.e. toiou/tous, w(/ste. For oi(=os alone with the inf., see G. 1526, last example; H. 1000.

tou\s gomfi/ous: the molars.

para\ tou/twn decame/nous leai/nein: to receive it (the food) from these, and masticate it.

kataqei=nai: , with resumption of the subj. of qurw=sai and a)pogeisw=sai. Here, as in 11, the Creator is thought of as an artist who arranges at will the materials before him.

e)pei\ dusxerh=: sc. e)sti/.

a)postre/yai kai\ a)penegkei=n: turning away and removing.

h(=| dunato/n proswta/tw: quantum fieri potest remotissime.

ou) ma\ to\n *di/a: sc. a)porw=. For the particles of swearing, cf. i.2.9.

ou(/tw ge skopoume/nw| (sc. tini/): to any one considering it from that point of view. For the dat. of relation, see on th=| po/lei i. 1. 1.

texnh/masi:

to\ de\ e)mfu=sai: the omitted pred. (ti/ni tau=ta e)/oike;) of this sent. may be readily anticipated from the answer.

a)me/lei: originally an imv. equivalent to feel no anxiety, hence, as adv., assuredly.

mhxanh/masi: not essentially different from texnh/masi.

tino\s zw=|a ktl.: of one who has determined the existence of living beings.

Aristodemus has now conceded the existence of a being who, with wise forethought, has provided men with admirably contrived bodies and the impulse toward propagation and support of offspring. In this section, he is shown that the existence of gods may also be inferred from the intellectual nature of man. As the component elements (gh= and u(gro/n) of our bodies have been obtained from an external material universe, so our reason may be supposed to be a part of a Reason to be sought beyond ourselves; in default of whose presence and power the world of order could owe its existence to blind chance only. In opening this line of thought, Socrates begins with the abrupt question su\ de\ sauto\n dokei=s ti fro/nimon e)/xein; to which Aristodemus, not seeing the connection of this with the preceding discussion, cautiously answers: ‘Well, ask on, and I will answer.’ The substance of the passage is given by Cicero, 31. 84. Cf. also his ii. 6, Plato 30 A.

kai\ tau=ta, ei)dw/s: and that too, although you know. For the participle, see on kekthme/nos i. 2. 1.—nou=n de\ mo/non ktl.: but mind alone then, which does not exist elsewhere, you think that you have caught up by some lucky chance? Cf. unde enim hanc mentem homo arripuit? ut ait apud Xenophontem Socrates Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 6. 18.

ma\ *di/a: , i.e. “I do not believe in an overruling intelligence.” ma\ *di/a, instead of ou) ma\ *di/a, may be used when a neg. precedes (as here a)/lloqi ou)damou= ou)de\n ei)=nai), or follows, or is implied in the context.

ou)de\ ga/r: why, neither. ga/r, in an answer, generally refers to an assertion implied in the question or statement preceding, or readily supplied from the connection, as here ou)x o(ra=s tou\s kuri/ous: ou)de\ ga\r ktl. Cf. i.3.10, ii. 1. 2.

kata/ ge tou=to: according to this reasoning, at least. For the position of ge/, see H. 1037, 1 a. Cf. h)/kousen ou)dei\s e)/n ge tw=| fanerw=| i.3.21

to\ daimo/nion: the Deity, as in 2.

e)kei=no: expressing remoteness, hence chosen instead of au)to/.

h)\ w(s: equivalent to h)\ w(/ste, cf. iii.5.17. For w(s and the inf. after the comparative with h)/, see G. 1458; H. 954.

ou)/koun: as in 5.—o(/sw| megaloprepe/steron ktl.: the more magnificent he is and yet deigns to care for you. The very sublimity of the Deity, taken with his benevolence, is an additional reason for honoring him, and not an excuse for ignoring him.

ei) nomi/zoimi, ou)k a)\n a)meloi/hn: for fut. conds. of the less vivid form, see G. 1408; H. 900.

fronti/zein: the omitted subj. (au)tou/s) is unmistakably suggested by the preceding au)tw=n.

oi(/: see on o(/s i. 2. 1.

mo/non tw=n zw/|wn: alone among living beings.

a)ne/sthsan: 1 aor., the trans. use. For trans. and intr. senses in the same verb, see G. 1231; H. 500, and a.

ple/on: belongs to proora=n.

e)/peita: without de/, as ei)=ta in i. 2. 1.

e(rpetoi=s: elsewhere used for zw=|a chiefly by the poets. Cf. o(/ss' e)pi\ gai=an | e(rpeta\ gi/gnontai kai\ u(/dwr kai\ qespidae\s pu=r Hom. d 418.

oi(=s: for the dative of means, see G. 1181; H. 776.

e)kei/nwn: i.e. tw=n e(rpetw=n.

kai\ mh/n: ac profecto, and further. See on a)lla\ mh/n i. 1. 6.

oi(/an: See on oi(/ous 6.— a)/llote a)llaxh=| ktl.: cf. (lingua) sonos vocis distinctos et pressos efficit, cum et ad dentes et ad alias partes pellit oris Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 59. 149.

sto/matos: for the gen. with verbs of touching, see G. 1099; H. 738.

a)rqrou=n fwnh/n: to produce articulate speech.

kai\ shmai/nein: i.e. kai\ w(/ste h(ma=s shmai/nein, the subj. of the inf. being anticipated from a)llh/lois and boulo/meqa.

to\ de\ dou=nai ktl.: sc. ou) qaumasto/n e)stin;

tau=ta: refers to ta\s h(dona/s, the neut. generalizing the conception. Cf. dei= pro\s tau=ta (sc. e)piqumi/as) ou)k h(=tton diama/xesqai i. 23.

toi/nun: For toi/nun as a particle of transition, see Kr. 69. 62.

mo/non: the usual position of mo/non belonging to the inf., when the latter is preceded by ou)k a)rkei=. viii. 8. 16, 17.

krati/sthn: as supreme. For the pred. position of the adj., see G. 971; H. 670.

e)ne/fuse: , as in 7.

yuxh/: “intelligence.”

prw=ta me/n: rarer than prw=ton me/n, and followed here by de/ only, instead of e)/ti de/, or e)/peita.

qew=n h)/|sqhtai, o(/ti ei)si/: has perceived that the gods exist, lit. has perceived the gods that they exist. For the ‘prolepsis,’ see on sunousi/an i. 2. 13.

fu=lon:

qerapeu/ousi: for the pl. after a collective subj., see G. 900; H. 609.

yu/xh, qa/lph: pl. in abstract sense. H. 636.

i(kanwte/ra e)sti/: the closing of a sent. with a question which recalls the beginning, and repeats its words, is common with Xenophon, e.g., ii. 1. 8; iv.4.12; ii. 15.

para/: in comparison with. G. 1213, 3 d; H. 802, 3 c.

fu/sei: by nature. For the dat. of manner, see reference on oi(=s 11.

kai/, kai/: correlative, and subordinating the two dats. sw/mati and yuxh=| to fu/sei.

kratisteu/ontes: “being lords of creation.”

a)\n e)/xwn, e)du/nat' a)/n: for the cond., see on ei) prosete/qhsan 5, and, for the partic. containing a prot., on i. 1. 20. For the repetition of a)/n, see G. 1312; H. 864. Cf. labw\n d' a)\n to\n i(/ppon e)k tou= paraxrh=ma a)\n e)strateu/eto vi.4.11

a(\ e)bou/leto: quae vellet (not volebat). For the assimilation of the mode in cond. rel. sents., see G. 1440; H. 919 b. Cf. iii.5.8.

e)/xei, e)sti/: ind., as Socrates is now speaking of animals that really exist, e.g., apes.

ple/on ou)de\n e)/xei: have no advantage.

a)mfote/rwn: i.e. sw/matos and yuxh=s.

o(/tan ti/ poih/swsi nomiei=s: when they do what, will you think? i.e. “what must they do to make you think?” For the interr. depending on a dependent word, see H. 1012.

sumbou/lous: Aristodemus is thinking of the daimo/nion of Socrates, of which he has no very clear conception, and uses sumbou/lous, perhaps with a touch of irony, for the impersonal sumboulh/n, instead of “advice.”—o(/ ti xrh\ poiei=n ktl.: the clause may be taken as obj. of the verbal idea in sumbou/lous.

*)aqhnai/ois, *(/ellhsi, pa=sin a)nqrw/pois: an ascending climax.

punqanome/nois:

a)lla/ ... katati/qentai: the change from indirect to direct discourse adds to the sarcastic emphasis, “but they select you alone, do they, and leave you in neglect?”

a)\n e)mfu=sai: for examples of the inf. with a)/n in indirect discourse, see G. 1308; H. 964 b. Cf. iii.5.2.

w(s: , depends on do/can

kai/ (before tou\s a)nqrw/pous): , since e)capatwme/nous suggests an alternative condition.

dunatoi/: sc. eu)= kai\ kakw=s poiei=n.

poluxroniw/tata: most time-honored.

qew=n: for the gen., see references on gastro/s i. 2. 1.

e)/fh: he continued, the speaker remaining unchanged, Lat. inquit.

e)nw/n: sc. e)n tw=| sw/mati. Cf. e)no/n i. 2. 54.

o(/pws a)\n au)th=| h(du\ h)=|: as it pleases.

metaxeiri/zetai: administrat,

ou)=n: so, then, “in like manner.”

kai\ mh/: sc. xrh\ oi)/esqai, which is also to be supplied with the following mhde/.

to\ so\n me\n o)/mma: that, while your eye. The neg. mh/ grammatically attaches to the whole of the following sent., but really belongs only to the second inf. in each pair (o(ra=n, e)pimelei=sqai), the me/n clauses being really subordinate; i.e. “you must not believe only in your own vision and intelligence, but must infer from them those of the Deity.” For a similar use of the a fortiori argument, cf. Plato 28D, E.

h)/n: introduces the subjv. lamba/nh|s, the sent. from w(/sper to froni/mous being parenthetical.

qerapeu/wn: by serving.

qew=n: obj. gen. with pei=ran. G. 1085, 3; H. 729 c.

ei): G. 1605; H. 1016. On the thought of the passage, cf. i.1.9.

tw=n a)dh/lwn a)nqrw/pois: sc. o)/ntwn. Cf. i.1.6.

gnw/sh| to\ qei=on, o(/ti e)sti/n: ‘prolepsis.’ Cf. 13, and sunousi/an i. 2. 13.

e)moi\ me\n ou)=n ktl.: sums up the chapter, as in i. 1. 20, 2. 62, et al.

ou) mo/non: belongs to o(po/te o(rw=nto. See on mo/non 13.

a)pe/xesqai: depends on poiei=n.

e)pei/per h(gh/sainto: (as we have seen) they had come to believe. For the opt. in causal sents., see GMT. 714; H. 925 b. For the thought, cf. the injunctions of Christ against ostentatious almsgiving and praying ‘to be seen of men,’ vi. 1-18.

ei) dh/: si iam, introduces a settled and recognized fact.

ei) prou)bi/baze: whether he led (his friends) For ei) with indir. question, cf. i.4.18.

ei)s tau/thn (sc. e)gkra/teian): connect with prou)bi/baze. For the dislocation of the usual order (‘hyperbaton’), see H. 1062.

w)= a)/ndres: there was evidently a circle of hearers. So in 6. 1, paro/ntwn au)tw=n.

o(/ntina: equivalent to ei)/ tina.

ai)sqanoi/meqa: for the assimilation of the cond. rel. clause, see G. 1439; H. 919 a.

h(/ttw (sc. o)/nta): “one who is not master of.” For Socrates's self-control in these matters, cf. 3.

sw=sai, krath=sai: save, conquer. The aor. shows that the actions are conceived without reference to a def. time or duration. GMT. 127, Kr. 53. 6. 9. kratei=n (tina) is equivalent to , kratei=n (tinos) to have control.

paideu=sai: for the inf. expressing a purpose, see G. 1532; H. 951.

diafula/cai, diasw=sai: obs. the force of dia/ in composition, thoroughly, to the end.

h(ghso/meqa: the fut. ind. in apod. breaks the monotony of the repeated opts. with a)/n.

to\n a)krath=: the man without self-control.

e)/rgwn e)pistasi/an: supervision of works.

a)gorasth/n: the terim for the slave who went to market. For the formation of nouns denoting the agent, see G. 833; H. 550.

toiou=ton: i.e. to\n a)krath=.

a)lla\ mh\n ei): atqui si, and yet

ei) decai/meq' a)/n: for the potential opt. (with a)/n) in a cond., see G. 1421, 3; H. 900 a.

au)to/n: a man himself, subj. of fula/casqai. Not in the pl., although decai/meqa precedes, as au)to/s indicates the master, in contrast with dou=lon in the previous clauses.

gene/sqai: for the inf. with verbs of caution, see GMT. 374; H. 948.

kakou=rgos, kakourgo/teros, kakourgo/tatos: obs. the climax, heightened in rhetorical effect by the chiastic order of the first two clauses.

to\n oi)=kon to\n e(autou=: one's own house.

o(\n ei)dei/h: for the assimilation of the mode, see on ai)sqanoi/meqa in 1.

a)=ra ge ou)/: nonne certe.

h(ghsa/menon: for the participle of cond., see on pisteu/wn i. 1. 5.

ou)k ai)sxrw=s diateqei/h: would not be put into a shameful condition. So diakei=sqai in i. 1. 13.

nh\ th\n *(/hran: an expression used by women, and, among men, apparently used by Socrates only. Cf. iii.10.9, 11. 5, iv. 2. 9, 4. 8.

douleu/onta: sc. tina/. The dat. is the usual case for the agent with verbals in -te/os. When the acc. was used, it was perhaps because the verbal was regarded as equivalent to dei= with the infinitive. G. 1188; H. 991 a.

despotw=n a)gaqw=n: i.e. masters who set their servants a good example (Kühner). i. 23.

toiau=ta de\ le/gwn ktl.: “his practice was even better than his preaching.”

tw=n dia\ tou= sw/matos h(de/wn: cf. tw=n dia\ sto/matos h(de/wn i. 4. 5.

para\ tou= tuxo/ntos: from any one who happened along. Cf. i. 2. 6, and see on i.1.14.—despo/thn e(autou= ktl.: was establishing a master over himself; and entering upon a slavery than which none is more shameful. For the special form of ‘litotes’ involved in ou)demia=s h(=tton ai)sxro/n, cf. iv.2.12. Cf. also ou)damw=n ei)si kaki/ones a)ndrw=n Hdt. vii. 104. Kr. 47. 27. 3.

au)tou=: depends on a(\ diele/xqh “those conversations of his.” H. 733.

*)antifw=nta: described by Suidas as follows: *)antifw=n *)aqhnai=os, teratosko/pos kai\ e)popoio\s kai\ sofisth/s, e)kalei=to de\ logoma/geiros. He was the author of a work on the interpretation of dreams which had considerable reputation. Cf. de quibus (somniis) disputans Chrysippus multis et minutis somniis colligendis facit idem quod Antipater, ea conquirens, quae Antiphontis interpretatione explicata declarant illa quidem acumen interpretis, sed exemplis grandioribus decuit uti Cic. de Div. i. 20. He should not be confused with the orator Antiphon.

sunousiasta/s: see on suno/ntwn i. 1. 4.

*swkra/tou: the name expressed for clearness, after the twice-used au)tou=. Cf. pollh\ h)=n a)fqoni/a au)tw=| tw=n qelo/ntwn kinduneu/ein, o(/pou tis oi)/oito *ku=ron ai)sqh/sesqai i.9.15, where the emphasis of *ku=ron is even more marked.

w)/|mhn: Impf. of habitual past action.

tou\s filosofou=ntas: lovers of knowledge. Cf. the Platonic use of filoso/fous equivalent to filomaqei=s, and a)lla\ me/ntoi, ei)=pon e)gw/, to/ ge filomaqe\s kai\ filo/sofon tau)to/n; tau)to\n ga/r, e)/fh Plato 376 B. Cf. also Plato's use of o)rqw=s filosofou=ntes ( 67 E) to avoid the use of filo/sofoi in a technical sense.

eu)daimoneste/rous: , “more prosperous.” The opposite condition is kakodaimoni/a in 3.

xrh=nai gi/gnesqai: necessarily become.

a)polelauke/nai: to have enjoyed, ironical. For a similar use of e)pauri/skomai, cf. i(/na pa/ntes e)pau/rwntai basilh=os Hom. A 410.

ou)d' a)\n ei(=s: stronger than ou)dei\s a)/n. Cf. iv.3.15, and the Eng. ‘no one’ and ‘none.’

w(s: connect with diaitw/menos.

mei/neie: opposed to a)podidra/skein. In this sense, parame/nein is generally used, as, e.g., iii. 4, Plato 97 D.—si=ta/ te ktl.: in explanatory appos. with the preceding. What conj. might have been used? For the decl. of si=ta, see G. 288; H. 214.

h)mfi/esai: pf. with pres. meaning. For aug. before prep., see G. 544; H. 361.

ou) mo/non, a)lla/: like the Lat. non solum, sed. The second notion, as the more important, is added to the first, but without excluding it, as would be the case with ou)k, a)lla/ (non, sed).

a)nupo/dhtos: no special singularity is implied in assigning to Socrates a custom adopted by many of the more ascetic philosophers. Aristophanes ( 103) applies this epithet, with others, to the followers of Socrates. For an interesting account of Greek shoes in the classical period, see an article by A. A. Bryant in , vol. x. p. 57 ff.; and for the hardihood manifested by Socrates at the siege of Potidaea, see Plato 220 A, B.

a)xi/twn: i.e. without the outer xitw/n (e)pendu/ths). Under this outer garment was generally worn an inner xitw/n (u(pendu/ths), with which and his i(ma/tion Socrates seems to have been content. See Guhl and Koner, , p. 161 ff.

diatelei=s: without w)/n, as i. 5. 10.

kai\ mh/n: see on i.4.12, and cf. 8; ii. 3. 4.

xrh/mata: emphatic position.

w(/sper kai/, ou(/tw kai/: the first kai/ remains untranslated, like kai/ before pra/ttein in i. 1. 6. So in vi. 3. Cf. kai\ h(mi=n tau)ta\ dokei= a(/per kai\ basilei= ii.1.22

diaqh/seis: for the fut. denoting pres. intention, see G. 1391; H. 893 c.

ti/: see on ti/si i. 1. 1.

bi/ou: for the case, see on au)tw=n i. 1. 12.

po/teron (sc. xalepo\n h)/|sqhsai), o(/ti: is it because. po/teron is correlative to h)/ below.

toi=s me/n, e)moi\ de/: for me/n with subordinate effect, see on to\ so\n me\n o)/mma i. 4. 17.

h(=tton (with pare/xonta): to a less degree.

xalepw/tera: pred. after o)/nta (to be supplied from the following sent.), with which diaith/mata is acc. abs. with w(s, while e)mou= e)sqi/ontos in the preceding sent. is gen. absolute. G. 1568, 1570; H. 970, 974.

h(/dista: with greatest relish. Cf. h(de/ws i. 3. 5. Note the assonance of h(/dista, h(/kista.

mh\ paro/ntos: not at hand.

i(ma/tia: emphatic position.

poreu/esqai: for the inf. with verbs of hindering, see G. 1519; H. 948.

tou= (equivalent to tino/s): for the form, see G. 416; H. 277.

e)/ndon:

to\ a)lgei=n tou\s po/das: pain in my feet. po/das is acc. of specification. G. 1058; H. 718.

o(/pou: for o(/poi, like our ‘where’ for ‘whither.’

meleth/santes: by practicing.

au)ta/: sc. a(\ a)\n meleth/swsi.

a)ei/: const. with karterei=n, at all times to bear patiently.

meletw=nta karterei=n: for the inf. with verbs of practicing, cf. iii.9.14, and e)mele/twn toceu/ein iii.4.17

tou= douleu/ein: const. with ai)tiw/teron. G. 1140; H. 753 e.

gastri/: appetite. Cf. i. 2. 1; i. 5. 1.

to\ e)/xein: sc. e)me/ as subject.

e)n xrei/a| o)/nta: while in use.

ou) mo/non, a)lla\ kai/: see on ou) mo/non, a)lla/ in 2.

kai\ mh/n: as in 3.

mhde/n: for the use of mh/ with verbs of thinking etc., cf. i.1.20; 2. 39, 41.

eu)= pra/ttein: are fortunate, “doing well.” Some editors see a play on words between this and eu)= pra/ttontes below, where the sense seems to be “managing matters well.”

e)rgazo/menoi: for the supplementary participle with tugxa/nw, see G. 1586; H. 984.

e(auto/n:

filou\s a)mei/nous kta=sqai: acquiring better friends, not by getting new friends, but by improving those we have. a)mei/nous is pred. adjective. G. 919; H. 594 b.

e)gw\ toi/nun ... nomi/zwn: well then, I never cease to believe this (that I am improving myself and my friends).

e)a/n, dh/: see on i.5.1.

e)kpoliorkhqei/h: would succumb to a siege.

toi=s r(a/|stois e)ntugxa/nein: what is easiest to obtain, opposed to tw=n xalepwta/twn eu(rei=n. On the use of the inf. with adjs., see G. 1528; H. 952. Cf. ii.1.22; iii. 8. 8.

a)rkou/ntws xrw/menos: “contented to use,” “contented with.”

e)/oikas oi)ome/nw|: you are like one who thinks, “you seem to think.”

ei)=nai: “consists in.”

qei/ou: for the gen. with advs., cf. ii.1.23.

kra/tiston: “perfect.” The selfdenial here described was carried to an extreme by the sect of philosophers known as Cynics, founded by Antisthenes, a devoted follower of Socrates (cf. iii.11.17; viii. 4). Its most famous representative was Diogenes, who came from Sinope to Athens some years after the death of Socrates, and was speedily attracted to the school of Antisthenes. The extravagances and ostentation of his ascetic life are in strong contrast to the generally sane and unaffected simplicity of Socrates.

11-14.

11. ou)d' o(pwstiou=n: ne tantillum quidem. For -ou=n, cf. i.1.14.

tou=to gignw/skein: to be aware of this.

ou)de/na: for the double acc. with pra/tth|, see on i.2.5.

th=s sunousi/as: gen. of ‘the thing bought,’ by analogy to the gen. of price. G. 1134; H. 746 c.

w(=n: for the ‘assimilation’ of the rel. to the case of its omitted antec., see on i.2.21.

mh\ o(/ti: “not to say,” “let me not say that,” with ellipsis of the verb of saying. Cf. on ou)x o(/ti ii. 9. 8. G. 1504; H. 1035 a.

kai\ th\n sunousi/an, kai\ tau/ths: for the repetition of kai/ in compound sents., see on w(/sper kai/ 3. For the case of tau/ths, see on sunousi/as in 11.

e)pra/ttou: note the transition from the opt. doi/hs in 11 to the indic. of unfulfilled condition.

di/kaios me\n ou)=n a)\n ei)/hs: emphatically put, honest, then, you would be.

e)pista/menos: change of const. from o(/ti ou)k e)capata=|s. Thucydides is specially fond of this change to participial construction.

par' h(mi=n: with us, apud nos.

nomi/zetai ... ei)=nai: “there is a noble as well as an ignoble disposition of wisdom as of personal charms.”

diati/qesqai: to expose for sale. Obs. the condensed expression in w(/ran, sofi/an, kalo/n, ai)sxro/n. Each adj. belongs to each noun in turn.

th\n sofi/an, tou\s pwlou=ntas: the noun is placed before its governing participle, to correspond with th/n te ga\r w(/ran in the preceding sentence. For a similar order, cf. tou/tou tw=n a)poluso/ntwn ii. 2. 4, peri\ a)riqmw=n toi=s e)rwtw=sin iv. 4. 7.

sofista/s: see on i.1.11. In setting a price on their wisdom, they dishonored it, as did po/rnoi beauty.

o(/ ti a)\n e)/xh|: “what he has in him,” “what he understands.” Cf. e)a/n ti e)/xw in 14, and see on iii.10.1.

a(\ prosh/kei, tau=ta poiei=n: for the dem. referring back with emphasis to the omitted antec. of the rel., see G. 1030; H. 996 b.

o)/rniqi: perhaps an allusion to the Greek fondness for training quails to fight. See Becker, (Eng. transl.), p. 77 ff.

a)/llois suni/sthmi: introduce them to others. Cf. iv. 7. 1.

w)felh/sesqai: passive.

tou\s qhsaurou\s ... gra/yantes: cf. gra/mmata polla\ poihtw=n te kai\ sofistw=n iv. 2. 1.

kate/lipon gra/yantes: wrote and left behind. Eng. idiom would use gegramme/nous agreeing with ou(/s.

fi/loi gignw/meqa: become dear. “Already friends (toi=s fi/lois), we are glad to have our mutual affection strengthened by the uniting force of a noble sentiment.”

e)moi\ me/n: for me/n, see on i.1.1.

au)to\s de/: while he himself.

ei)/per: if indeed (as Antiphon doubted).

pote/rws: in which way, introduces the double question ei) ... h)\ ei), hence does not correspond to h)/, and should not be confused with po/teron or po/tera. Cf. ii.7.8.

tou= ei)=nai: for the gen. of the articular inf. with verbs, see G. 1547; H. 959.

a)lazonei/as: Cf. Xenophon's own explanation of the term, o( me\n ga\r a)lazw\n e)/moige dokei= o)/noma kei=sqai e)pi\ toi=s prospoioume/nois kai\ plousiwte/rois ei)=nai h)/ ei)si kai\ a)ndreiote/rois kai\ poih/sein a(\ mh\ i(kanoi/ ei)sin u(pisxnoume/nois, kai\ tau=ta faneroi=s gignome/nois, o(/ti tou= labei=n e(/neka kai\ kerda=nai poiou=si ii. 2. 12. See also Theophrastus c. 23.

h)/: sc. au(/th.

tou=to: for the case, see on po/das i. 6. 6.

a)\n ge/noito: would become, potential optative. See on o(mologh/seien i. 1. 5. For the thought, cf. ii.6.39; i. 6. 22.—For kai/ after o(/, see on i.1.6.

ga/r: its use suggests that the preceding ou)k ei)/h kalli/wn ktl. is felt as the beginning of the conversation.

ta\ e)/cw: the externals. For the double acc. with mimhte/on, see G. 1076; H. 725.

skeu/h: collective pl., equipment. Cf. Lat. apparatus.

e)/peita: without de/, as in i. 2. 1.

a)lla\ mh/n: at vero.

h)/: or else.

a)lazw/n: adj. use, gloriosus.

dapanw=n: circumstantial participle of condition. See on pisteu/wn i. 1. 5.

w(s d' au)/tws: and in the same way. Cf. w(sau/tws in 4.

ti/ a)\n au)tw=| sumbai/noi: what would happen to him?

a)=r' ou)k a)\n ... tou=t) ei)/h luphro/n: the sent. is twice interrupted, as e)piqumw=n is equiv. to a clause. For an even more involved structure, cf. h)\ o(/stis, w(/sper ktl. iv. 2. 25.

luphro/n:

kuberna=n te: instead of kai\ strathgei=n, this is followed by h)\ strathgei=n, with a slight change in the thought. Cf. h( gh=, u(grote/ra te ou)=sa pro\s to\n spo/ron h)\ a(lmodeste/ra (too saltish) pro\s futei/an xx. 12.

a)palla/ceien: would come out of it. In this sense, the pass. is somewhat more common.

dokei=n (sc. ei)=nai): the pretense of being. The thought is “if one should endeavor to seem to excel (§2), he would have much trouble; and the false reputation, when acquired, is injurious.”

a)lusitele\s a)pe/faine: sc. o)/n. After verbs of knowing, declaring, etc., the participle of ei)mi/ is sometimes omitted. Cf. ii.3.14; iii.1.36

h)\ kata\ du/namin: “than their strength would bear.”

suggnw/mhs: For the case, see on sto/matos i. 4. 12.

ou) mikro/n: ‘litotes,’ as shown by the following polu\ de\ me/giston. Cf. i.2.23.

ei)/ tis: “whoever,” referring to a)patew=na.

o(/stis: instead of ei)/ tis. For the same variation, cf. i.6.13.

e)chpath/koi: the pf. emphasizes the deception as an accomplished fact.—e)moi\ me\n ktl.: Xenophon's conclusion. For me/n, see on i.1.1.

toia/de: instead of the more usual toiau=ta, perhaps as bringing the whole conversation more vividly before the eye. See H. 696 a.

toiau=ta: in the rare use of pointing forward. v. 8. 7. It has been conjectured that this pron. and toia/de at the close of the preceding chap. have changed places.

e)gkra/teian: self-control. This virtue shows itself as temperance in respect to the pleasures of sense, as perseverance and endurance where difficulties are to be met. Hence its use with the gen. not only of nouns which denote pleasures, but of those also which denote hardships. In this more comprehensive meaning the term has already been used (i. 5).

pro\s e)piqumi/an: inapplicable to the last three gens. (r(i/gous, qa/lpous, po/nou), and prob. a gloss.

gnou\s ga/r: the conj. is introductory, and serves to connect its sent. with the preceding toiau=ta.

*)ari/stippe: of Cyrene in Africa, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which regarded pleasure as the highest good, and pain as the greatest evil. Another conversation with him is recorded iii. 8.

o(/pws e)/stai: fut. ind. in obj. clause, on account of the idea of ‘caring for,’ ‘effecting,’ contained in the foregoing paideu/ein. G. 1372; H. 885.

a)rxh=s: for the gen. with verbs of disputing or contesting, see G. 1128; H. 739 a.

bou/lei skopw=men: visne consideremus rem? For the interr. subjv. with bou/lei, see G. 1358; H. 866, 3 b.

a)po\ tw=n stoixei/wn: ab elementis literarum, from the A B C's.

gou=n:

ou)kou=n: in questions, ou)/koun is equivalent to nonne igitur, expecting an affirmative answer; ou)kou=n (so then) introduces the view of the speaker, giving it an interr. inflection. The latter particle often seems more suited to the gentle irony of Socrates's method, in which he apparently let his interlocutor find out his answer for himself, while really suggesting it to him. So twice just below in 4. Cf. the use of this particle in the examination of Orontas by Cyrus, i. 6.

w(/ra: the right time.

ei)ko/s: sc. e)sti/.

ga/r: see on i.4.9.

to\ katepei=gon: pressing duty.

proairei=sqai ma=llon: cf. the same pleonasm in the Lat. malle potius.

po/teron: which of them (sc. the two young men). For the double acc. with a verb of teaching, see on i.2.10. Cf. kai\ tou\s met' au)tou= de\ tau)ta\ ei)/qiken vi.1.15, and (with to/ and the inf., as here) a)gaqo\n de\ e)qi/zein au(to\n kai\ to\ e)rhmei=n ix. 9.

mh\ a)/prakta gi/gnhtai: may not be left undone.

para/: , lit. along the course of. G. 1213, 3 (); H. 802, 3 b.

tw=| a)/rxein paideuome/nw|: short form of expression equiv. to to\n ei)s to\ a)/rxein paideuo/menon in 2. Cf. oi( ei)s th\n basilikh\n te/xnhn paideuo/menoi 17.

to\ maqei=n, ei)/ ti ma/qhma: the acquirement of whatever knowledge.

polu/: sc. ma=llon.

tw=n a)/llwn o)/felos: for the subjective gen. with o)/felos, see on o)smw=n i. 4. 5, and, for the decl. of o)/felos, same section. Cf. a)kola/stou ga\r strateu/matos ou)de\n h(gei=to o)/felos ei)=nai ii.6.10

h(=tton a)\n dokei= a(li/skesqai: seems less likely to be captured. For the inf. with a)/n in indirect discourse, cf. gene/sqai a)/n i. 2. 15.

kai\ ma/la e)/nia duswpou/mena: and some (of these) very shy by nature. For the partitive appos., see G. 914; H. 624 d. Cf. a)kou/omen u(ma=s ei)s th\n po/lin bi/a| parelhluqo/tas e)ni/ous skhnou=n (are quartered, some of you) e)n tai=s oi)ki/ais v.5.11

oi( pe/rdikes: cf. Xenophon's description of the bustards (w)ti/das) as easily caught, pe/tontai ga\r braxu/, w(/sper pe/rdikes i.5.3

e)cista/menoi tou= a)nalogi/zesqai: see on tou= fronei=n e)ci/sthsi i. 3. 12.

ou)/koun: at nonne, seems preferable to ou)kou=n, as being followed by the decisive a)=r' ou)k, e)sti/n at the close of the section.

kai/: introduces an example. Cf. i.1.7.

ta\s ei(rkta/s: i.e. the women's apartments, gunaikwni=tis.

ki/ndunos: sc. e)sti/.

o( no/mos a)peilei=: acc. to Attic law, the injured husband could either himself punish the adulterer, or accuse him before the Thesmothetae.

o)/ntwn de\ pollw=n tw=n a)poluso/ntwn: although there are so many means to free him from (i.e. gratify). tw=n a)poluso/ntwn is neuter.

e)n a)dei/a|: with impunity.—a)=r) ou)k h)/dh tou=to ktl.: is not that, then, the act of an utter madman? kakodaimona/w, lit. to be possessed by an evil genius. The participle is pred. genitive.

ei)=nai me/n, tou\s de\ e)/xein: for this use of me/n, de/, see on i.4.17.

ta\s a)nagkaiota/tas plei/stas pra/ceis: the greatest part of the most necessary employments.

a)nqrw/pois: connect with ei)=nai.

ou) ta\s e)laxi/stas: see on ou)x h(/kista i. 2. 23.

a)gumna/stws e)/xein: are untrained.

dokei=: sc. tou=to.

kai\ tau=ta: sc. yu/xh kai\ qa/lph.

fe/rein: const. with a)/skein, and for the inf., see on meletw=nta karterei=n i. 6. 7.

e)gkratei=s: see on 1.

ei) ta/ttomen: “if we include,” a good example of the simple logical condition. G. 1390; H. 893.

tou\s mhd' a)ntipoihsome/nous tou= a)/rxein: those who will not even contend for high office. For the gen. tou= a)/rxein, see on a)rxh=s 1, and for the attrib. participle, cf. i.2.43.

ta/comen: distinguish the simple fut. ind. in apod. from the interr. subjv., shall we include.

tou/twn e(kate/rou tou= fu/lou th\n ta/cin: the respective position of each of these classes of men, lit. the rank of each class of these men. The two individuals are now identified with the classes of which they are types. For the position of the dem. pronominal adj., see G. 974; H. 673 a. Cf. e)f' e(kate/rw| tw=| ke/ra| Thuc. v. 67.

e)/gwge (sc. e)skeya/mhn): yes, indeed.

a)nqrw/pou: for the pred. gen. of characteristic, see on gnw/mhs i. 1. 9.

to\ mh\ a)rkei=n tou=to: sc. au)tw=|. We might have expected a)rkei=sqai (contentum esse) tou/tw|, a)lla\ prosanaqe/sqai, but it is common in Greek for a dependent word of one clause to become the subj. in the next, as here, where au)to/n is to be supplied as subj. of prosanaqe/sqai.

e(autw=| me\n e)llei/pein, tou/tou di/khn u(pe/xein: a compound subj. as in 6, here summed up by tou=to.

tou=to pw=s ... e)sti/: the thought stated as a belief at the beginning of this passage (pa/nu ... a)/fronos ... ei)=nai) is repeated at its close in the form of a question. See on i. 4. 13.

e)gw/ te ga/r, ai(/ te po/leis: for as I, so also the states. See on i. 3. 1.—tou\s me\n boulome/nous ktl.: with these words Aristippus indicates the position and function of a statesman who, at the demand of the state, must lay on himself and others heavy burdens: and, in rejecting this for himself, Aristippus indirectly gives utterance to the view afterward developed by his pupil Epicurus. Cf. to\ maka/rion kai\ a)/fqarton ou)/te au)to\ pra/gmata e)/xei, ou)/te a)/llw| pare/xei Diog. Laert. x. 39, words which Cicero renders quod aeternum beatumque est, id nec habere ipsum negoti quicquam nec exhibere alteri i. 17. The use of the dat. au(toi=s with e)/xein may be explained by the analogy of the following a)/llois.

ou(/tws: i.e. as previously described.

a)\n paideu/sas: “would educate and.”

me/ntoi: a stronger adversative than de/.

h(=| r(a=|sta: for the strengthened superlative, see H. 651.

bou/lei, skeyw/meqa: see on 1.

w(=n: for the attraction, see G. 1031; H. 994; o(/pws ou)=n e)/sesqe a)/ndres a)/cioi th=s e)leuqeri/as h(=s ke/kthsqe i.7.3

*pe/rsai me\n a)/rxousin, a)/rxontai de\ *su/roi: obs. the chiastic order. In the two following sents. the more natural order is followed.

*su/roi, *fru/ges, *lu/doi: purposely mentioned, as names of races despised by the Greeks.

*maiw=tai: a people near the Sea of Azof.

e)n oi(=s kai\ au)to\s ei)=: “to come a little nearer home.”

oi( kratou=ntes, oi( kratou/menoi: i.e. the more powerful states and their tributary allies. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens had developed to its utmost the system of a central power with many dependent allies. For an account of it, see Schömann, , i.

au)=: on the other hand, with reference to the beginning of 8, ei)s th\n doulei/an being used for ei)s th\n tw=n dou/lwn ta/cin.

tou/twn: const. as a gen. of place with me/sh, which here is equivalent to e)n me/sw|

h(/n: for the cognate acc. with verbs of motion, see G. 1057; H. 712.

eu)daimoni/an: for true happiness described as the reward of virtue, cf. 33. See Introd. § 22.

me/n, me/ntoi: as in 9. Cf. iv.4.7.

ou(/tws mhde\ di) a)nqrw/pwn: sc. fe/roi.

i)/sws a)/n ti le/gois: “perhaps there would be something in what you say.” The opposite is ou)de\n le/gein. See Kr. 51. 16. 13.

ei) a)ciw/seis: for the fut. ind. expressing present intention, cf. i.6.3.

mhde\ e(kw\n qerapeu/seis: and do not intend to yield voluntary allegiance.

kai\ koinh=| kai\ i)di/a|: “both states and individuals.”

klai/ontas kaqi/stantes: “by bringing them to grief.” Cf. our phrase ‘come to grief,’ for any disastrous result. Cf., also, Xenophon's use of the similar klai/ontas kaqi/zein in iii. 11; ii. 2. 15.

dou/lois: as slaves. Cf. tekmhri/w| i. 2. 49, trofh=| iii. 11. 6.

speira/ntwn: for the omission of the art. with subst. participles, see on maino/menos i. 3. 11.—to/n te si=ton te/mnontes ktl.: cf. the proceedings in the early years of the Peloponnesian war, when a Spartan army under Archidamus regularly ravaged the Attic plain. For the attrib. participle used substantively, see on tou\s a)ntipoihsome/nous 7.

poliorkou=ntes: vexantes,

pei/swsin: euphemistic for “compel.” Cf. e)pei/sqhsan a)na/gkh| vii.7.29, fobw=n e)/peise v. 4. 51. For the subjv. in a temporal clause, see G. 1465; H. 921, and cf. 33; iii. 5. 6.

kai\ i)di/a| au)=: transition from states to individuals.

ce/nos pantaxou=: “a citizen of the world.”

tou=to me/ntoi ktl.: that is certainly a clever dodge you suggest. pa/laisma lit. a trick of wrestling. For the pred. use of deino/n, see H. 618.

e)c ou(=: sc. xro/nou.

*si/nis, *skei/rwn, *prokrou/sths: three famous robbers, killed by Theseus. Cf. Plut. 8. The way in which Procrustes treated his guests has become proverbial, and has given us the word ‘procrustean.’ Cf. ou(=tos de\ tou\s pario/ntas o(doipo/rous h)na/gkasen e)pi/ tinos kli/nhs a)napi/ptein kai\ tw=n me\n makrote/rwn ta\ proe/xonta me/rh (the projecting portions) tou= sw/matos a)pe/kopte, tw=n d' e)latto/nwn tou\s po/das proe/krouen (hammered out) Diod. Sic. iv. 59.

a)lla\ nu=n: i.e. when there are no longer such robbers.

toi=s a)nagkai/ois kaloume/nois: in general, oi( a)nagkai=oi means all who are intimately associated with us; here, however, like the Lat. necessarii, the phrase is equivalent to , hence the addition of kaloume/nois.

bohqou/s: pred. accusative.

oi(=s a)mu/nontai: with which they try to defend themselves. For the pres. of attempted action, see G. 1255; H. 825.

tou\s a)dikou=ntas: for the acc. with certain verbs of which the equivalents are intr. in Eng., see G. 1049; H. 712.

e)/xwn: although you have.

toiou=tos: i.e. without home or friends.

oi(/ois: for the pl. after a sing. antec. suggesting a class, see H. 629 a.

dia\ to\ ce/nos ei)=nai: for the articular inf., see on i.1.12.

h)/: sc. qarrei=s.

oi(=os lusitelei=n: see on oi(/ous te/mnein i. 4. 6.— ti/s ga\r a)\n e)qe/loi ktl.: a question which seems to support the supposition attributed to Aristippus, namely, that as a slave he would be of no account: its real application is found in the following section.

a)=ra ou): belongs to each of the three following questions. For the interr., see on i.3.11.

kle/ptein: for the inf. with verbs of hindrance, see on poreu/esqai i. 6. 6.

a)lla\ ga/r: introduces (like at enim) an objection, ga/r being explained by some omitted thought like “an objection presents itself.”

ti/: adv. accusative.

peinh/sousi: for this and the following fut. inds., cf. a)ciw/seis 12.

o(/ ti a)/llo: to be read together, wherein else. After a)/llo ge h)/, acc. to Eng. idiom, a o(/ti might be expected, which is not necessary in Greek. Cf. ti/ ga\r a)/llo h)\ kinduneu/seis ii. 3. 17. “The difference between willing and unwilling submission to indignities is only this, that he who submits willingly incurs, in addition to his suffering, the charge of folly.”

o( *swkra/ths e)/fh: see on i.2.9.

tw=n toiou/twn (sc. luphrw=n): part. gen. with ta\ e(kou/sia.

h(=|: in so far as, quatenus.

o(po/te bou/loito: for the opt. in a rel. temporal clause by assimilation, see on i.5.4; ii. 9. 2.

pi/oi: without a)/n, which is to be supplied from the preceding fa/goi a)/n.

o(po/tan bou/lhtai: obs. the a)/n retained with the subjv. in a rel. temporal clause, and omitted with the opt. (o(po/te bou/loito).

ponw=n: for the supplementary participle with verbs expressive of being pleased, see G. 1580; H. 983.

a)=qla: praemia,

mikrou= tinos a)/cia/ e)sti: have some small value. For the indef. pron. added to adjs., see on deinh/n tina i. 3. 12, and, for the gen. of value with a)/cios, G. 1135; H. 753 f.

tou/tous: repeats and emphasizes tou\s de/. Cf. iii.5.8, 7. 4.

a)game/nous e(autou/s: well-pleased with themselves.

e)k tou= paraxrh=ma h(donai/: pleasures of the moment, i.e. easilywon enjoyments (as shown by the contrasted ai( dia\ karteri/as e)pime/leiai). Cf. ta\s e)gguta/tw h(dona/s iv. 5. 10.

sw/mati, yuxh=|: for the omission of the generic art., see H. 660.

ai( dia\ karteri/as e)pime/leiai: for the use of the prep. with its case as an attrib. adj. (so e)k tou= paraxrh=ma above), see G. 952; H. 600; and for dia/ with the gen. denoting manner, cf. dia\ me/qhs Plato 176 E.

e)/rgwn: For the gen. with verbs of attaining and touching, see on i.4.12.

*(hsi/odos: the quotation is from his 287 ff.

kai\ i)/ladon: and that in abundance.

e)/stin: why this accent?

lei/h: cf. the Lat. lēvis.

nai/ei: sc. h( kako/ths.

oi)=mos: seems first masc. (makro/s), and then fem. (r(hidi/h). It is more commonly fem., like other words meaning , e.g., o(do/s, ke/leuqos, a)trapo/s, etc. Possibly the poet had one of these in mind with r(hidi/h. See G. 194, 1; H. 152 c.

xaleph/ per e)ou=sa: sc. to\ prw=ton.

*)epi/xarmos: a comic poet from Cos, who flourished in Syracuse about 500 B.C. The two verses are ‘trochaic tetrameter catalectic.’ G. 1651; H. 1083.

tw=n po/nwn: for the gen. of price, see on i.6.11.

kai\ ... e)/xh|s: the passage is prob. interpolated, as to/pos was not used in Xenophon's time to denote a ‘place’ in an author's works. See L. & S. s.v. to/pos I, 4.

mw=so: from ma/w.

*pro/dikos: of Ceos, a contemporary of Socrates and Xenophon, the latter of whom may have heard him recite his apologue of Hercules at Thebes, in the course of a professional tour. Socrates spoke of him with respect, and in Plato several times calls himself a hearer of Prodicus. The su/ggramma peri\ *(hrakle/ous was a part of a larger work entitled *(=wrai.

e)pidei/knutai: , “recites.” The exhibition or ‘show’ speeches of the Sophists were generally called e)pidei/ceis.

w(=de/ pws: see on toia/de tis i. 1. 1.

e)k pai/dwn: from childhood, concrete for abstract. For the accent of pai/dwn, see G. 128; H. 172 a.

o(do/n: for the case, see on h(/n 11.—e)celqo/nta ktl.: cf. nam quod Herculem Prodicus dicit, ut est apud Xenophontem,—exisse in solitudinem atque ibi sedentem diu secum multumque dubitasse etc. Cic. de Off. i. 32. 118.

tra/phtai: for the interr. subjv. retained in indir. question, see G. 1490; H. 933.

i)dei=n: for the limiting inf. with adjs., see G. 1528; H. 952. Cf. i.6.9; iii. 8. 8.

e)sqh=ti: const. with kekosmhme/nhn.

teqramme/nhn ei)s polusarki/an te kai\ a(palo/thta: pampered up to plumpness and delicacy.—kekallwpisme/nhn de\ to\ me\n xrw=ma ktl.: this sent. does not correspond to the previous one, either in the order of the clauses or in the words themselves. Xenophon seems often to have avoided complete uniformity in the parallel clauses of a rhetorical period; though it certainly might have been justified here, as being quite in keeping with the character of professional declamations, which abounded in antitheses.

tou= o)/ntos, th=s fu/sews: equivalent to h)\ h)=n, h)\ e)pefu/kei. See Kr. 47. 27. 2.

w(/ste dokei=n fai/nesqai: cf. e)kplage/ntes tw=| do/cai me/gan te kai\ kalo\n fanh=nai to\n *ku=ron viii. 3. 14.

o)rqote/ran: more erect, in order to appear taller. Tallness was esteemed by the Greeks. Cf., on the passage, i)dw/n pote au)th\n e)ntetrimme/nhn pollw=| yimuqi/w| (white lead), o(/pws leukote/ra e)/ti dokoi/h ei)=nai h)\ h)=n, pollh=| de\ e)gxou/sh| (red dye, from the plant anchusa), o(/pws e)ruqrote/ra fai/noito th=s a)lhqei/as, u(podh/mata d' e)/xousan u(yhla/, o(/pws mei/zwn dokoi/h ei)=nai h)\ e)pefu/kei X. 2, where Ischomachus is describing his youthful wife.

w(/ra: youthful beauty, with art. omitted.

diala/mpoi: for the potential opt. in rel. final clauses, see G. 1367; H. 937 a.

e)piskopei=n: , to see if etc.

*(hrakle/ous: for the gen. with advs. of place, see on qei/ou i. 6. 10.

to\n au)to\n tro/pon: i.e. without altering her pace.

a)porou=nta: for the supplementary participle in indirect discourse, see on i.2.16.

o(do\n e)pi\ to\n bi/on: path in life.

tra/ph|: for the mode, tra/phtai 21.

poihsa/menos: participle of manner, with ellipsis of th\n o(do\n tra/ph|. Cf. nomi/san i. 2. 42.

ou)deno/s: for the gen. with verbal adjs., cf. i.2.1, 63; 6. 8.

pole/mwn: for the case, cf. i.1.11.

frontiei=s: for the ‘Attic’ future, see G. 665, 3; H. 425.

skopou/menos die/sh|: you shall all the time be considering. For the supplementary participle with verbs of continuing, see G. 1580; H. 981.

siti/on, poto/n: in appos. with ti/.

eu(/rois: potential opt. in indirect discourse.

paidikoi=s:

spa/news a)f' w(=n: equivalent to spa/news tou/twn, a)f) w(=n.

ou) fo/bos (sc. e)sti/): no ground for anxiety.

to/: connect with pori/zesqai.— ponou=nta, talaipwrou=nta: agree with the omitted subj. of pori/zesqai.

oi(=s, tou/tois: for a(/, tou/tois with omitted indef. antec. of the relative. See G. 1030; H. 996 b. For the assimilation, see on w(=n 10.

xrh/sh|: “shall enjoy.”

pantaxo/qen: the position is emphatic.

o)/noma de/: for de/, see on i.3.13.

h( de/: for the pronominal art., see on i.2.33.

u(pokorizo/menoi: The word properly means ‘to talk baby talk,’ from ko/ros, ‘child,’—hence, ‘to give pet names,’ and so, in a bad sense, ‘to nickname.’

katamaqou=sa; “gauged.”

ei) tra/poio: less confident than the e)a\n [traph=|] of *kaki/a in 23.

a)\n gene/sqai: see on a)\n kinhqh=nai i. 1. 14.

e)p' a)gaqoi=s: for good actions, i.e. those which Hercules would perform under her guidance; ‘lit with the luster shed by valorous deeds’ (Dakyns).

prooimi/ois h(donh=s: promises of pleasure, like those in the speech of *kaki/a.

a)gaqw=n kai\ kalw=n: const. as preds. with o)/ntwn.

i(/lews: see on i.1.9

bou/lei, e)qe/leis, e)piqumei=s: prob. no difference in meaning is intended.

qerapeute/on: see on i. 2. 34. Note the double meaning of qerapeu/w with qeou/s and gh=n, like the Lat. colere.

au)ta/s te: the te/ is added, because the writer had in mind maqhte/on for both clauses, with some such obj. in the second as th\n xrh=sin au)tw=n, instead of which, by a slight change of construction we have o(/pws au)tai=s dei/ xrh=sqai a)skhte/on. The whole idea is sufficiently rendered by our “military science and tactics.” ei) de/: after the sevenfold repetition of ei)/te, the emphatic concluding sent. is introduced with ei) de/. Cf. the Lat. si vero after sive.

th=| gnw/mh| u(phretei=n: for when the body obeys the reason, it will do nothing which will interfere with its own best development. Cicero, in his version of this passage (exercendum corpus et ita afficiendum est, ut oboedire consilio rationique possit i. 23. 79), seems to have connected th=| gnw/mh| u(phretei=n with dunato/s, rather than with what follows.

po/nois, i(drw=ti: dats. of accompaniment. Cf. ‘in the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread’ iii. 19.

h( gunh\ au(/th: that woman there. So the Lat. ista femina.

eu)frosu/nas: , in strong contrast to eu)daimoni/an. Observe the elaborate antitheses in the two clauses, and note that Vice usurps the nobler word , conceding to Virtue only as the reward of toil and self-denial.

o(do/n (after braxei=an): see on 21.

h( *)areth/: that Virtue has not been previously mentioned by name is a refinement of the allegory, which has left it to the hearer or reader to identify her by her description at entrance, and by her words.

w)= tlh=mon: wretched being, uttered with righteous indignation.

ti/ de/: see on o)/noma de/ 26.

h(/tis: you who. See H. 699 a.

ou)de\ a)name/neis: cf. Sym. iv. 41. “Not only will you not do anything to secure true enjoyment, but you will not wait for the desire (hunger, thirst, etc.) of enjoyment to come of itself.”

peinh=n, diyh=n: for the special form of contraction, see G. 496; H. 412.

mhxanwme/nh, paraskeua/zh|: note the change of construction. The retention of the participle is prob. due to the influence of the two preceding participles, the finite const. being afterward resumed.

xio/na: the use of snow to cool wine, sherbet, etc. is common in southern Europe. For the thought, cf. i.6.5.

strwmna/s: , mattresses.

malaka/s: pred. adj., to be connected with paraskeua/zh|. G. 971, 972; H. 618.— [ta\s kli/nas kai/]: prob. an interpolation, as the possession of couches could not be a subject for reproach.

u(po/baqra: rockers. Cf. ou) ga\r e)k xrusou= kai\ e)le/fantos kateskeuasme/nai kli=nai kai\ porfuroi= ta/phtes ou)/te u(po/baqra kai\ pasta/des () u(/pnous poiou=sin, a)lla\ e)/rga kai\ no/mimoi po/noi kai\ to\ th=s fu/sews au)th=s a)nagkai=on Teles Stobaeum 93. 31.

poih=|s: see on tra/phtai 21.

gunaici/: see on dou/lois 12.

u(bri/zousa, katakoimi/zousa: the participles expand and explain the preceding ou(/tw. Cf. e)mbolh\n w(=de poiou=ntai, a(/ma me\n laqei=n peirw/menoi, a(/ma de\ fqa/sai iv.1.4

e)k qew=n: from the company of gods.

e)pai/nou e(auth=s: praise of yourself. For the use of the third pers. refl. instead of the second, see G. 995; H. 686 a. For the thought, cf. Themistoclem dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret: Eius, a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur Cic. 9. 32.

eu)= fronw=n: in his senses.

qia/sou: properly an assemblage of worshipers: here scornfully applied to the followers of *kaki/a.

oi(\ ne/oi: as if preceded by qiaswtw=n, instead of qia/sou, a const. kata\ su/nesin. So ai( po/leis, pau/sontes in ii. 2. 3.

liparoi\ trefo/menoi: for the pred. adj. used in adverbial sense, see H. 619.

a)poqe/menoi: laying up. Cf. with this description Shakspeare's Seven Ages of Man in , and the imagery of xii.

su/neimi me/n, su/neimi de/: ‘anaphora,’ as in i. 1. 2, 5. 3.

kalo/n ou)/te ... ou)/te ... gi/gnetai: acc. to Greek usage, we should expect an ou)de/n before kalo/n.

oi(=s: for par' oi(=s. So ai(=s su/nei for e)n ai(=s su/nei iii. 7. 3. *kaki/a receives indeed honor, but only from those par) oi(=s tima=sqai ou) prosh/kei.

sunergo/s: sc. ou)=sa.— sullh/ptria: an assistant.

koinwno/s: a sharer.

a)pra/gmwn: , opposed to periqe/ousa in 30.

a)ne/xontai: they hold out.

eu)= pra/ttontes: succeeding in.—o(/tan d' a)\n e)/lqh| to\ peprwme/non te/los ktl.: cf. the concluding lines of Bryant's

u(mnou/menoi qa/llousi: “they are immortalized in song.” Cf. Harmodius in ore et Aristogito, Lacedaemonius Leonidas, Thebanus Epamin ondas vigent Cic. i. 49. 116.

toiau=ta soi: for the ‘asyndeton,’ see on i.1.9.

diw/kei: unusual in this sense, which is a common one in English. Cf. the Lat. persequi.

th\n u(p' *)areth=s pai/deusin: for u(po/ and the gen. with a verbal noun, see Kr. 68. 43. 2. Cf. h(/desqai th=| u(po\ pa/ntwn timh=| iii. 3. 2.

gnw/mas:

e)nqumoume/nw|: giving heed.

peira=sqai/ ti ... fronti/zein: to strive to pay some attention to those things also (kai/) which belong to the later portion of your life.

to\n presbu/taton: acc. to Suidas (s.v. *swkra/ths), the two other sons of Socrates, Sophroniscus and Menexenus, were by Myrto, a second wife. But Plato ( 60 A), in the well-known prison- and deathscene, describes Xanthippe as sitting beside Socrates with their child (paidi/on). Cf. also 116 B. Perhaps Myrto was his first wife; but there is no contemporary evidence for more than one, and that one Xanthippe. On the violent temper of Xanthippe, cf. xrh=| (you are provided with) gunaiki\ tw=n ou)sw=n, oi)=mai de\ kai\ tw=n gegenhme/nwn kai\ tw=n e)some/nwn, xalepwta/th| ii. 10. They were an ill-assorted couple, and each had doubtless much to complain of.

tou\s ti/ poiou=ntas, a)pokalou=sin: i.e. ti/ poiou=sin ou(=toi, ou(\s to\ o)/noma tou=to kalou=sin; For the interr. depending on a participle or other dependent word, cf. i.4.14; i. 3. 10; iii.1.14

tou\s eu)= paqo/ntas: those who have received favors. Cf. a)nq' w(=n eu)= e)/paqon u(p) e)kei/nou i.3.4

ou)kou=n: as in ii. 1. 2.

ei) a)/ra: whether possibly.

w(/sper: followed by a simple kai/, instead of ou(/tw kai/. Cf. w(/sper su/, kai\ e)gw/ iv. 4. 7. Cf. also xviii. 9.

a)/dikon, di/kaion: wrong, right.

u(f' ou(= a)/n tis (equivalent to e)a/n tis u(po/ tinos) ktl.: whoever has received favors from any one, whether friend or foe, and does not attempt to return them.

ei)likrinh/s tis: a clear kind of, the adj. followed by the indef., as in Lat. by quidam with the same signification. G. 1016; H. 702.

a)\n ei)/h: potential opt. in apodosis. See G. 1421, 1; H. 901 b.

ti/nas, u(po\ ti/nwn: two questions in one clause. G. 1601; H. 1013. The same usage is found in Latin; cf. difficile est enumerare quot viri quanta scientia fuerint Cic. de Or. i. 3. 9.

e)k me\n ou)k o)/ntwn, ei)=nai: out of non-existence into being. Cf. e)k qew=n ii. 1. 31. “We owe to our parents all the blessings of life, the possession of which is regarded as the greatest happiness, and their loss (through death) the greatest misfortune.”

qa/naton: without the article. See on i. 2. 62, where zhmi/a has the art., which here it lacks.

w(s ... pau/santes: rati metu mali, quo gravius nullum esset, iniuriam coercere se posse. See on w(s proshmai/nontos i. 1. 4. The participle, by a constructio ad sensum, refers to oi( poli=tai implied in ai( po/leis. See on qia/sou, oi( ii. 1. 31.

tou/tou, tw=n a)poluso/ntwn: for the position of the art., see on i.6.13; and for the sing. tou/tou (sc. tou= tw=n a)frodisi/wn e)piqumei=n), see on iii.4.5. a)poluso/ntwn is neuter, as in ii. 1. 5.

be/ltista:

ai(=s: equivalent to kai\ tau/tais. Cf. the conversation between Ischomachus and his wife, vii. 10 ff.

u(podecame/nh te fe/rei: to this corresponds kai/ tre/fei below.

dienegkou=sa: sc. in the period of pregnancy.

gignw=skon to\ bre/fos: best const. as obj. of tre/fei te kai\ e)pimelei=tai taken as one idea (tre/fei e)pimelw=s). Kühner suggests that Xenophon composed the passage rhetorically, and wrote gignw=skon to\ bre/fos in the nom. as a substitute for the gen. abs., in order to preserve ‘concinnity’ in the constructions. On the connection of the two participles (propeponqui=a, gignw=skon), one in the nom., the other in the acc., by ou)/te, ou)/te, cf. ii.7.8.

ou)de/: and not. —a)ll) au)th\ ktl.: from here the const. becomes freer, in order to avoid the obscurity resulting from too many participles.

qre/yai mo/non: an unusual position. See on i. 4. 13.

pe/mpousi: sc. tou\s pai=das. The education of an Athenian boy included the study of (1) gra/mmata (reading and writing); (2) h( mousikh\ te/xnh (poetry and music); (3) h( gumnastikh\ te/xnh (physical culture). Cf. Aristophanes 961 ff., and esp. Plato 325 ff.; and for a fuller account, see Becker, (Eng. translation), p. 226 ff., and Guhl and Koner, , §§ 50, 51.

pa/nta: everything possible.

a)lla/ toi ktl.: said in a somewhat grumbling tone.

pepoi/hke: the subj. is readily supplied from the connection.

h)\ mhtro/s: or that of a mother. Lamprocles, who has his own mother in mind, answers with the article, th=s mhtro/s, th=s ge toiau/ths the mother's, if she be such a one as mine.

dakou=sa, lakti/sasa: for the aor. participle expressing time coincident with that of the main verb, see GMT. 150; H. 856 b.

e)pi\ tw=| bi/w| panti/: for his whole life, i.e. for all that life could bring him. Cf. e)pi\ po/sw| a)\n e)qe/lois th\n gunai=ka/ sou a)kou=sai o(/ti skeuoforei=s iii. 1. 43. G. 1210, 2 ; H. 799, 2 c.—[dusa/nekta]: found only here, is perhaps an interpolation suggested by a)nasxe/sqai above.

ei)=pa: the rare first pers. sing. of the Ionic aorist. The second pers. is much more common. Of ei)=pa only six instances in Attic are cited by Veitch (, p. 205 ff.).

po/sa: cognate accusative.

a)llh/lous, e)/sxata: for the two accs. with one verb, see on i.2.12.

tw=n lego/ntwn ou)/te to/n: that of those uttering (such things) either he who.

e)le/gxein: does so (i.e. utters abuse).

i(/na zhmiw/sh|: order to do harm.

eu)= ei)dw/s: designedly stronger than ou)k oi)/ontai in the previous sentence.

a)gaqa/: good things.

o(/pws u(gia/nh|s, e)/sh|: subjv. and fut. indic. in close connection, with o(/pws. G. 1374; H. 885 b. Kühner suggests that the change to the indic. implies that the supplying of the child's wants is more in the mother's power than is the maintenance of his health.

eu)xome/nhn a)gaqa/: praying for blessings.

eu)xa\s a)podidou=san: paying her vows.

ei) du/nasai: see on i.2.13.

a)/llon tina/: obj. of qerapeu/ein.

pareskeu/asai: are you prepared?

pei/qesqai: depends on pareskeu/asai.

i(/na soi pu=r e)nau/h|: that he may kindle a fire for you, i.e. not refuse you a light. Cf. ex quo sunt illa communia: non prohibere aqua profluente; pati ab igne ignem capere Cic. de Off. i. 16. 52.

sullh/ptwr: cf. sullh/ptria ii. 1. 32.

a)/n ti sfallo/menos tu/xh|s: “if you fall into any misfortune.”

e)llu/qen bohqh=| soi: being at hand may aid you. — ou)de\n a)/n soi diafe/roi: would it make no difference to you?

th=s para\ tou/twn eu)noi/as: the good will (emanating) from these.

ei)=ta: as in i. 2. 26.

e)pimelei=tai: takes cognizance of.

a)podido/ntas: supplementary participle with periora=|.

e)a\n de/ tis: correl. to a)/llhs me/n above.

a)/rxein: to serve as archon, technical term. Cf. bouleu/sas i. 1. 18. A law of Solon provided for a rigid examination into the ‘record’ of a candidate for the archonship, and if it was found that he had been guilty of violence or neglect toward his parents (ei) to\n pate/ra tu/ptei, h)\ th\n mhte/ra, h)\ mh\ pare/xei oi)/khsin) he was excluded from all public office.—w(s ou)/te a)\n ta\ i(era\ ktl.: on the ground that the sacrifices would not be offered piously on behalf of the state if this man officiated. For the participle with w(s, see on 3 and i. 1. 4. Obs. the emphatic repetition of tou/tw|, tou=ton, tou/tou.

ou)de\n a)/n: sc. pratto/menon, to be const. like quo/mena above.

e)ceta/zei:

dokimasi/ais: on this whole subject, see Schömann, , p. 403 ff. Cf. Pollux viii. 44.

a)\n swfronh=|s: if you are wise.

mh\ ou)k e)qelh/swsin: in Attic, the use of mh\ ou) with the subjv. is generally confined to clauses after verbs of fearing. See GMT. 305, 306; H. 1033.

ei)=ta: and then, without kai/, as often. Cf. i.2.1; iv. 5. 3, and kai\ au)toi\ polla/kis e)me\ mimou=ntai, ei)=ta e)pixeirou=sin a)/llous e)ceta/zein Plato 23C.

e)n e)rhmi/a| fi/lwn: without w)/n. So after o(ra=n, cf. e)n eu)di/a| () ga\r o(rw= u(ma=s v.8.19; and after katalamba/nein, cf. katelamba/nomen tou\s me\n h(mete/rous e)n fo/bw| Demosthenes de Cor. § 211.

gonei=s: this form of the acc. pl. of nouns in -eu/s is not rare in Xenophon. Cf. i(ppei=s iii. 5. 19, gnafei=s, skutei=s, xalkei=s iii. 7. 6, dromei=s iii. 10. 6.

*xairefw=nta: from early youth a follower and friend of Socrates, so that Aristophanes brackets him with the latter, tou\s w)xriw=ntas (pale-faced), tou\s a)nupodh/tous le/geis, | w(=n o( kakodai/mwn *swkra/ths kai\ *xairefw=n 103, 104. He, too, it was who questioned the Pythia at Delphi as to whether any man was wiser than Socrates. The philosopher, when on trial, appealed to Chaerecrates to corroborate this, since Chaerephon was dead. Cf. Plato 21A.

diaferome/nw: see on zw=nta i. 2. 16.

ou) dh/pou: surely not, ironical in tone, yet implying a neg. answer. Cf. iv.2.11.

tw=n toiou/twn a)nqrw/pwn: of that sort of men.

xrhsimw/teron: a more useful possession. For the gender, see G. 925; H. 617.

xrh/mata: purposely chosen, instead of, e.g., kth/mata (cf. ii.4.1), on account of xrhsimw/teron, for the sake of the ‘parechesis.’ Cf. ii.4.5.

kai\ tau=ta tw=n me\n a)fro/nwn o)/ntwn: and that, too, though the former are without sense.

tou= de/: from a)delfou/s, the generic idea, Socrates passes to tou= de/, having in mind the special case of Chaerecrates.

bohqei/as: the care and attention needed by crops and live-stock.

zhmi/an: a detriment.

e)ntau=qa: , “in this case.”

du/nantai: the subj. is an indef. pl. implied in ti\s above. Cf. i.2.62.

krei=tton: sc. e)sti/.

e)pi/: in the case of.

a)gnoou=si: fail to recognize.

w(/sper gignome/nous fi/lous: “just as though friends were made from.” For the acc. abs. of the pers. verb, see GMT. 853; H. 974: and, for the comparison with an assumed case, GMT. 867.

kai\ mh\n ... fu=nai: and yet it is a great inducement to friendship to be born of the same parents.

po/qos tis: a sort of yearning. po/qos is instinctive, fili/a rational.

tou\s sunade/lfous: those who have brothers (to defend them).

tou/tois: i.e. toi=s sunade/lfois, the prominent obj. of thought.

to\ dia/foron: the cause of dissension. Cf. tou=to/ ge dh\ *xeiriso/fw| kai\ *cenofw=nti mo/non dia/foron e)n th=| porei/a| e)ge/neto iv.6.3

feu/gein: to avoid.

a)gaqo/n: see on xrhsimw/teron 1.

o(po/te ... e)nde/oi: “but suppose he should be wanting in every brotherly quality.”

e)pixeiroi/h: for the potential opt. in apod., cf. ii.2.3.

w(/sper ou)de/: what was said of kai/ in the note on i. 1. 6 is true also of ou)de/ in neg. sentences.

e)/stin oi(=s: see on e)/stin ou(/stinas i. 4. 2.

kai\ pa/nu: vel maxime.

dia\ tou=to ga\r ... au)to/n: why, just for that reason have I good ground to hate him. For ga/r in an answer, see on i.4.9.

e)/rgw|: see on lo/gw|, e)/rgw| 8.

xrh=sqai: belongs to both a)nepisth/moni and e)gxeirou=nti.

lo/gw|, e)/rgw|: the usual order. Cf. 15, 17; iv. 5. 11. Here, too, it corresponds to eu)= le/gein, eu)= poiei=n. In 6, e)/rgw| was placed first, prob. to emphasize its importance.

a)ll' ou)de/: “and neither.” For a)lla/ in this sense, see Kr. 69. 4. 2.

ei) ku/na me\n a)\n e)peirw= ktl.: that while you would try etc. For me/n in logically subord. clauses, see on i.4.17.

ei) h)=n, h)spa/zeto, e)xale/painen: all in prot. to a)\n e)peirw=.

tou= o)rgi/zesqai: for the articular inf. with a)mele/w, see GMT. 793.

au)to/n: i.e. to\n ku/na. For the use of this pron. to recall the main subst., cf. e)gw\ me\n ou)=n basile/a ... ou)k oi)=da o(/ ti dei= au)to\n o)mo/sai ii.4.7

fh\|s me/n: correlative to ou)k e)pixeirei=s, but de/ follows e)pi/stasqai because this is placed first in the sentence.

e)/xw: for the ind. with verbs of fearing, see G. 1380; H. 888.

sofi/an: here practical wisdom, as distinguished from e)pisth/mh, theoretical knowledge.

kai\ mh/n: as in 4.

poiki/lon: , lit. variegated. Cf. ou)de\n poiki/lon, a)ll' w(/sper oi( polloi\ (nomi/zousi) Plato 491 D.

oi(=s: equivalent to tou/tois a(/, of which a(/ is obj. of e)pi/stasai and tou/tois modifies a(lo/nta.

ou)k a)\n fqa/nois le/gwn: you could not be too quick in telling me, i.e. “pray tell me at once.” Cf. iii.11.1. For the supplementary participle with fqa/nw, see G. 1586; H. 984.

fi/ltron: a love charm, (properly fi/lhtron, from file/w).

ei)dw/s: see on fqa/nois above.

katerga/sasqai: bring about, hence,

o(po/te qu/oi: see on o(po/te bou/loito ii. 1. 18.

e)pi\ dei=pnon: to the usual feast held after sacrifices, to which kinsmen and friends were invited. Cf. ii.9.4.

kata/rxoimi a)\n tou= kalei=n au)to/n:

au)to/s: for the nom. agreeing with omitted subj. of inf., cf. kekthme/nos i. 2. 1.

protre/yasqai: to persuade. Cf. i. 2. 64.

ce/non poih=sai u(pode/xesqai seauto/n: for the unusual order of words, see on i.5.1.

ei)s th\n e)kei/nou: sc. po/lin.

au)to/n (in line 69): For the omission of the pers. pron., see G. 990; H. 680, 3.

e)kei/nw|: dat. of advantage. Cf. h)\n tau=ta/ moi poih/sh|s vii. 2. 27. The usual const. is poiei=n tina/ ti.

fi/ltra: with somewhat contemptuous reference to fi/ltron in 11.

a)pekru/ptou: have been keeping (this knowledge) to yourself. Cf. ii. 6. 29; iii. 6. 3.

h)\ o)knei=s: the conj. like the Lat. an, when a previous declarative sent. implies a question.

ai)sxro\s fanh=|s: “appear to lower yourself.”

*xairefw=n: described by Plato ( 21A) as sfodro\s e)f) o(/ ti o(rmh/seie.

h(gemonikw/teros: better fitted to take the first step. Cf. h(gemonikoi\ pro\s ta\ ponhra/ ii. 2. 25.

tw=| poiei=sqai: for the articular inf. after verbs and adjs., cf. 11; i. 2. 3.

h(gou/menos: cond., if you take the lead.

tou=to: belongs in meaning to th\n fili/an tau/thn, equivalent to “good terms again.”

pro\s sou= (sc. o)/nta, cf. on ii. 1. 32): “like yourself.”

o(\s keleu/eis: for the causal rel., see G. 1461; H. 910.

nomi/zetai: see on nomi/zwn i. 1. 1.

to\n presbu/teron h(gei=sqai: explanatory appos. to ta)nanti/a.

ou) ga/r: as in i. 3. 10.

o(dou=: for the gen. of separation with verbs of withdrawing, see G. 1117; H. 748.

koi/th| malakh=| timh=sai: cf. eu)nh=| e)ni\ malakh=| Hom. I 619 and pukino\n le/xos 659. Recognition of superiority in age was characteristic of the Greeks. Cf. pa=s h(mi=n ai)dei/sqw to\n e(autou= presbu/teron e)/rgw| te kai\ e)/pei Plato 879 C.

e)/fh: he continued.

to\n a)/ndra: more emphatic than au)to/n.

e)gxei/rei, kai\ u(pakou/setai: try, and he will hearken. For the same use of an ind. after an imv. implying a cond., see ii. 7. 10; iii. 6. 17. Cf. ‘Ask, and it shall be given you: seek, and ye shall find.’

ou)x o(ra=|s: the omission of h)/ (‘asyndeton’) adds vivacity to the question.

ta\ me\n ga/r: the ga/r is to be explained by an omitted sent. like “I say this to you (that he is filo/timos and e)leuqe/rios).” For me/n equivalent to , see on 9.

katerga/saio: win over.

e)a\n gi/gnhtai: with an omitted apod. like ti/ le/geis or ti/ e)/stai.

ti/ ga\r a)/llo h)\ kinduneu/seis: see on ii.1.17. Cf. su\ ou)de\n a)/llo [poiei=s] h)\ au)to\s a)porei=s kai\ tou\s a)/llous poiei=s a)porei=n Plato 80 A; and classis ad insulam se recepit, nihil aliud quam depopulato hostium agro Livy xxvii. 21. kinduneu/seis has an adv. force with the following verb, “you very likely will.” So often in Plato.

e)pidei=cai: here with the inf. equivalent to show that you are.

e)kei=nos de/: sc. kinduneu/sei e)pidei=cai ei)=nai.

tw\ xei=re, a(\s: for the change in number, see on i.2.14.

e)pi\ tw=| sullamba/nein: so e)pi\ w)felei/a| in 19. See on i. 3. 11.

ou)k a)\n ei)/h: so often in animated discourse, where the opt. expresses a modest claim, without ou)=n. Cf. iii.11.1; i. 4. 13; iii. 1. 43.

kai\ mh/n ge: see on i.4.12.

a)delfa/: adj., in pairs.

o)rguia=s: a fathom, from o)re/gein to reach, hence the outspread arms' reach.

a(/ma poih=sai: to act together on.

fi/lw o)/nte: conditional.

diestw=te: concessive.

a(/ma pra/tteton: conveys the idea of “with united efforts,” while a(/ma kai/ in the preceding clause is equivalent to simul ac.

dialegome/nou: see on i.1.11.

e)c w(=n: its antec. is the omitted obj. of dialegome/nou.

e)do/kei tis: best rendered impers., it seemed that any one.

tou=to, dh/: hoc certe.

pollw=n: gen. of source.

w(s kra/tiston ei)/h: in explanatory appos. with tou=to.

panto\s ma=llon: for everything rather. Cf. pa/nta ma=llon iv. 8. 4.

With this section, cf. quid autem stultius, quam, cum plurimum copiis, facultatibus, opibus possint cetera parare, quae parantur pecunia, equos, famulos, vestem egregiam, vasa pretiosa; amicos non parare, optimam et pulcherrimam vitae, ut ita dicam, supellectilem? Cic. de Am. xv. 55.

ktwme/nous: striving to acquire.

fi/lon de/, o(/: the rel. in the gender of the pred. as in the Lat. amicum, quod bonum esse dicunt. G. 1022; H. 631.

kth/swntai, sw/|zwntai: for the subjv. in obj. clauses, see G. 1374; H. 885 b.

au)toi=s: belongs to oi( o)/ntes (sc. fi/loi, to be supplied from fi/lon) as well as to sw/|zwntai.

a)lla\ kai/: quin etiam.

kamno/ntwn fi/lwn te kai\ oi)ketw=n: “in the case of sick friends and sick servants.”

ta)=lla ta\ pro\s u(gi/eian: “the other means of restoration to health.”

zhmi/an: sc. to\n qa/naton.

e)lattou=sqai: are the worse off.

ou)de\n a)qera/peuton: the double neg. (‘litotes’) adds force.

kai\ pollw=n o)/ntwn: concessive, as is also o)li/gwn o)/ntwn.

to\ plh=qos ei)do/tas: cf. querebatur (Scipio) quod omnibus in rebus homines diligentiores essent: capras et oves quot quisque haberet dicere posse, amicos quot haberet non posse dicere Cic. de Am. xvii. 62.

ou(\s ... e)/qesan: explanatory of tou/tous.

pa/lin a)nati/qesqai: pa/lin is often added to verbs compounded with a)na/, as we say ‘to take back again.’ Cf. pa/lin a)nerasqh=nai iii. 5. 7. For the meaning of the verb, see on i.2.44. The inf. is used here where we might expect the participle (after o(ra=n), because the influence of e)/fh is still felt.

tosou=ton: only so much, i.e. so little. Similarly, du/namin is equivalent to in i.6.7

xrh/simon, xrhsto/s: for the ‘parechesis,’ see on xrh/mata ii. 3. 1.

e(auto\n ta/ttei: devotes himself. Cf. w(s ga\r xrhma/twn e(w/ra th\n po/lin deome/nhn, e)pi\ to\ pori/zein tau=ta e(auto\n e)/tace ii. 25.

pro\s pa=n to\ e)llei=pon, kai/: against loss of every kind, whether etc.

kataskeuh=s: gen. of want, with e)llei=pon.

tw=n koinw=n pra/cewn: ‘brachylogy’ for th=s tw=n koinw=n pra/cewn kataskeuh=s.

sunanali/skwn: this and the succeeding five participles well summarize the ways in which a friend in need shows himself a friend indeed.

plei=sta:

ta\ w)=ta proakou/ousi: pl. with neut. subj., on account of the preceding and following pls., to preserve ‘concinnity.’

tou/twn: refers back with emphasis to the omitted antec. of a(/. See G. 1030; H. 996 b.

eu)ergetw=n ou)deno\s lei/petai: is behindhand in none with his good offices. For the supplementary participle with lei/petai, see G. 1580; H. 981. Cf. e)llei/pesqai poiw=n ii. 6. 5.

polla/kis a(/: with conj. omitted, as often in an explanatory clause (‘explicative asyndeton’). Kr. 59. 1. 5.

pro\ tou= fi/lou: sc. e)cergazo/menos, i)dw/n, a)kou/sas, dianu/sas.

me/n, de/: as in i. 4. 17.

e)do/kei moi ktl.: seemed to me suited.

e(auto\n: for the ‘prolepsis,’ see on sunousi/an i. 2. 13.

*)antisqe/nh: of Athens, an inseparable friend of Socrates. See on i. 6. 10. After his master's death, he founded the Cynic school of philosophy, which defined the highest virtue as complete independence of material wants. Cf. iii.11.17; viii. 4. This form of the acc. is exceptional with Xenophon, who usually writes *)antisqe/nhn, *swkra/thn, etc. G. 230; H. 193.

au)tou=:

a)ci/ai:

duoi=n mnai=n: nominally equivalent to about thirtysix dollars, but in purchasing power equal to six or eight times that amount to-day. Ten minae ($180) is here indicated as a good price for a good slave, which would about correspond to the $1000 or $1200 often paid for a ‘likely’ house-servant in our own ante-bellum slavery days. See on i. 2. 1.

*niki/as: the well-known Athenian general, who with his whole army was destroyed in the fatal Sicilian expedition (413 B.C.). He had a profitable lease of silver mines at Laurium, in the southern part of Attica, and is said to have employed a thousand slaves. Cf. Thuc. vii. 86.

tala/ntou: see on i.2.1.

skopou=mai dh/: quaero igitur, resuming the thread of the conversation, as in i. 2. 24.

ei) a)/ra: whether possibly. So a)/ra after po/sou in 4.

to\n me/n tina: a certain man.

to\n de/, to\n de/: while another, and a third etc.

pro\ pa/ntwn xrhma/twn: it seems better to const. this phrase with e(loi/mhn, leaving po/nwn as gen. of price with priai/mhn. Others join both gens. with priai/mhn.

po/nwn: cf. tw=n po/nwn pwlou=sin h(mi=n pa/nta ta)ga/q' oi( qeoi/ ii. 1. 20.

fi/lon moi ei)=nai: i.e. w(/ste fi/lon moi ei)=nai.

ei)/ e)sti, kalw=s a)\n e)/xoi: for the ‘mixed’ form of cond. sent., cf. i.2.45; iv. 2. 31.

e(auto/n: see on 1.

a)/ra: as in 2.

a)/cios ei)=nai: instead of the regular a)/cion ei)=nai, as if after a pers. const., with subj. in the nom. case, prob. by assimilation to the preceding a)/cios w)/n.

e(autou=: for the indirect refl., see on i.2.32.

ta\ toiau=ta pa/nta skopw=, mh/: I am pondering all such matters, namely, whether. The clause beginning with mh/ completes epexegetically ta\ toiau=ta pa/nta. Cf. ei) toi/nun to\n no/mon to\n kaqesthko/ta de/doikas, mh\ o)/neido/s soi ge/nhtai Plato 231 E.

pwlh=|: wants to sell.

tou= eu(ro/ntos: for what he will bring. Cf. po/son a)\n oi)/ei eu(rei=n ta\ sa\ kth/mata pwlou/mena ii. 3, and tou= eu(ri/skontos Aesch. contra Timarch. 96.

e)pagwgo/n: a temptation.

pa/nu ti: at all, when joined with a negation.

ei)s to\ dokima/zein: with regard to judging, to be connected with frenou=n.

a)/cion: sc. e)sti/.

frenou=n (sc. tou\s sunousiasta/s): to give good advice to.

*krito/boule: see on i.3.8.

a)=ra: like the Lat. ne, leaves it to the person addressed to determine the nature of the answer. Evidently Socrates expects an affirmative answer: and his use of a)=ra instead of a)=ra ou) (nonne) is simply courtesy of expression. So in iii. 2. 1. See G. 1603; H. 1015.

ou) dh=ta: the neg. assents to the statement in the preceding sent., as if that had been a question.

ti/ ga/r: “well, then,” used in lively transition. Less animated is the ti/ de/ in 4.

tw=n plhsi/on dei=tai: “is borrowing” from his neighbors. For de/omai with the gen. alone instead of gen. of pers. and acc. of thing, see Kr. 47. 16. 7. The ellipsis is common in Eng., e.g., ‘Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away.’

me/ntoi: vero.

dussu/mbolos: hard to get on with. Cf. Plato 486 B.

lamba/nwn h(/detai: is glad to get.

e)moi\ me\n dokei=: like e)moi\ me\n e)do/kei i. 2. 62.

sxolh\n poiei=tai: finds leisure.

h)\ o(po/qen kerdanei=: than the occupation from which he hopes to gain.

pare/xein: to raise up.

kakw=n: bad qualities.

ei) e)/xoi, a)ne/xetai: the opt. supposes a case, the indic. then assumes it as real. So ei)/h, tugxa/nei in 5. Cf. ei) de/ tis to\ parauti/ka me\n mh\ e)qe/loi cumplei=n, mete/xein de\ bou/letai th=s a)poiki/as but suppose a man should not care to sail at once (with the expedition) and yet desires a share in the colony Thuc. i. 27. For the indic. in first place, cf. ei) diabe/blhntai, ei) fo/bointo Plato 67 E.

eu)= pa/sxwn a)ne/xetai: lets himself receive favors. See on lamba/nwn 3. a)ne/xetai (lit. ) is ironical. Cf. a)neco/meqa u(po\ sou= eu)ergetou/menoi v. 1. 26.

oi)=mai me/n: for me/n, see on i.1.1.

ta)nanti/a tou/twn: as in i. 2. 60.

tw=n dia\ tou= sw/matos h(donw=n: cf. tw=n dia\ sto/matos h(de/wn i. 4. 5. Plato also ( 328 D) has the expression ai( kata\ to\ sw=ma h(donai/, which Aristotle ( vii. 8. 4) condenses into swmatikai\ h(donai/. Cf. also tw=n peri\ to\ sw=ma h(donw=n vi.1.16

eu)/nous: the appropriate contrast to the quality described in 2 (o(/stis ... misei=).

e)llei/pesqai: middle.

poiw=n: supplementary participle, as in ii. 4. 7.

toi=s xrwme/nois: his friends.

tau=ta: the qualities mentioned in 5.

pro\ tou= xrh=sqai: “before we have tested them by experience.”

tou/tw| pisteu/omen poih/sein: for the omission of the subj. of the inf. when it is the same as the obj. of the main verb, see G. 895, 2; H. 941, and cf. ti/ ou)=n *(omh/rw| ou) pisteu/eis kalw=s le/gein Plato 161 A.

kai\ dh/: so also.

a)/ndra dh=lon ei)=nai eu)ergeth/sonta: for the pers. const. with dh=lo/s ei)mi, see on i.1.2.

i(/ppois: emphatic position.

o(rw=: equivalent to oi)=da.

xrw/menon: represents an impf. indic. in direct discourse. Cf. oi)=da de\ ka)kei/nw swfronou=nte e)/ste *swkra/tei sunh/sthn i. 2. 18. The context must determine whether the participle is pres. or imperfect. See GMT. 140, 119; H. 982.

ka)/n: equivalent to kai\ a)/n.

ei)=en: very well, introduces a transition.

ta\ para\ tw=n qew=n: the advice of the gods, to be obtained through divination. See on i. 1. 3.

ei) sumbouleu/ousin: indir. question, explaining ta\ para\ tw=n qew=n. See on i. 5. 1.

o(\n a)\n h(mi=n te dokh=|: sc. fi/lon poiei=sqai.

o(/pws:

ma\ *di/a: introduces a neg. statement, but does not answer e)/xeis negatively.

kata\ po/das: cursu, by chasing them. Cf. iii. 11. 8; i. 6. 40; v. 29.

w(/sper oi( e)xqroi/: we might expect another animal in the third place, as ka/proi (suggested by Ernesti). Perhaps oi( e)xqroi/ has strayed back from the following sentence. e)xqro/s and pole/mios are properly distinguished, like inimicus and hostis in Latin; but occasionally confused, as here. Cf. oi( pate/res h(mw=n to\n *mh=don e)xqro\n e)/xontes vi. 17.

e)pw|da/s, fi/ltra: spells, charms. Cf. iii. 2. 6; Plato 157 A.

e)pa/|dontes: cf. xrh\ ta\ toiau=ta w(/sper e)pa/|dein e(autw=| Plato 114 D.

oi(=s a)/n: for tou/tois, oi(=s a)/n.

filou=ntai u(p) au)tw=n: “gain their affection.”

a(\ me\n ai( *seirh=nes e)ph=|don: Cf. ‘what songs the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among the women, though puzzling questions, are not beyond conjecture.’ Sir Thomas Browne, , c. iv. Acc. to Homer, there were two Sirens, whose song is given, m 184-191. Later writers name three, Ligeia, Leucosia, Parthenope (or Aglaopheme, Molpe, Thelxiepeia). For a fuller account, see Seyffert, Dict. Class. Antiq., s.v. Sirens.

toia/de tis: as in i. 1. 1.— deu=r) a)/ge dh\ ktl.: cf. Hom. m 184, where the verse begins deu=r' a)/g) i)w/n.

ou)/k: for the accent, see G. 138, 1; H. 112 a.

toi=s e)p' a)reth=| filotimoume/nois: those who prided themselves on their calor.

sxedo/n ti toiau=ta: talia fere.—oi(=a mh\ nomiei= ktl.: quae si audiat, a laudatore irridendi causa dici non existimabit. For mh/ with the fut. indic. in clauses of result, see G. 1447; H. 1021 b. For the ‘Attic’ fut. (nomiei=), see on ii.1.24.

e)xqi/wn: hated rather (than a friend). The subj. of ei)/h is, of course, the person who seeks to make friends.

a)pelau/noi: sc. a)/n.

ei) e)painoi/h: explains ou(/tw.

ou)/k: see on 11.

me/n: followed by no correlative; cf. prw=ton me/n in 8, and a(\ me/n in 11. In this usage, it is a weak form of mh/n indeed, truly. Kr. 69. 35. 1.

*periklh=s: the most illustrious of Athenian statesmen, to whose wise and consistent policy Athens owed her growth to imperial power in the penthkontaeti/a or half-century between the Persian and the Peloponnesian wars. Cf. Thuc. i. 89-118.

e)poi/ei: for dependent secondary tenses of the indic. in indirect discourse, see G. 1497, 2; H. 931.

*qemistoklh=s: the famous leader of the Greeks at the battle of Salamis (480 B.C.). For an account of his brilliant and successful leadership on that occasion, see Hdt. viii. 56 ff., and, for later events in his checkered career, Thuc. i. 136-138. Pericles owed his fame and influence chiefly to the magic of his eloquence, while Themistocles became the popular favorite by his deeds. Cf. iv.2.2. That the Xenophontic Socrates had no intention of detracting from the glory of Pericles's services may be seen from viii. 39, skepte/on me/n soi poi=a e)pista/menos *qemistoklh=s i(kano\s e)ge/neto th\n *(ella/da e)leuqerou=n, skepte/on de\ poi=a/ pote ei)dw\s *periklh=s kra/tistos e)do/kei th=| patri/di su/mboulos ei)=nai, a)qrhte/on de\ kai\ pw=s pote *so/lwn filosofh/sas no/mous krati/stous th=| po/lei kate/qhke— where the thought is, that Themistocles was great in action, Pericles in counsel, Solon in legislation. Here, Socrates is emphasizing the necessity of supplementing words with deeds. Both are essential to the winning of a worthy man's friendship.

ei) me/lloimen, dei= gene/sqai: if we would succeed, we must become. The apod. to such a prot. as ei) me/lloimi generally contains an idea of obligation, expressed by dei=n or dei=sqai, as here, or by a verbal in -te/on. iii. 3. 16, iv.8.5

le/gein te kai\ pra/ttein: these words may, as some editors think, refer to the eloquence of Pericles and the deeds of Themistocles; but the phrase is a common one, and serves to round the period.

su\ d' w)/|ou: see on tou\s de\ kalou/s i. 3. 13.

kai/:

e(w/rwn ga/r: for ga/r, see on i.4.9.

kai/: , belongs to oi)=sqa/ tinas.

peri\ ou(= dialego/meqa: which is the point under discussion. “Poor speakers and good ones may indeed find friends etc.; it does not therefore follow that men who are wholly worthless can win friends: and is the point at issue.”

fi/lous (after a)gaqou/s): pred. acc., for friends.

e)kei=no: that point, like Lat. illud, refers with emphasis to what follows.

ei) e)/stin: whether it is possible.

e)c e(toi/mou: readily. Cf. ex facili Tacitus 15.

o(\ tara/ttei se (sc. tou=to/ e)stin), o(/ti: what puzzles you is the fact that. Cf. o(\ me\n pa/ntwn qaumasto/taton a)kou=sai, o(/ti w(=n e)ph|ne/samen Plato 491 b.

xalepw/teron xrwme/nous: sc. a)llh/lois.

i)diw=tai:

prosie/menai: admitting to themselves. Cf. e)gw\ ga\r kako\n ou)de\n ou)d' ai)sxro\n prosh/somai vii. 1. 13.

polemikw=s: hostiliter.

ou)/te ga/r: not followed by a correlative ou)/te, an irregularity easily explained by the vivacity of the conversation. Instead of a second ou)/te, we have (in 20) a)lla\ mh\n ou)d' a)/n, and, instead of a third ou)/te, the clauses beginning ei) de\ dh/.

pefuke/nai: to be by nature.

ei) de\ ... stasia/zousi, kai\ misou=sin: the third and strongest ground for Critobulus's discouragement. The cond. is assumed as real, if, as you say.

e(autoi=s: for a)llh/lois, the refl. for the reciprocal. G. 996; H. 686 b. So in iii. 5. 16, where, as here, a)llh/lois immediately follows.

ti/nes e)/ti: who then.

e)/stai: will abide.

e)/xei me\n poiki/lws pws tau=ta: these things (love and hate) somewhat complicated relations.

ta\ filika/: dispositions toward friendship.

polemiko/n: see on xrhsimw/teron ii. 3. 1.

dusmene/s: an element of discord.

mishto\n de\ o( fqo/nos: and envy leads to hate. The verbal in -to/s, usually passive, has here an active meaning.

a)ll' o(/mws: corresponds to me/n in 21.

diaduome/nh: slipping through. Cf. serpit enim nescio quo modo per omnium vitas amicitia Cic. de Am. xxiii. 87.

dia\ th\n a)reth/n: contrasted with fu/sei 21. On the one hand, love and hate work as natural powers in men; on the other, the acquired and cultivated virtue in men controls their lives as it will.

ai(rou=ntai me/n: followed by kai\ du/nantai instead of du/nantai de/, the kai/ strengthening the statement somewhat.

toi=s tw=n w(rai/wn a)frodisi/ois: see on i.3.8, 10.

h(do/menoi: concessive.

e)gkarterei=n: to control their desires, not to be joined with h(do/menoi.

du/nantai de\ kai/: see on a)dikei= de\ kai/ i. 1. 1.

xrhma/twn: gen. with koinwnei=n.

nomi/mws: equivalent to dikai/ws, keeping within the law. Cf. di/kaios, w(/ste bla/ptein me\n mhde\ mikro\n mhde/na ktl., the closing words of the , iv. 8. 11.

diati/qesqai: to adjust.

ei)s to\ metamelhso/menon: to an extent which they would regret.

proi+e/nai: for the inf. with verbs of preventing, cf. i.6.6; ii. 1. 16.

a)fairou=si:

ta\ twn fi/lwn: their friends' interests.

e(autw=n: possessive gen. as predicate. G. 1095; H. 732 b.

timw=n: depends on koinwnou/s.

w)feli/mous a)llh/lois: mutually serviceable.

a)\n ei)=en: potential optative.

toi=s fi/lois ta\ di/kaia bohqei=n: to assist his friends in what is right.

a)/rcas: having become archon. See on bouleu/sas i. 1. 18.

h(=tton dunh/setai, a)dunatw/teros e)/stai: rhetorical variation in expression.

a)lla\ kai/: nay, even.

sunqeme/nous: to agree and, i.e. with united powers. For the acc., see G. 928, 2; H. 941.

a)gw=nas e)ni/kwn: for the cognate acc., see G. 1052; H. 716 a.

e)kei=: i.e. e)n toi=s gumnikoi=s a)gw=si.

politikoi=s: sc. a)gw=si.

th\n po/lin eu)ergetei=n: sc. meta\ tou/tou.

lusitelei=: iuvat.

kthsa/menon: see on a(pto/menon i. 3. 8.

koinwnoi=s: for the const., see on dou/lois ii. 1. 12.

a)lla\ mh/n: but further. See on i. 1. 6.

ka)kei=no: see on 16.

kai\ mh/n: strong transition, and again.—oi( summaxei=n e)qe/lontes ktl.: i.e. you must win not merely their willingness, but also their readiness. Cf. i.4.18.

krei=tton (sc. e)sti/): , i.e. more advantageous.

e)la/ttonas: sc. o)/ntas, concessive.

a)lla/: breaks off the argument.

e)/fh: he continued.

qhra=n: cf. i.2.24.

dia\ to\ e)rwtiko\s ei)=nai: by being inclined to love.

w(=n a)/n: equivalent to e)a/n tinwn.

o(/los w(/rmhmai:

filw=n: diligendo.

kai\ a)ntepiqumei=sqai th=s sunousi/as: and to have my companionship sought also in return, the obj. of the act. being retained with the passive. This unusual const. is prob. due to the desire to continue the parallelism of the preceding clauses.

tou/twn: sc. tou= filei=n, tou= poqei=n, tou= e)piqumei=n sunei=nai. Critobulus also must win love by showing love.

deh=son: for the participle as a special form of antec. for a cond. rel. clause, see GMT. 552.

a)pokru/ptou: for the double acc. with verbs of concealing, see G. 1069; H. 724.

ou)k a)pei/rws e)/xein: I have some experience.

pa/lai e)piqumw=: for the pres. with pa/lai, see G. 1258; H. 826.

a)/llws te kai/: see on a)/llws te i. 2. 59.

e)carke/sei: see on a)ciw/seis ii. 1. 12.

yuxa/s, sw/mata: accs. of specification.

to\ ta\s xei=ras ktl.: const. to\ poiei=n tou\s kalou\s u(pome/nein tina\ prosfe/ronta ta\s xei=ras. Socrates asserts that his art (e)pisth/mh) does not include submitting to physical caresses.

*sku/llhs: cf. Homer's description of this monster (m 85 ff.).

*seirh=nas: see on 11.

u(pome/nein (after fasi/n): equivalent to non fugere. This and the other infs. (feu/gein, khlei=sqai) represent the impf. of direct discourse.

w(s ou) prosoi/sontos: sc. mou=, which is added to filh/sontos in 33. For w(s with the gen. abs., see on w(s shmai/nontos i. 1. 4; GMT. 864; H. 978.

qa/rrei: never fear.— eu)qu/s, su/ ge ktl.: En, statim tu, Critobule, dixisti ea, quae inutilia tibi fore praedico (Schneider).

kaloi/, ai)sxroi/: Critobulus has been using the word kalo/s of outward beauty; Socrates now shifts its meaning to beauty of character, while retaining ai)sxroi/ () in its physical sense. Critobulus then, by distinguishing between kalou/s and a)gaqou/s, removes the ambiguity, and the conversation proceeds.

kai\ h(de/ws: and that with pleasure.

kalei=sqai: we expect u(polamba/nesqai or dokei=n ei)=nai.

tw=n fi/lwn ta\ qhratika/: the arts for winning friends.

kateipei=n sou: to say in disparagement of you, humorously used of a favorable utterance. Critobulus, appreciating the pleasantry, replies kathgo/rei go on with your accusation.

a)/gasai/ te au)tou=: the gen. of the person with a)/gamai is very rare when the quality which occasions the admiration is omitted. Usually, when the gen. is used, the quality admired is expressed in an explanatory sent., as in iv. 2. 9, or by a participle added to the genitive. Cf. a)/gamai tou= katametrh/santo/s (who has measured off) soi kai\ diata/cantos e(/kasta tou/twn iv. 21.

tou\s e)painou=ntas: the idea of praising is contained in a)/gasai and e)piqumei=s fi/los au)tou= ei)=nai.

diaba/llesqai: to be taken humorously, like kateipei=n and proskathgorh/sw. The entire passage is a good example of one form of the Socratic method. Cf. e)/paizen a(/ma spouda/zwn i. 3. 8. Its true meaning is “It is plain that the plan which I propose is the simplest and surest way to secure for yourself the friendship of others.” diaba/llesqai is perhaps a heightening of kateipei=n, and eu)noi+kw=s e)/xein of a)/gasai.

a)lla\ kai/: nay, even, in spirited retort.

pro\s ou(/s: with omission of tou/tous. So in the next section.

e)pimelh\s tw=n fi/lwn: obs. the gradation of feelings which help to establish friendship. First we have admiration (a)/gasai), next good will (eu)noi+kw=s e)/xein), next desire to serve (e)pimelh/s) (Weiske).

ou)deni\ ou(/tw xai/reis w(s fi/lois a)gaqoi=s: Socrates takes this position for himself in i. 6. 14.

toi=s e(autou=: equivalent to toi=s seautou=. See on ii. 1. 31.

mhxanw/menos: for the supplementary participle, see on ii.1.24.

e)/gnwkas: you recognize.

a)ndro\s a)reth/n: a man's chief excellence.

tou\s d' e)xqrou\s kakw=s: the Socratic ethics here does not rise above the ordinary Greek standard. Cf. Xenophon's description of the character of Cyrus i.9.11 Cf. also iii. 9. 8, where Socrates explains what he understands by fqo/nos.

ei)=nai/ me: for the subj. of the principal verb expressed with the inf., see H. 940 b.

su/nqhron: see on qhrw/menos i. 2. 24. So qhratika/ 33, qhra=n 39.

w(/sper ou)k e)pi\ soi\ o)/n: as if it were not in your power. For the participle with w(/sper, expressing comparison, see G. 1576; H. 978 a.

*)aspasi/as: the celebrated mistress of Pericles, famed for her beauty and intellect. Socrates, too, admired her brilliant gifts, but when he speaks of her as of a teacher, in Xenophon and Plato, the term must be accepted as ironical. It is obvious that no Aspasia was needed to teach Socrates the lessons here inculcated.

promnhstri/das:

ou)k e)qe/lein: “it was not their way.”

e)painei=n: join with yeudome/nas, to praise untruthfully.

a)lhqeu/w: say with truth.

oi(=os sullamba/nein: see on oi(/ous te/mnein i. 4. 6.

ei) de\ mh/: For the use of this phrase in alternatives, see GMT. 478; H. 906.

ou)k a)\n e)qe/lois: instead of continuing with the inf. (after oi(=os), we have the opt., as a more independent construction.

po/tera d' a)/n: for de/, see on i.3.13.

ga/r: that is.

th\n nau=n: his ship.

tina\ e)lpi/da: any idea.

mh\ a)pole/sai: for mh/ with the inf. of indirect discourse, see on mhdeni/ i. 2. 39.

w(s a)\n ... politikw=|: sc. o)/nti. With w(s a)/n should be supplied the clause pei/saimi e(auth\n e)pitre/yai. Cf. iii.6.4. In the following w(s o)/nti (without a)/n), however, the meaning is on the ground that you are a man skilled etc.

seauto/n: see on ei)=nai/ me 35.

suntomwta/th ktl.: cf. quamquam praeclare Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam et quasi compendiariam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, ut qualis haberi vellet talis esset Cic. de Off. ii. 12. Cf., also, i. 7. 1.

e)n a)nqrw/pois: see on iii.6.2.

a)retai/: excellencies, skill in different matters.

ou(/tws: i.e. in the manner described by me.

ta\s a)pori/as, ta\s me/n, ta\s de/: acc. of the whole, followed by its parts, in apposition. Cf. i.2.60.

gnw/mh|: “by counsel,” as shown in chaps. 7, 8, contrasted with dida/skein kata\ du/namin a)llh/lois e)parkei=n, in chaps. 9, 10.

a(\ su/noida au)tw=|: what I know of him. suneide/nai ti/ tini is to know anything with another, then to know anything of another. Cf. i(/na tou/tw| me\n tau=ta suneidw=men in order that we may know this of him Plato 348 B.

*)ari/starxon: otherwise unknown.

a)lla\ mh/n: yes indeed.

e)stasi/asen h( po/lis: for the revolution in Athens at the close of the Peloponnesian war, cf. Hell. ii. 3. 4; Grote, , c. lxv.

a)delfidai=: brothers' or sisters' daughters, nieces.

tou\s e)leuqe/rous: masc., as including himself.

lamba/nomen: we are getting. Cf. i. 3. 5.

tw=| a)/stei: the city proper, as distinguished from the country.

pro/teron, h)/: with no temporal meaning, more likely, than. GMT. 654.

tou\s oi)kei/ous periora=n a)pollume/nous: to allow one's relatives to starve.

ti/ pote/ e)stin: how in the world does it happen?

*kera/mwn: otherwise unknown.

su\ de\ pollou/s: we might expect su\ de\ o)li/gous, for the fourteen e)leu/qeroi were very few in comparison with the immense number of slaves supported by rich men like Ceramon; but the phrase may be a simple repetition to maintain the parallelism with the pollou\s tre/fwn of the preceding clause.

para\ soi/: in your house. Cf. Lat. apud, Ger. , Fr. — nh\ *di/a: the affirmative formula here is perplexing; of the various explanations offered, that suggested by Kühner's paraphrase seems most reasonable, viz. “Aye, truly, it is a shame that we should live in such poverty; for I have to support gentlewomen, whose standard of living is, and ought to be, different from that of slaves.”

a)=r' ou)=n: introduces an apparently neutral question.

ti/ de\ a)/rtoi: well, how about bread?

i(ma/tia ktl.: the i(ma/tion (toga) was a square cloak covering the whole body. Under this was worn the tunic (xitw/n), of which xitwni/skos (tunicula) is a diminutive. The xlamu/s was a short military mantle; the e)cwmi/s, a sort of sleeveless short tunic worn by slaves and the lower classes generally. See Guhl and Koner, , p. 160 ff.

e)/peita: So ei)=ta in 6.

leitourgei=n: i.e. to perform those public services which the state required from its richer citizens, such as furnishing and training choruses for dramatic performances, and fitting out triremes for the use of the state. For an account of these and the less important ‘liturgies,’ see Schömann, , p. 459 ff. For the derivation of the word, see Lex. s. v. leitourgo/s.

*kolluteu/s: of the Attic deme Collytus.

w)nou/menoi e)/xousin: purchase and keep.

w(/st' a)nagka/zein: so that they can compel.

a(\ kalw=s e)/xei: “whatever is desirable,” sc. e)rga/zesqai.

e)gw\ de/ (sc. e)/xw): while I have with me.

e)/peita: well, then.

a)/llo: for its position, see on ii.1.17.

a(/, tou/twn: see on tou/twn ii. 4. 7.

th\n a)rgi/an, th\n a)me/leian, w)fe/lima o)/nta: for the neut. pred. after fem. or masc. substs., see on xrhsimw/teron ii. 3. 1.

e)/maqon: placed at the beginning for emphasis, and also in order to bring po/teron next to w(s.

w(s: belongs to both o)/nta and poih/sousai.

o)/nta, poih/sousai: for the participles in different cases, connected by ou)/te, ou)/te, see on ii.2.5.

w)felhso/menai: fut. mid. in pass. sense.

pote/rws: introducing the double question, but not part of it. See on i. 6. 15.

a)rgou=ntes (in line 66): conditional.—ei) a)rgou=ntes bouleu/ointo ktl.: “if they should listlessly plan for success.”

a)lla\ kai\ nu=n me/n: “nay, more, as things now are.”

ki/ndunos (sc. e)sti/) a)pe/xqeian gi/gnesqai: for the inf. with ki/ndunos (a less common const. than mh/ with the subjv.), see G. 1521; H. 952.

e)a\n prostath/sh|s o(/pws: if you will provide that. Cf. kai\ keleu/ousi prostath=sai labo/nta xrh/mata o(/pws e)kpleu/sh| h( stratia/ v.6.21

th\n a)p' e)kei/nwn: sc. eu)ergesiw=n.

au)ch/sete: pl., as xa/ris implies a mutual relation between the giver and the recipients.

ei) me\n toi/nun e)/mellon: if, to be sure, they were going.

proairete/on h)=n: without a)/n, like the impfs. e)/dei, e)xrh=n, and others denoting propriety or obligation. See on i. 3. 3.

w(s e)/oike: sc. from your account.

pa/ntes:

mh\ o)/knei, kai\ u(pakou/sontai: see on e)gxei/rei, kai\ u(pakou/setai ii. 3. 16.

a)lla/: “well, now,” a lively expression of assent.

pro/sqen me/n, nu=n de/: although formerly, now however. Only the second clause is introduced by w(/ste. For me/n equivalent to , see on i.4.17.

ou) prosie/mhn danei/sasqai:

o(\ a)\n la/bw, e(/cw. For the retention of the direct forms in indirect discourse, see on e)poi/ei ii. 6. 13.

ei)s e)/rgwn a)formh/n: to provide materials for their work.

u(pomenei=n: that I will bring myself.

au)to\ poih=sai: i.e. danei/zesqai.

e)rgazo/menai h)ri/stwn ktl.: the informal nature of the a)/riston enabled them to take it while at their work; the dei=pnon, as the chief meal of the day, was eaten at the close of the day's work. For an account of the Greek meals, see Becker, (Eng. transl.), p. 310 ff.

e(autou/s: for the gender, see on e)leuqe/rous 2.

e)fi/loun, h)ga/pa: sc. respectively au)to/n and au)ta/s.

a)rgo\n e)sqi/ein: “ate the bread of idleness.”

ei)=ta: as in i. 2. 26.

o)/i+n: the Ionic form, generally used by Xenophon instead of the Attic contracted oi)=n. Cf. iii.2.1; iv. 3. 10.

qaumasto\n poiei=s, o(/s: you are acting strangely, to. For the causal rel., see on o(\s keleu/eis ii. 3. 15.

o(/ ti a)\n mh\ la/bwmen: unless we get it.

nai\ ma\ *di/a, “yes, of course he does.”

kai\ u(ma=s au)ta/s: i.e. you too, as well as my master's other possessions.

e)pei/: — mh\ a)po/lhsqe: subjv. retained, to express vividly the object of fear. Cf. o)knoi/hn me\n a)/n, mh\ h(ma=s katadu/sh| i.3.17

a)nti\ kuno/s: in place of (“as good as”) a dog. Cf. e)gw\ ga\r a)nti\ tou= le/onto/s ei)mi/ soi Ar. 1043.

dia\ xro/nou: interiecto aliquo tempore.

po/qen fai/nh|: cf. po/qen, w)= *sw/krates, fai/nh| Plato

*eu)/qhre: not otherwise known.

u(po\ ... pole/mou: the end of the Peloponnesian war (404 B.C.) is meant. By the terms of the treaty of peace, the Athenians lost all their possessions outside of Attica.

nuni\ me/ntoi au)to/qen: just at present, however, from the city itself.

a)fh|re/qhmen: pl., refers to the community as the sufferers.

e)n th=| u(perori/a|: i.e. in territories outside of Attica.

kth/mata: for the acc. of the obj. retained with the pass., see G. 1239; H. 724 a.

tw=| sw/mati e)rgazo/menos: by the labor of my hands.

dei=sqai: to beg a loan, as the next clause shows.

e)/xonta: for the acc., see on maqo/ntas poiei=n i. 1. 9.

e)f' o(/tw|: on which, as security.

misqou=: gen. of price.

ta\ e)pith/deia e)rga/zesqai: see on o)li/ga e)rga/zesqai i. 3. 5.

dapa/nhs: money to spend, on yourself. Socrates here lays stress on the needs of the aged; other disadvantages of old age are mentioned iv. 8. 8, 6

au)to/qen: from this very point, immediately.

tw|, tw=| deome/nw|: to some one, who needs.

tou= sunepimelhsome/nou: a man who will assist in taking charge. The art. is generic. Cf. i.1.13.

e)pistatou=nta: equivalent to e)pista/thn o)/nta, hence used with the genitive. Cf. w(=n a)\n e)pistatw=si zw/|wn i. 1. 2. With the verb the dat. is more common.

kai\ mh/n: as in 2 and 5.

to\ u(pai/tion ei)=nai: the idea of being answerable. The adj. is acc., as referring to a general subject; otherwise we might have u(pai/tios.

mh\ a)gnw/moni: for mh/ with adjs., see on i.1.14.

e)pei\ kai/: see on ii.7.14.

qauma/zw ei): see on i.1.13.

a)ne/gklhton diagi/gnesqai: without o)/nta, like diatelei=s in i. 6. 2. a)ne/gklhton is to be joined with oi(=s nu=n e)rga/zesqai fh/|s without blame from those for whom, as you say, you are now working.

diw/kein: to seek. Cf. se\ me\n diw/contai kai\ filh/sousin Plato 168 A.

u(pome/nein: bear patiently.

a)\n ei)=nai: the particle should be repeated with ma/lista eu(rei=n and r(a=|sta zh=n. See on i. 3. 15.

*kri/twnos: a wealthy Athenian, and one of Socrates's best friends. After the philosopher's condemnation, Crito vainly tried to induce him to escape from prison (cf. Plato ). Like other rich citizens, he suffered from the vexatious calumnies and lawsuits fastened on him by malicious accusers (sukofa/ntai). This species of blackmail seems to have been viewed indulgently by the community, as affording a wholesome check to the rapacity of ‘capital,’ and as conducing to the success of the democracy. See Becker, , pp. 55, 56, and the passages there cited.

xalepo\n o( bi/os: for the neut., see on xrhsimw/teron ii. 3. 1.

ta\ e(autou=: his own affairs.

pra/gmata e)/xein: have trouble, occasioned by lawsuits.

ku/nas de/: for de/, see on i.3.13.

a)peru/kwsi: Ionic and poetic. iii. 1. 25.

ou)k a)\n ou)=n qre/yais: should you not, then, keep?

o(/stis e)qe/loi: for the opt. by assimilation, see on ai)sqanoi/meqa i. 5. 1.

h(de/ws g' a)/n: sc. qre/yaimi.

o(/pws mh/: instead of the more usual simple mh/. G. 1379; H. 887 a.

e)p' au)to/n me: stronger than e)p) e)mauto/n.

tra/poito: see on e)qe/loi above.

oi(/w| soi a)ndri/: equivalent to toiou/tw| a)ndri\ oi(=os su\ ei)=. For the peculiar assimilation of oi(/w| soi, see G. 1036; H. 1002. Cf. toi=s oi(/ois h(mi=n te kai\ u(mi=n to such persons as we and you, Hell. ii. 3. 25.

ei)si\n tw=n toiou/twn: there are some among such persons.

pa/nu a)\n filotimhqei=en: would feel greatly honored.

fi/lw|: for the pred. dat. with xra/omai, see H. 777 a.

e)k tou/twn (sc. lo/gwn): as a result of this conversation.

*)arxe/dhmon: prob. the same man that afterward attained considerable power in Athens. Cf. *)arxe/dhmos o( tou= dh/mou to/te proesthkw/s i.7.2, where he is mentioned as having charge of the distribution of the diwbeli/a or theater fund. As a popular orator, he was ridiculed by Aristophanes v. 417 ff.

oi(=os kerdai/nein: for the inf., see on oi(/ous i. 4. 6.

a)po\ panto/s: “from any and every occupation,” good or bad. Cf. the adj. panou=rgos ready to do anything, hence

a)po\ tw=n sukofantw=n: a)po/ with the gen., instead of para/, as implying an unwilling surrender on the part of the sukofa/ntai, while lamba/nein para/ tinos is equivalent to accipere ab aliquo. Archedēmus knew how to make the accusers disgorge their ill-gotten gains.

a)\n e)/dwke: for the iterative aor. with a)/n, see G. 1296; H. 835 a.

e)ka/lei: sc. to the sacrificial feast. See on ii. 3. 11.— ta\ toiau=ta e)pemelei=to (sc. au)tou=): paid him similar attentions. For the cognate acc., see on fronti/zontas ta\ toiau=ta i. 1. 11. Cf. ta\ a)/lla iv.1.40

oi(=: sibi. For the indir. refl., see on i.2.32.

ma/la periei=pen (impf.) au)to/n: treated him (Crito) with great respect. Cf. kai/ min *)/amasis eu)= periei=pe Hdt. ii. 169.

prosekalei=to ei)s di/khn dhmosi/an: began public proceedings against.

e)/dei kriqh=nai: he would have had to submit to decision. For e)/dei without a)/n, see on proairete/on h)=n ii. 7. 10.

o(/ ti dei= paqei=n h)\ a)potei=sai: a judicial formula, meaning corporal punishment or fine. Cf. Plato 36B, and polla/kis e)kri/qhn o(/ ti xrh\ paqei=n h)\ a)potei=sai xi. 25. The passage thus implies that the fellows would not have got off without punishment.

suneidw\s au(tw=| polla\ kai\ ponhra/: conscious of many rascalities.

a)pallagh=nai: liberari.

a)fh=ke: , withdrew the suit against him.

au)tw=|: i.e. Archedemus.

h)/dh to/te: for the more usual to/t' h)/dh. Cf. iv.8.1. For h)/dh, see on ii.1.5.

e)xri/zeto: sc. tou=to, i.e. to serve Crito's friends.

kai\ ou)x o(/ti: and not only, condensed expression for ou) le/gw o(/ti , “it is not enough to say that.” G. 1504; H. 1035. Cf. mh\ o(/ti i. 6. 11.

ei) o)neidi/zoi, e)/fh: like o(po/te qu/oi, e)ka/lei in 4.

diafe/resqai: to be at variance with.

h)/: sc. ai)sxro/n e)stin.

peira=sqai fi/lous poiei=sqai: Xenophon seems to imply that true friendship among rascals is impossible.

*diodw/rw|: otherwise unknown.

soi\ a)podra=|: for the dat. of disadvantage, see G. 1170; H. 767 a. Cf. a)pofeu/gein moi ii. 14. For the acc. with a)podra=|, cf. h)/n tis a)podra=| se tw=n oi)ketw=n i. 4. 13.

kai/, ge/: “yes, indeed, and.”

tou/tou: i.e. the runaway.

ti/ ga/r: see on ii.6.2.

kinduneu/ei: indic., anticipating the special case of Hermogenes.

kai\ mh/n: as in i. 6. 3.

*(ermoge/nhs: a loyal follower of Socrates. He was a son of the rich Hipponīcus, but lived in great poverty, the father's immense wealth having passed to Callias, a son by another wife. iii. 14; iv. 46-50; Plato 384 C, 391 C.

to\ u(phre/thn e)/xein, oi)=mai a)nta/cion ei)=nai: the possession of an assistant is, in my judgment, an equivalent.

paramo/nimon: lit. remaining with, loyal, in contrast with the runaway slave. Cf. ii.4.5.

dia\ ta\ pra/gmata: by reason of the hard times. Cf. ii. 7. 2 On the thought, cf. vilis amicorum est annona, bonis ubi quid deest Horace i. 12. 24.

a)lla/: see on ii.7.11.

au)to/n:

to\ praxqh=nai tau=ta: for this (the friendship between you) to be brought about.

ou) polu\ tele/sas: without much outlay. Cf. a)rgu/rion tele/sai ii. 9. 1.

e)/rgon ei)=xe: made it his task. Cf. a)ei\ de\ tiqei\s ta\ tw=n fi/lwn a)sfalw=s a)ei\ a)maurou=n (to impair) ta\ tw=n polemi/wn e)/rgon ei)=xe xi. 12.

o(/ ti: const. with both participles.

o(/ti: instead of the more usual w(s So e)ntequ/mhsai o(/ti iii. 3. 11. Cf. o(/ti de\ e)pemelei=to, nu=n tou=to le/cw iv. 7. 1.

tw=n kalw=n: public honors, such as the kaloi\ ka)gaqoi/ should aspire to; a phrase borrowed from the Spartans, cf. De Rep. Lac. iii. 3; iv. 4; vii. 3. 16.

e)pimelei=s: studious of.

o)re/gointo: for the opt., see on i.2.57.

*dionuso/dwron: a Sophist from Chios, who, with his brother Euthydemus (not the one mentioned in iv. 2), taught rhetoric and the art of war in Athens. Cf. Plato 271 C.

e)paggello/menon:

e)n th=| po/lei: “among his fellow-citizens,” i.e. not as a mercenary from abroad.

me/ntoi:

strathgei=n: the Athenians divided the military command among ten generals, chosen annually. As late as the first Persian war (490 B.C.), they held the supreme command in rotation (cf. the well-known story of Miltiades and his colleagues, Hdt. vi. 110). In later wars, it rarely happened that the entire board of strategi took the field. For an account of their military and civil functions, see Schömann, , p. 420 ff.

au)tou=: i.e. tou= maqei=n.

o(/lhs th=s po/lews: the state's whole interests. For the position of o(/lhs, see G. 979; H. 672 and c.

mega/la: pred. with gi/gnesqai.

e)lqo/nta manqa/nein: to go and learn. Cf. e)lqo/ntas *ku=ron ai)tei=n ploi=a i.3.14

memaqhkw/s: “after finishing his course.”—*(/omhros ktl.: the passage is in *g 169, 170, where Priam says of Agamemnon kalo\n d' ou(/tw e)gw\n ou)/pw i)/don o)fqalmoi=sin | ou)d) ou(/tw geraro/n: basilh=i ga\r a)ndri\ e)/oiken.

geraro/n:

ou)/te strathgo/s: before these words ou)/te kiqaristh/s might be expected; prob. omitted as inappropriate to ou)d' e)a\n ai(reqh|.

soi/: under you. For the dat. with verbs of serving, see G. 1159; H. 764, 2.

po/qen: at what point.

ta\ taktika/: , i.e. military drill.

a)lla\ mh/n: atqui.

pollosto\n me/ros: a very small part. Cf. mikro/n ti me/ros ei)/h strathgi/as ta\ taktika/ i. 6. 14.

tw=n ei)s to\n po/lemon: the material of war. For the gen., see G. 1142; H. 754 b.

mhxaniko/n: fertile in device.

fulaktiko/n, kle/pthn: on his guard (against plunderers), ready to seize (another's property by stealth).

a)sfalh=: (i.e. cautious), in movement.

fu/sei kai\ e)pisth/mh|: by nature and science.

ke/ramos: , in collective sense. The same comparison of a well-built house with an army occurs in vi. 3. 25.

a)ta/ktws e)rrimme/na: thrown together in confusion.

e)pipolh=s: on top, refers to the roof of tile (ke/ramos). Similarly, li/qos belongs to ka/tw.

sunti/qetai: sing., agreeing with the nearest substantive (ta\ cu/la), or having as subj. the entire mass of material, thought of as neuter.

pa/nu o(/moion: rem plane similem, a very apt comparison.— prw/tous tou\s a)ri/stous ktl.: cf. the arrangement of Nestor's forces, i(pph=as me\n prw=ta su\n i(/ppoisin kai\ o)/xesfin | pe/zous d' e)co/piqe sth=sen pole/as te kai\ e)sqlou/s, | e(/rkos e)/men pole/moio: kakou\s d' e)s me/sson e)/lassen, | o)/fra kai\ ou)k e)qe/lwn tis a)nagkai/h| polemi/zoi Hom. *d 297300.

u(po\ me\n tw=n, u(po\ de\ tw=n: for u(po\ tw=n me/n, u(po\ tw=n de/, not uncommon in Attic. Cf. ii.2.2.

ei) me\n ktl.: with apod. omitted, a not unusual ellipsis. See G. 1416; H. 904 a, and cf. ei) me\n dw/sousi ge/ras if they shall give me a prize (sc. well and good) Hom. *a 135, kai\ nu=n, a)\n me\n o( *ku=ros bou/lhtai (sc. pare/stw su\n u(mi=n), ei) de\ mh/, u(mei=s th\n taxi/sthn pa/reste iv. 5. 10.

to/ te kalo\n kai\ to\ ki/bdhlon: the correlatives te/, kai/, are sometimes used to connect two objects which are to be distinguished or compared, where the Eng. usage would employ a simple ‘and.’ So tou/s te a)gaqou\s kai\ tou\s kakou/s below. Cf. diafe/rei o( turanniko/s te kai\ o( i)diwtiko\s bi/os i. 2.

ti/ ou)=n ou) skopou=men: equivalent to skopw=men let us consider.

pw=s a)\n au)tw=n mh\ diamarta/noimen: how we can avoid mistaking them. For mh/ with the potential opt. in questions, see GMT. 292, 2.

ti/ de\ tou\s kinduneu/ein me/llontas: sc. poih/somen what shall we do with those about to engage in a hazardous enterprise?

oi( e(/neka e)pai/nou kinduneu/ein e)qe/lontes: cf. ‘Seeking the bubble reputation | Even in the cannon's mouth’ Shak. ii. 7.

ou) pa/nu: not at all, answers the last half of the previous question.

kai\ mh/n: see on i.4.12.

polla/ pro\s a(/: “many occasions, where.”

w(sau/tws: in the same way, sc. as on others.

e)ndea=: the missing gen. can readily be supplied.

a)pope/myasqai: for the inf. with ai)sxu/nomai, instead of the supplementary participle, see G. 1581; H. 986.

*(/omhron: in *b 243.

a)=ra: the connection shows that an affirmative answer is expected. See on ii. 6. 1.

o)/i+es: see on ii.7.13, and, for the thought, cf. Cyr. viii. 2. 14.

kai\ ou(= e(/neka tre/fontai, tou=to e)/stai: and that the purpose for which they are reared shall be attained.

ti/ dh/pote: see on ti/si pote/ i. 1. 1.—a)mfo/teron ktl.: Hom. *g 179. For the gender, see on xrhsimw/teron ii. 3. 1. Plutarch tells us that this was the favorite verse of Alexander the Great, who always carried a copy of the with him on his campaigns.

a)=ra/ ge: sc. e)ph/|nesen au)to/n.

ou)k ei): not in case that.

kai\ basileu\s a)gaqo/s: i.e. kai\ o(/ti basileu\s a)gaqo\s a)\n ei)/h.

proesth/koi: should conduct.

e(autou=: it is not necessary to supply mo/nou, as the sole aim in choosing him was the welfare of the people. As he would naturally, however, care for his own interest, i(/na kai/ appropriately follows.

kai/, de/: and also. Cf. i. 1. 3.

strathgo/n: is not redundant, but refers with emphasis to to\n strathgou=nta.

ka/llion, ai)/sxion: const. with a)/llo, the obj. of eu(rei=n.

ta\ me\n a)/lla perih/|rei ktl.: “dismissing consideration of all other qualities, he emphasized only this, that a general must provide for the welfare of those under him.” On perih/|rei, kate/lipe, cf. tw=n polemikw=n perielw\n kai\ to\ to/cw| meleta=n kai\ a)konti/w| kate/lipe tou=to mo/non au)toi=s to\ su\n maxai/ra| ma/xesqai ii. 1. 21.

i(pparxei=n: in Athens, two commanders of cavalry (i(/pparxoi) were chosen in addition to the ten generals of infantry. Xenophon has left us a special treatise (*(ipparxiko/s) on the duties of the hipparchs.

ou) ga\r dh/: for surely not.

tou= e)lau/nein: sc. e(/neka. For the articular inf., see on i.1.12.

i(ppotoco/tai: a body of mounted archers, 200 in number, thrown out as light skirmishers in advance of the main army.

tou= gnwsqh=nai: for the sake of becoming known.

e)pei\ kai/: cf. ii.8.5.

a)ll' a)=ra: sc. i(pparxei=n e)pequ/mhsas.

a)\n paradou=nai: sc. ei) i(pparxoi/hs.

pou/: , with a touch of irony. Cf. o(/ti me\n ga\r e)k th=s xeiro\s dei= r(i/ptesqai to\ spe/rma kai\ su/ pou oi)=sqa xvii. 7.

a)mbatw=n: by ‘apocope’ from a)nabatw=n. So a)na/mbatos iv. 5. 46. See G. 53; H. 84 D.

ga\r ou)=n: yes, of course. For ga/r, see on i.4.9.

tou=to (after a)lla/): connect with to\ e)/rgon.

i)di/a|: “for himself.”

oi( me/n, oi( de/: the well-to-do citizens of Athens were expected to serve in the cavalry, and to furnish their own horses. See Gow, , p. 123.

kalw=s te le/geis, kai\ peira/somai: cf. a)lla\ de/xomai/ te kai\ tou=to e)/stw i.8.17

a)nabatikwte/rous: cf. prw=ton me\n tou\s i(ppe/as a)skhte/on, o(/pws e)pi\ tou\s i(/ppous a)naphda=n (to leap on) du/nwntai i. 5.

katape/soi: the Greek rider sat without stirrups, on the horse's bare back; and hence had to reckon with the danger of falling off, in case of attack. In the encouraging speech which Xenophon makes to his men ( iii.2.19), he emphasizes this danger as a weak point of the enemy's cavalry.

th\n a)/mmon: sandy ground, the race-track.

h)\ peira/sh| ... gi/gnontai: cf. deu/teron de/, o(/pws e)n pantoi/ois xwri/ois i(ppa/zesqai dunh/sontai. kai\ ga\r oi( pole/mioi a)/llote e)n a)lloi/ois to/pois gi/gnontai () i. 5.

be/ltion: refers to the second of the two suggestions.

tou= ba/llein: obj. gen. with e)pime/leian.

w(s plei/stous: subj. of ba/llein. i. 6.

a)lla\ nu=n ge: like at in Lat., a)lla/ sometimes follows a cond. sent. in the sense of yet at any rate. G. 1422; H. 1046, 2 (a).

pei/qwntai: cf. e)k tou/twn paraskeuaste/on, o(/pws eu)peiqei=s oi( a)/ndres wsin i. 7.

On the passage, cf. Hipp. iv. 4.

e)kei=no: see on ii.4.1.

ei)s to\ pei/qesqai au)tou\s e)moi/: to secure me their obedience.

e)a/n ge: yes, if.

dida/cw: for the interr. subjv., see on i.2.36.—On the passage, cf. ei)/s ge mh\n to\ eu)peiqei=s ei)=nai tou\s a)rxome/nous me/ga me\n kai\ to\ lo/gw| dida/skein o(/sa a)gaqa\ e)/ni e)n tw=| peiqarxei=n, me/ga de\ kai\ to\ e)/rgw| [kata\ to\n no/mon] pleonektei=n me\n poiei=n tou\s eu)ta/ktous, meionektei=n de\ e)n pa=si tou\s a)taktou=ntas i. 24.

e)pimelei=sqai dei=n kai\ tou= le/gein du/nasqai: should cultivate also the ability to speak. For the articular inf. with e)pimelei=sqai, see GMT. 793, 798.

o(/sa te: correlative with kai\ ei)/ ti a)/llo.

no/mw|: more, “as laid down by law and custom.”

zh=n: “to order our lives,” in the best sense.

dia\ lo/gou: cf. e(rmhnei/an, di) h(=s iv. 3. 12.

ma/qhma: i.e. what one is impelled by his own taste to learn.

a)/rista: adverb.

ta\ spoudaio/tata: matters of greatest importance.

xoro\s ei(=s: contrasted with ou)dei\s a)/lloqen ou)damo/qen. “None of the numerous choruses sent by the various states can compete with the one sent from Athens.” Every four years festival delegations, including choruses, were sent to Delos from the different states of Hellas, in honor of Apollo and Artemis.

eu)andri/a: “a collection of finelooking men.” The handsomest men were chosen to head the procession. So, also, at the Panathenaic festival, the qallofo/roi (bearers of the sacred olive branch) were chosen from among the finest-looking old men. Cf. qallofo/rous ga\r th=| *)aqhna=| tou\s kalou\s ge/rontas e)kle/gontai iv. 17.

a)lla\ mh\n ktl.: the thought of the passage is, that the Athenians excel all other Greeks in sweetness of voice (eu)fwni/a|, referring back to xoro/s) and in physical beauty (swma/twn mege/qei kai\ r(w/mh|, referring to eu)andri/a), and, above all, in ambition (filotimi/a|), the motive to all noble action. Cf. iii.5.3.

w(s: uncommon after oi)=mai, o(/ti being the usual conjunction. vi. 3. 12.

tou/tw|: anticipative, referring to o(/plwn te kai\ i(/ppwn paraskeuh=| ktl. See G. 1005; H. 696 a.

diene/gkoien: sc. oi( *)aqhnai=oi.

o)/knei:

w)felh/sh|: fut. mid. for passive. Cf. ii.7.8.

a)lla\ nh\ *di/a: see on ii.7.11.

strathgoi/: predicate.

ou) ga\r toiou=toi/ ei)sin *)aqhnai=oi: “now is not that just like the Athenians?”

e)k katalo/gou strateuo/menos: “in serving the State as a private soldier on the list.” The kata/logos was the roll which contained the name of every Athenian capable of bearing arms. It will be noticed that Nicomachides bases his claim to be chosen general simply on his long service as private, captain, and colonel.

katate/trimmai: Cf. the Lat. detritus.

loxagw=n, taciarxw=n: circumstantial participles with katate/trimmai.

u(po/: takes the gen. of agent, as trau/mata e)/xw is equivalent to tetrauma/tismai.

a(/ma ... e)pedei/knuen: cf. nudasse deinde se dicitur et quo quaeque bello vulnera accepta essent, retulisse Livy xlv. 39.

*)antisqe/nhn: like Nicomachides, unknown.

e)n i(ppeu=sin: the i(ppei=s or knights were the second of the four property classes established by Solon. See Schömann, , p. 329.

peri/blepton: cf. the Lat. respectabilis.

te/: correlative with ou)/te, as in i. 2. 47.

ou)/koun: as in i. 4. 5.

e)/mporoi: , i.e. importers, not retailers.

o(/: a quality which, refers to filo/nikos. Cf. 5. 3.

kexorh/ghke: it was the duty of the xorhgo/s to equip and train a chorus to represent his tribe (fulh/) at public festivals. This was one of the regular public services (leitourgi/ai) imposed on wealthy citizens. See on ii. 7. 6.

ma\ *di/a: see on i.4.9.

te\ kai/: the Eng. idiom uses a simple and. Cf. iii. 7. 4; iv. 4. 12. So Cicero ( v. 3. 9) similem sibi videri vitam hominum et mercatum eum qui haberetur maximo ludorum apparatu totius Graeciae celebritate.

kai\ mh/n: see on i.4.12.

w)|dh=s: , i.e. music in general.

e)ge/neto i(kano/s: proved himself competent.

tou\s krati/stous tau=ta: those who were most skilled in these matters, sc. w)|dh/n and didaskali/an.

kai/, ou)=n: and so, also.

a)/llous me/n, tou\s ta/contas: some who will draw up (the troops).

e)a/n ge: provided that.

e)a\n e)ceuri/skh|, a)\n nikhfo/ros ei)/h: for the form of cond. sent., see on ii.5.4.

tou/tou: instead of the preceding toi=s polemikoi=s, a generic word of similar meaning is to be supplied as the antec. of the demonstrative. So in ii. 2. 4.

kai/, de/: see on i.1.3.

su\n th=| fulh=|: see on 3. Attica was then divided into ten tribes, named after legendary national heroes.

tou= au)tou= a)ndro/s e)sti: it is in the nature of the same man. For the pred. gen. of characteristic, see on tw=n a)skou/ntwn i. 2. 10.

e)a\n gignw/skh|, a)gaqo\s a)\n ei)/h: see on 5.

ou)k a)\n w)/|mhn: for the potential indic., see GMT. 243, 244. Cf. qa=tton h)\ ws tis a)\n w)/|eto i.5.8

a)kou=sai: since w)/|mhn is here a verb of expecting, the inf. is not in indirect discourse. For its tense, see G. 1286; H. 948 a.

tou\s a)rxome/nous: their subordinates.

e(/kasta: every duty.

pra/ttein: for the inf. of purpose, see on paideu=sai i. 5. 2.

oi)=mai: affirmative, instead of the usual Socratic question.

prosa/gesqai: to attach to themselves.

fulaktikou\s tw=n o)/ntwn: watchful of their property. Cf. iii. 1. 6.

a)mfote/rous ei)=nai prosh/kei: the impers. prosh/kei here takes the acc. and inf., in 8 the dative. For a similar use of the two consts. near each other, cf. prosh/kei de\ toi=s me\n a)/llois ste/rgein, se\ de\ nomi/zein Isoc. v. 127.

ou)ke/ti: no longer, i.e. the comparison cannot hold, when fighting is in question. For a similar use of ou)ke/ti, cf. An. i. 10. 12.

e)xqroi/ ge/ toi: enemies surely, at any rate.

tou=to/ ge: sc. a)lhqe/s e)stin.

h( oi)konomikh/ (sc. te/xnh) the art of domestic management.

e)ntau=qa: in that case.

plei=ston (sc. w)felh/sei): will be of the greatest service.

w(s: , in a comparison.

maxo/menon: acc. sing. masc., agreeing with omitted subj. of nika=n.

ou)d) ou(/tws: sc. ti\ from the preceding ou)de/n.

ou)x h(/kista de\ tou/twn: “and what is of most importance among all these,” i.e. “when he has made preparations for victory and is resolved on battle under favorable conditions, he will yet” etc. For the ‘litotes,’ cf. i.2.23.

fula/cetai suna/ptein: for the inf., see on proie/nai ii. 6. 23.

to\ de\ me/giston: the fact of greatest significance. For neuter words in apposition with a sent., see H. 626 b.

ou)dete/ra: neither sphere of action. The whole section shows that Socrates regarded a wellmanaged household as differing only in degree from a well-managed state. Xenophon elaborated his own views on household management (putting them into the mouth of Socrates) in a special treatise, the

*periklei=: third son of the great Pericles. His mother was of foreign birth, the beautiful and accomplished Aspasia of Miletus, and he was consequently not entitled to Athenian citizenship; but after the death of his two brothers he was legitimated by the Athenians and accepted as a citizen, for his father's sake. He was one of the six generals who were executed for their failure to rescue the shipwrecked crews after the battle of the Arginusae. See on i. 1. 18, and cf. Plutarch 37.

tou= pa/nu *perikle/ous: the celebrated Pericles. So oi( pa/nu tw=n stratiwtw=n Thuc. viii. 1. 1.

strathgh/santos: see on bouleu/sas i. 1. 18.

bou/lei, e)piskopw=men: as in ii. 1. 1.

o(/pou h)/dh to\ dunato/n e)sti: wherein now the possibility lies.

ou)kou=n: see on ii.1.2.—o(/ti plh/qei ktl.: the population of Attica (including slaves) was prob. not more than half a million; that of the Boeotian confederacy considerably less. As every free citizen of Attica was a citizen of Athens, the comparison of *)aqhnai=oi with *boiwtw=n is a proper one. Athens and Attica were politically identical; not so Thebes and Boeotia.

sw/mata a)gaqa\ kai\ kala/: “sturdy, fine-looking men.”

a)\n e)klexqh=nai: could be picked out. For the inf. with a)/n, see G. 1308; H. 964. The 2 aor. pass. -legh=nai is more common in Attic.

tau/th|: in this respect. For the dat., see G. 1182; H. 780.

dokou=si lei/pesqai: sc. oi( *)aqhnai=oi tw=n *boiwtw=n.

e(autoi=s: inter se among themselves. Cf. fqonou=sin e(autoi=s 16, and see on ii.6.20.

*)aqh/nhsi: for the locative, see G. 296; H. 220.

ei)si/n: sc. oi( *)aqhnai=oi.

a(/per: cf. o(/ 4. 3.

e)/stin oi(=s: see on i.4.2. Cf. kai\ mh\n e)pi/ ge toi=s progo/nois ou) mei=on *)aqhnai=oi h)\ *boiwtoi\ fronou=sin (pride themselves) vii. 3, where the claim is more modest.

protre/pontai/ te: for the position of the encl., cf. a(/ te e)no/mizen iv. 2. 40.

a)lhqh=: for the pred. adj., see G. 919; H. 614.

a)f' ou(=: i.e. a)po\ tou= xro/nou, e)n w(=|.

e)n *lebadei/a|: by the victory of Oenophyta (456 B.C.), the Athenians gained complete ascendency over the Boeotian towns, and established in them democratic forms of government. Many of the banished oligarchs banded together, raised an army, and, in 447 B.C., inflicted an overwhelming defeat on the Athenian army under Tolmides, who lost his life in the battle. The conflict took place between Lebadēa and Coronēa in Boeotia, and is usually known as the battle of Coronēa. Cf. Thuc. i. 108, 113, and see Grote, , c. xlv.

e)pi\ *dhli/w|: not e)n *dhli/w|, as at that time (424 B.C.) Delium was only an enclosure and temple sacred to Apollo, near Orōpus on the Boeotian frontier. Cf. Plato 28E. In this battle the Athenian general was defeated and slain. Socrates is said to have shown great gallantry in the retreat which ensued. See Introd. 2, 61.

e)k tou/twn: since these events, repeats a)f) ou(=.

pro\s tou\s *boiwtou/s: see on pro\s e(auto/n i. 2. 52.

e)n th=| e(autw=n: sc. xw/ra|.

oi( tolmw=ntes: rel., who ventured. The participle is ‘imperfect.’ See G. 1289; H. 856 a. So porqou=ntes below.

eu)arestote/rws diakei=sqai: “is more favorably disposed.”

qa/rsos: over-confidence.

e)mba/llei:

tw=n e)n tai=s nausi/n: i.e. tw=n nautw=n.

e)/st) a)/n: quamdiu. For temporal clauses with a)/n and the subjv., see G. 1465; H. 923.

karadokou=ntes: eagerly expecting, lit. with outstretched head, an Ionic expression. Cf. *pa/rioi de\ u(poleifqe/ntes e)n *ku/qnw|, e)karado/keon to\n po/lemon kh= a)pobh/setai Hdt. viii. 67.

w(/sper xoreutai/: like members of a chorus, who keep their eyes on the leader during the whole performance.

w(/ra: the proper time. For the inf. with substs., see G. 1521; H. 952.

a)nerasqh=nai: to yearn anew for.

ou)kou=n: well, then.

ei) e)boulo/meqa: see on ei) prosete/qhsan i. 4. 5.

ei)=xon: see on a(\ e)bou/leto i. 4. 14.

e)cormw=|men: for the potential opt. in apod. after the ind. in prot., see on a)\n ei)/h i. 2. 45.

tou= met' a)reth=s prwteu/ein: “preëminence in valor.”

tou=to: sc. to\ met) a)reth=s prwteu/ein.

deikte/on: impers. const.; it takes as objs. both tou=to ... au)toi=s and w(s ... kra/tistoi.

oi)=mai me/n: as in ii. 6. 5.—ei) tou/s ge palaiota/tous ktl.: the Eng. order of thought seems to be ei) a)namimnh/|skoimen au)tou\s a)khkoo/tas tou/s ge palaiota/tous w(=n (equivalent to tou/twn, ou(/s) a)kou/omen progo/nous au)tw=n a)ri/stous gegone/nai. “We have only to remind them of the fact, which they have heard often enough (at school and elsewhere), that their ancestors, as far back as we have any record, were men of highest valor.” The omitted apod. is, of course, dida/skoimen a)/n, to be const. (with w(s or o(/ti) as obj. of oi)=mai.

th\n tw=n qew=n kri/sin: the decision between the deities. qew=n is objective genitive. The reference is to the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the sovereignty of Attica, which was decided by Cecrops, legendary king of Athens. Cf. Apollodorus iii. 14. The legend formed the subject of the sculptures in the west pediment of the Parthenon.

oi( peri\ *ke/kropa: seems to indicate Cecrops himself and the tribunal over which he presided. Cf. tou\s a)mfi\ *qra/sullon i. 1. 18.

*)erexqe/ws: another legendary hero and king of Attica, who shared with Athena the honor of a temple (the Erechtheum) on the Acropolis.

trofh\n kai\ ge/nesin: for the ‘hysteron proteron,’ by which the more important or obvious action is mentioned before another which preceded it in order of time, cf. a(/ma tra/fen h)de\ ge/nonto Hom. A 251, ‘For I was bred and born | not three hours' travel from this very place.’ Shak. i. 2, and moriamur, et in media arma ruamus, Virgil ii. 353.

e)p' e)kei/nou: in his reign.

pro\s tou\s ... pa/shs: in very early times the Thracians were said to have occupied the country as far as the borders of Attica, and to have been repulsed from Athens by Erechtheus.

to\n e)f' *(hrakleidw=n: the sons of Heracles sought and obtained aid from Athens against Eurystheus.

tou\s e)pi\ *qhse/ws polemhqe/ntas (sc. pole/mous): i.e. the wars against the Amazons and Thracians. For these legendary events, cf. Isoc. iv. 65, 68; Hdt. ix. 27; Thuc. ii. 15.

tw=n kaq' e(autou/s: the men of their day. Cf. the eulogy on Athenian achievements in Plato 239 B ff.

ei) de\ bou/lei: polite formula, marks a transition to another phase of the subject.

au)toi\ kaq' au(tou/s: contrasted with kai\ meta\ *peloponnhsi/wn below. The battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) is meant. Although the Athenians had on that occasion the assistance of 1,000 Plataeans, the phrase au)toi\ ktl. may pass, as a rhetorical exaggeration.— tou\s kurieu/ontas ktl.: i.e. the Persians. See Grote, , cc. xxxii-xxxiv.

plei/sthn tw=n progegono/twn: equivalent to plei/ona th=s tw=n progegono/twn. See on kaino/teron tw=n a)/llwn i. 1. 3.

me/gista e)/rga: i.e. the achievements of Cyrus and Darius in establishing the Persian empire.

oi(\ dh\ kai/: who also, we see, refers to oi( e)kei/nwn a)po/gonoi, and hence does not include the Peloponnesians, whom the argument does not touch.

le/gontai ga/r: they are indeed. Cf. oi)=da ga/r 2.

pollw=n metanasta/sewn: e.g., those which followed the inroads of the Dorians.

die/meinan: held their ground. The Attic Greeks were proud of being au)to/xqones and ghgenei=s. Cf. tau/thn (th\n po/lin) ga\r oi)kou=men ou)x e(te/rous e)kbalo/ntes (by dispossessing) ou)de\ e)rh/mhn katalabo/ntes ou)de\ e)k pollw=n e)qnw=n miga/des sullege/ntes (as mingled immigrants) a)ll' ou(/tw kalw=s kai\ gnhsi/ws gego/namen, w(/ste e)c h(=sper (gh=s) e)/fumen, tau/thn e)/xontes a(/panta to\n xro/non diatelou=men, au)to/xqones o)/ntes Isoc. iv. 24. Cf. also Thuc. i. 2.

e)pe/trepon: entrusted their cause (ta\ di/kaia).

kai\ qauma/zw ge: yes, and I marvel.

e)gw\ me/n, e)/fh, oi)=mai, o( *swkra/ths: for a similar order of words, cf. kai\ ti/ de/, e)/fh, o(ra=|s, h( gunh/ vii. 16, quid igitur, inquit, est causae, Brutus Cic. 91.

w(/sper kai/, ou(/tw kai/: see on i.1.6. On the comparison with athletes, cf. i.2.24.

tw=n a)ntipa/lwn: for the gen. with verbs of comparison, see G. 1120; H. 749. Cf. o(rw=n u(steri/zousan th\n po/lin tw=n kairw=n seeing the city falling behind its opportunities Dem. xviii. 102.

ou)de\n a)po/krufon: no secret.

a)\n xei/rous gene/sqai: depends on dokei= moi understood after a)lla/, or dokou=sin may be supplied, making the const. personal. For an example of both consts. in the same sent., cf. e)/docen au)tw=| bronth=s genome/nhs skhpto\s pesei=n ei)s th\n patrw/|an oi)ki/an, kai\ e)k tou/tou la/mpesqai pa=san iii.1.11 See G. 1522, 2; H. 944 a.

ei) de\ mh/: and if not (that).

tou\s prwteu/ontas: i.e. the Lacedaemonians. Xenophon never omits an opportunity to praise Spartan institutions.

tou/tois ta\ au)ta/: the same things that they do. For the abridged comparison, see on tw=n a)/llwn i. 1. 3.

ei) d' e)pimele/steron: sc. xrw=|nto.

kai/:

“You are then, I take it, of the opinion that the Athenians have fallen far away from their pristine virtue, and you wish them to take for their model the Lacedaemonians, who certainly could give them many a good lesson.”

pou/: see on iii.3.2.

w(/sper *lakedaimo/nioi: cf. De Rep. Lac. X. 2, and Cic. de Sen. xviii. 63, where Lysander boasts Lacedaemona esse honestissimum domicilium senectutis.

oi(/: so o(/s i. 2. 64.—a)po\ tw=n pate/rwn ktl.: starting with their fathers, look down on.

e(autoi=s: const. with ta\ sumfe/ronta. This and the two other refl. prons. (e(autoi=s, au(tou/s) in this section are equivalent to the reciprocal. Cf. 2.

a)llh/lois dika/zontai: the verb, as indicating strife, takes the dat., like fqonou=sin above. The fondness of the Athenians for litigation is evidenced by their numerous courts, and the large body of their extant forensic literature. Aristophanes lashed this love of lawsuits in his

sunwfelou=ntes: for the circumstantial participle of means, see on i.1.9.

au)=: item, with reference to diafe/rontai and dika/zontai.

tai=s ... xai/rousin: “they delight especially in having their faculties trained for such strife.”

e)c w(=n: i.e. because they neglect physical training and despise discipline; hence arise a)thri/a and kaki/a, while e)/xqra and mi=sos are an immediate result of the continual strife with one another.

h)\ w(/ste: see on i.4.10.

ponhri/a| nosei=n: a common metaphor with the Greeks, as with us. Cf. ta\ *)odrusw=n pra/gmata e)no/shsen vii.2.32 For the causal dative, see G. 1181; H. 776.

toi=s e)pista/tais: i.e. the trainers.

ou)de/nwn katadee/steron: in a manner unsurpassed by any. Cf. i. 5. 6.

tou=to ga/r toi kai\ qaumasto/n e)sti: that is just what is so strange. tou=to serves as energetic introduction to to\ peiqa/rxein, ei)=nai. Cf. ii.4.1.

toiou/tous: i.e. sailors, gymnasts, dancers, etc., who were generally of the lower classes; while hoplites and cavalry were composed of the free and well-to-do citizens.

kaloka)gaqi/a|: dat. of respect.

h( de\ e)n *)arei/w| pa/gw| boulh/: this ancient court derived its name from the sacred hill of Ares (west of the Acropolis, and separated from it only by a narrow and shallow valley), where its sittings were held. It was composed of ex-archons who had ‘clean records,’ as established by the dokimasi/a (official investigation); and it had jurisdiction over cases of intentional homicide, poisoning, and arson. See Schömann, Antiq. of Greece, passim.

ou) me/mfomai:

tou/tois: i.e. toi=s *)areiopagi/tais. For another example of ‘synesis,’ cf. oi(\ ne/oi after qia/sou ii. 1. 31. See H. 633.

w(s, o)/ntwn: see on i.1.4.

kai\ mh/n: and yet. See on i. 4. 12.

tou/twn: i.e. swfronei=n, eu)taktei=n, peiqarxei=n.

prose/xousin: they give heed to.

e)n tou/tois: i.e. toi=s stratiwtikoi=s.

ou)de\ ei(=s: see on i.6.2.

e)/xousi: are able.

au)tosxedia/zousin: “hold command without preparation.” Cf. the conversation with Euthydemus in iv. 2, where Socrates scores the presumption of would-be impromptu statesmen.

ou)de\n h(=tton: connect with h)/ after strathgei=n.

tw=n patrw/|wn strathghma/twn: your father's principles of generalship.

polla\ merimna=n: see on i.1.11.

la/qh|s seauto\n a)gnow=n: see on i.2.34.

mh\ ei)do/ta: instead of ou)k ei)do/ta, because of the force of the preceding e)a/n, making the participle part of the condition. G. 1614; H. 1027.

ou) lanqa/neis me, o(/ti: you do not elude me, “I fully understand that,” with pers. for impers. construction. Cf. o(/ti ponhro/tatoi/ ge/ ei)sin, ou)de\ se\ lanqa/nousin i. 19.

ou)d' oi)o/menos: in 22 and 23, Socrates used the word oi)=mai. Pericles perceives the underlying irony, and says, “You do not even it (to say nothing of it).”

o)/rh: Cithaeron and others.

me/sh: sc. h( xw=ra.

o)/resin e)rumnoi=s: Parnes, Pentelicus, and Hymettus.

*musoi\ kai\ *pisi/dai: cf. oi)=da ga\r u(mi=n *musou\s luphrou\s () o)/ntas, oi)=da de\ kai\ *pisi/das ii.5.13 Cyrus the Younger made a defensive campaign against the Pisidians the pretext for mustering one of his armies.

basile/ws, without the art., , the king of Persia; so freq. in the

pa/nu: follows its adj. for emphasis.

w(plisme/noi: circumstantial participle of cause, rather than of concession.

polla/ (sc. kaka/): cognate acc. with kakopoiei=n. For the double acc., see on th\n po/lin i. 2. 12.

me/xri th=s e)lafra=s h(liki/as: so long as they are of the active age, i.e. from 18 to 20. The Athenian youth of this age served in the army as peri/poloi, a kind of home guard, or constabulary force, to serve only in Attica.

w(plisme/nous, kate/xontas: equivalent to ei) w(plisme/noi ei)=en, ei) kate/xoien, serving as prots. to a)\n (before oi)/ei) ei)=nai, kateskeua/sqai. For the circumstantial participle of cond., see on pisteu/wn i. 1. 5.

probolh\n kateskeua/sqai: form a rampart.

o(/ ti me\n a)/n, e)a\n de/ ti: for a similar change of const., cf. i.7.5.

*glau/kwna: a brother of Plato. The Glauco mentioned just below was the father of Perictione, Aristo's wife, and of Charmides, uncle of Plato and Glauco.

ou)de/pw ei)/kosin e)/th: at eighteen an Athenian youth attained the rights of citizenship, but from eighteen to twenty military service claimed most of his time. To some offices, like the senatorship and the judgeship (cf. i.1.1), he was not eligible before the age of thirty.

e(lko/menon a)po\ tou= bh/matos: unpopular or intolerable speakers were occasionally hooted from the , or led away by the police (toco/tai). Cf. Aristophanes 665; 45 ff.; Plato 319 c. For the supplementary participle with pau=sai, see G. 1580; H. 981. Cf. tou\s barba/rous e)/pausen u(bri/zontas Isocrates xii. 83.

katage/laston o)/nta: being a laughing-stock.

*xarmi/dhn: see on iii.7.1.

*pla/twna: the only mention of Plato in Xenophon's writings. In the , Plato gives a very different representation of his brother Glauco.

prw=ton me/n: corresponds to meta\ de\ tau=ta 3.

ei)s to\ e)qelh=sai a)kou/ein: “in order to make him willing to hear,” the purpose of le/cas. For ei)s with the articular inf., cf. ei)s to\ fobei=sqai vii.8.20

kate/sxen (sc. au)to/n): he checked him.

h(mi=n: ethical dative. G. 1171; H. 770.

ei)/per ti kai\ a)/llo (sc. e)sti/n): so in iv. 3. 14. Cf. also iii. 3. 42.

e)n a)nqrw/pois: in the world. Cf. eu)= i)/sqi, pa/ntwn tw=n e)n a)nqrw/pois ka/lliston kai\ makariw/taton kth=ma kekth/sh| xi. 15.

*qemistoklh=s: see on ii.6.13; iv. 2. 2.

peri/bleptos: ‘the observed of all observers.’

e)megalu/neto: was greatly elated.

w)felhte/a: for the pers. const. of the verbal in -te/os, see G. 1595; H. 989.

a)pokru/yh|: for the aor. subjv. in prohibitions, see G. 1346; H. 874. On the use of the mid., Kühner remarks, a)pokru/ptein ti refertur ad res extra nos positas (occulere aliquid); a)pokru/ptesqai contra ad id, quod in nobis est (celare aliquid).

ei)=pon: first aor. imv. active. See on ii. 2. 8.

diesiw/phsen: lapsed into silence.

w(s a)\n to/te skopw=n: sc. diasiwph/seie. to/te is equivalent to tum demum then for the first time. Cf. kai\ to\n *ku=ron e)pere/sqai propetw=s, w(s a)\n pai=s mhde/pw u(popth/sswn and Cyrus asked eagerly, as a child (would) who had not yet learned to be shy Cyr. i. 3. 8.

au)to/n: i.e. to\n oi)=kon.

peira/sh|: fut. indic. middle.

ou)kou=n: see on ii.1.2.

ei)ko/s: sc. e)sti/.

po/sai tine/s: see on i.1.1.

au)tw=n: depends on tine/s.

e)ndew=s e)/xousin: are insufficient.

paralei/pontai: are being neglected.

a)fairei=n:

e)sxo/lasa: found time.

a)nabalou/meqa: we will postpone.

mh\ ei)do/ta: see on pisteu/wn i. 1. 5.

sfo/dra: sc. plouti/zein.

kai\ ta\ o)/nta: even what he had, to say nothing of what he had hoped to win from the enemy.

h(/ttwn: sc. h( th=s po/lews du/namis th=s tw=n e)nanti/wn. For a similar instance of ‘brachylogy,’ cf. iii.5.4.

a)po\ sto/matos: by word of mouth, i.e. from memory. Cf. e)/xois a)\n dihgh/sasqai (repeat them); *ou) ma\ to\n *di/a ou)/koun ou(/tw ge a)po\ sto/matos Plato 142 D.

ei) ge/graptai/ soi: if you have it written down.

th/n ge prw/thn (sc. w(/ran or o(do/n): for the present. For the omission of the noun, see G. 932, 2; H. 621 c; and, for the adv. acc., G. 1060; H. 719.

au)tw=n: i.e. tw=n tou= pole/mou implied in pole/mou.

e)ch/takas: from e)ceta/zw.

oi)=d) o(/ti: a formula of assurance, here (as in 13) ironical.

o(po/sai fulakai\ e)pi/kairoi/ ei)si: how many outposts are advantageously placed.

frouroi/:

a(pa/sas: sc. a)fairei=n sumbouleu/sw.

ta\ e)k th=s xw/ras: condensed form of ta\ e)n th=| xw/ra| e)c au)th=s. H. 788 a. Cf. a(rpaso/menoi ta\ e)k tw=n oi)kiw=n vii. 2. 5.

a(rpa/zein: to rob openly, contrasted with kle/ptein to steal.

e)/fh: he continued.— e)lqw\n au)to\s ktl.: have you gone in person and investigated this?

ei)ka/zwmen, ei)dw=men: the use of the first pers. pl., and perhaps the assonance of the verbs, serve to heighten the playful irony of the passage.

be/ltion: sc. a)\n ei)/h.

ta)rgu/reia: the silver mines, at Laurium. See on ii. 5. 2.

ou) ga\r ou)=n: certainly not. For ou)=n adding emphasis to an affirmative, see on iii.3.2.

kai\ ga/r: and with good reason, for.

le/getai baru\ to\ xwri/on ei)=nai: the district is said to be unhealthy.

au(/th soi h( pro/fasis a)rke/sei: this will serve you as an excuse.

skw/ptomai: you are mocking me. Cf. oi)/moi gelw=mai Soph. 832, u(brizo/meqa Aristophanes 1264. Glauco is as earnest as he is foolish, and Socrates now adopts a more serious tone.

prosdei=tai (sc. h( po/lis): requires in addition, i.e. by importation.

i(/na mh\ tou=to/ ge ... genome/nh: “in order that the city may never run short of grain through your oversight.”

ei)dw\s e)/xh|s sumbouleu/wn: you may be able, by giving advice based on knowledge.

pamme/geqes pra=gma: an enormous task.

ou)d' a)\n oi)kh/seien, ei) mh\ ei)/setai: for the ‘mixed form’ of cond. sent., see on i.2.45.

muri/wn: a similar approximate estimate of the number of houses in Athens is given by Ischomachus, viii. 22.